廣播電視大學(xué)巖土力學(xué)形成性考核冊(cè)考核作業(yè)1-4參考答案小抄

1、巖土力學(xué) 作業(yè)一說(shuō)明：本次作業(yè)對(duì)應(yīng)于文字教材1至3章，應(yīng)按相應(yīng)教學(xué)進(jìn)度完成。一、填空題 （每空1分，共計(jì)25分）1工程上常用的土的密度有濕密度、飽和密度、浮密度和干密度。 2土是由 固相 、 氣相 、和 液相 三部分組成。3土體的應(yīng)力按引起的原因分為 自重應(yīng)力 和 附加應(yīng)力 兩種。4對(duì)于天然土，OCR1時(shí)的土是 超固結(jié)土 ，OCR=1的土屬于 正常固結(jié)土 ，而OCR1=300kPa或3=140.2Kpa 所以不會(huì)剪破。某擋土墻高8m，墻背豎直光滑，填土面水平，填土為無(wú)粘性土，=18kN/m3，=30，填土表面作用有連續(xù)均布荷載，q=20kPa。試用朗肯土壓力理論計(jì)算主動(dòng)土壓力以及作用點(diǎn)位置。解

2、 （1）土壓力系數(shù)（2）主動(dòng)土壓力墻頂 pa=qka=201/3=6.7kPa墻底 pa=qka+rHka=6.7+1881/3=54.7kPa總土壓力Pa=（6.7+54.7）/28=245.6kN/m作用點(diǎn)距墻底的距離 在均布條形荷載作用下，土體中A點(diǎn)的大主應(yīng)力1=400kPa中，小主應(yīng)力3=150kPa，土的抗剪強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)c=0，=30。試求：A點(diǎn)處土是否處于極限平衡狀態(tài)。最危險(xiǎn)的剪應(yīng)力面與最大主應(yīng)面夾角為多少度？ 解：1）133kPa150kPa 處于穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)2）最危險(xiǎn)的剪應(yīng)力面與最大主應(yīng)面夾角60（10分）4有一條形基礎(chǔ)，寬度B為6m，埋深D為1.5m，其上作用著中心荷載P為1700k

3、N/m，地基土質(zhì)均勻，容重為19kN/m3，土的強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)為：c=20kPa，=20o，安全系數(shù)為2.5，假定基底完全粗糙，應(yīng)用太沙基理論，驗(yàn)算地基的穩(wěn)定性 (=20o時(shí)，)。（10分）解：（1）基底壓力為：p=P/B=1700/6=283.3kPa(2) 由太沙基理論，地基的極限承載力為=1963.5/1+191.56.5+2015=684.8kPa(3) 容許承載力為=684.8/2.5=273.9kPa由于：pf，地基不穩(wěn)定。巖土力學(xué) 作業(yè)三說(shuō)明：本次作業(yè)對(duì)應(yīng)于文字教材7至9章，應(yīng)按相應(yīng)教學(xué)進(jìn)度完成。一、單項(xiàng)選擇題 （每小題2分，共計(jì)10分）1巖石內(nèi)結(jié)晶晶格錯(cuò)位的結(jié)果，引起巖石的 （b）

4、a、晚性破壞 b、塑性破壞 c、弱面剪切破壞2巖石的單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度一般與單軸抗拉強(qiáng)度間成下列哪種關(guān)系： (b)a.Rc=(1-4)Rtb. Rc=(4-10)Rt c. Rt=(1-4)Rc d. Rt=(1-4)Rc 3下面巖體的那種應(yīng)力狀態(tài)是穩(wěn)定狀態(tài) (a)a. sinc. =sin4.廣義虎克定律中巖石的剪切模量G為 （a）a. ，b. ，c. ，d. 5. 巖石的變形（彈性）模量可表示為 （c）a. ，b.，c.，d.二、填空題 （每空1分，共計(jì)20分）1巖石的破壞形式：脆性破壞、延性破壞、弱面剪切破壞。2巖石的力學(xué)強(qiáng)度是工程設(shè)計(jì)中最重要的力學(xué)指標(biāo)，分別是單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度，抗拉強(qiáng)度、抗剪強(qiáng)度

5、。3巖石的抗壓強(qiáng)度就是巖石試件在單軸壓力（無(wú)圍壓）作用下，抗壓破壞的極限能力。4巖石的抗剪強(qiáng)度就是指巖石抵抗剪切破壞（滑力）的能力，用凝聚力C和內(nèi)摩擦角來(lái)表示。5 巖石的變形是指巖石在任何物理因素作用下形狀和體積大小的變化。巖石的變形特性常用彈性模量E和泊松比兩個(gè)指標(biāo)來(lái)表示；6. 巖石的蠕變是指巖石在應(yīng)力不變的情況下巖石變形隨著時(shí)間t而增加的現(xiàn)象，一般而言，典型的巖石蠕變曲線可分為三個(gè)階段：初期蠕變，二次蠕變（穩(wěn)態(tài)蠕變），（加建蠕變）第三期蠕變。7. 天然應(yīng)力(或初始應(yīng)力)是習(xí)慣上常將工程施工前就存在于巖體中的地應(yīng)力，稱為初始應(yīng)力。8. 巖滑根據(jù)滑動(dòng)面的形式，組合可分為：平面滑動(dòng)，楔形滑動(dòng)和旋

6、轉(zhuǎn)滑動(dòng)。三、判斷題 （每小題2分，共計(jì)10分）1巖石的脆性破壞是由于巖石中裂隙的發(fā)生和發(fā)展的結(jié)果所致（）2巖石的變形是指巖石在外力作用下形狀和大小的變化。（）3最大正應(yīng)變理論是用來(lái)判斷脆性巖石破壞的理論。（）4根據(jù)莫爾庫(kù)倫準(zhǔn)則可證明均質(zhì)巖石的破壞面法線與大應(yīng)力方向間夾角為（） 5在普通壓力板上做巖石的變形試驗(yàn)，即可得到巖石的全應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線。（）四、問(wèn)答題 （每小題5分，共計(jì)20分）1何為塑性破壞，其破壞機(jī)理是個(gè)什么？答案：塑性破壞(延性破壞)是巖石在破壞之前變形量很大，且沒(méi)有明顯的破壞荷載。原因可能是巖石內(nèi)結(jié)晶晶格錯(cuò)位的結(jié)果。2影響單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度的因素有哪些？影響單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度的因素有：一方面是

7、巖石材料本身的，一方面是試驗(yàn)方法上的因素。 巖石材料本身的主要因素有：礦物組成；結(jié)晶程度和顆粒大小；膠結(jié)情況；生成條件；風(fēng)化作用；密度；水的作用等。試驗(yàn)方面的因素有：試件尺寸和大小；加荷速度等。3. 直剪破壞試驗(yàn)全過(guò)程曲線可分幾段？各區(qū)段的特點(diǎn)是什么？巖石直剪破壞試驗(yàn)全過(guò)程曲線如圖所示該曲線共分三段。第一段：原點(diǎn)p區(qū)段，該段近似為一直線即變形為彈性，p為極限強(qiáng)度(即裂隙開(kāi)始發(fā)展的強(qiáng)度)；第二段：p f區(qū)段，f為峰值強(qiáng)度，該段內(nèi)裂隙發(fā)展至破壞；第三段：fo區(qū)段。o為剪斷面上的摩擦力(剩余強(qiáng)度)4. 什么叫滑坡？滑坡滑動(dòng)面的形式有幾種 當(dāng)巖坡受力過(guò)大或巖石強(qiáng)度過(guò)低，一部分巖體向下或向外滑動(dòng)叫滑坡，

8、滑波滑動(dòng)面有三種：軟弱結(jié)構(gòu)面；結(jié)構(gòu)面；在巖體中；六、計(jì)算題 （每題10分，共計(jì)40分）1將一個(gè)巖石試件進(jìn)行單軸試驗(yàn)，當(dāng)壓應(yīng)力達(dá)到120MPa時(shí)即發(fā)生破壞，破壞面與大主應(yīng)力平面的夾角(即破壞所在面與水平面的仰角)為60，假定抗剪強(qiáng)度隨正應(yīng)力呈線性變化(即遵循莫爾庫(kù)倫破壞準(zhǔn)則)，試計(jì)算：1)內(nèi)摩擦角：2)破壞面上的正應(yīng)力和剪應(yīng)力。解： = ，理論上的抗拉強(qiáng)度：2某巖樣c=15kPa，=30，如該土受到最小主應(yīng)力3=200kPa，最大主應(yīng)力1=400kPa，試判斷該土樣處于何種狀態(tài)？解： (不穩(wěn)定)3試求證。解： 代入即求4巖石試件的單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度為160MPa，泊松比。巖石試件在三軸試驗(yàn)中破壞，破壞

9、時(shí)的最小主應(yīng)力為130MPa，中間主應(yīng)力為260MPa，根據(jù)最大正應(yīng)變理論的破壞準(zhǔn)則，推算這時(shí)的最大主應(yīng)力。解： 巖土力學(xué) 作業(yè)四說(shuō)明：本次作業(yè)對(duì)應(yīng)于文字教材10至12章，應(yīng)按相應(yīng)教學(xué)進(jìn)度完成。一、填空題 （每空分，共計(jì)30分）1把由于洞室圍巖的變形和破壞作用而作用在支護(hù)或襯砌上的壓力稱為山巖壓力。2山巖壓力的影響因素除巖石性質(zhì)外，還應(yīng)考慮洞室的形狀和大小，地質(zhì)構(gòu)選，支護(hù)的形式和剛度、洞室深度、時(shí)間、施工方法等因素。3.地下工程巖體穩(wěn)定性影響因素主要有巖土性質(zhì)、巖體結(jié)構(gòu)與地質(zhì)構(gòu)造、地下水、地應(yīng)力及地形等。3巖基的極限承載力，就是指巖基所能負(fù)擔(dān)的最大荷載(或稱極限荷載)。4脆性圍巖的變形破壞類型

10、有張裂坍落、劈裂、剪切滑動(dòng)或破壞、巖爆、和彎折內(nèi)鼓。5大壩失穩(wěn)的形式主要有：表層滑動(dòng)破壞、深層滑動(dòng)破壞、混合滑動(dòng)破壞。6. 由于巖體變形而對(duì)支護(hù)或襯砌的壓力，稱為變形壓力；將由于巖體破壞而而對(duì)支護(hù)或襯砌的壓力，稱為松動(dòng)壓力。7. 在中等質(zhì)量的巖石中，洞室圍巖的變形較大。由于洞室圍巖的應(yīng)力重分布需要一定的時(shí)間，所以在進(jìn)行支護(hù)或襯砌以后圍巖的變形受支護(hù)或襯砌的約束，于是產(chǎn)生山巖壓力。8. 在整體性良好，裂隙節(jié)理不發(fā)育的堅(jiān)硬巖石中開(kāi)挖洞室，開(kāi)挖結(jié)束后，圍巖的彈性變形就完成。若在此后進(jìn)行支護(hù)，支護(hù)沒(méi)有山巖壓力。這種支護(hù)主要是用來(lái)防止巖石的風(fēng)化以及剝落碎塊的掉落。9.無(wú)裂隙圍巖的應(yīng)力計(jì)算方法有內(nèi)應(yīng)力分配

11、法和抗力系數(shù)法。三、判斷題 （每小題2分，共計(jì)10分）1求解山巖壓力的計(jì)算理論中，太沙基理論把巖體假定為散粒體。 （ ）2由于洞室圍巖的變形和破壞而作用于支護(hù)或襯砌上的壓力稱為圍巖壓力。（ ）3圍巖處于塑性變形狀態(tài)時(shí)，洞室埋置愈深，山巖壓力愈大。 （ ）4開(kāi)挖洞室的影響范圍是6倍洞直徑。 （）5.洞室的形狀相同時(shí)，圍巖壓力與洞室的尺寸無(wú)關(guān)。 （ ）四、問(wèn)答題 （每小題5分，共計(jì)20分）1.簡(jiǎn)述地下洞室開(kāi)挖引起的圍巖應(yīng)力重分布及其規(guī)律教材283頁(yè)2何為山巖壓力？按其成因可分為哪幾類？各自用什么方法確定？把由于洞室圍巖的變形和破壞而作用在支護(hù)或襯砌上的壓力稱為山巖壓力。 由于圍巖變形而作用在支護(hù)或

12、初砌上的巖壓力稱為變形壓力。稱為變形壓力。 由于圍巖破壞而作用在支護(hù)或初砌上的巖壓力稱為變形壓力。稱為松沙壓力。 計(jì)算變形壓力的方法：彈塑理論推導(dǎo)出的芬納公式或修正芬納公式。 計(jì)算松動(dòng)壓力的方法：壓力拱理論，太沙基理論和彈塑性理論推出卡柯公式。3不同質(zhì)量狀況的圍巖變形破壞特別如何？ 整體性良好，裂隙不發(fā)育的堅(jiān)硬巖石中，圍巖應(yīng)力小于圍巖強(qiáng)度無(wú)破碎。變形以開(kāi)挖過(guò)程中的彈性變形為主，開(kāi)挖結(jié)束變形也結(jié)束。如果支護(hù)，支護(hù)上一般無(wú)山巖壓力，支護(hù)起防止巖石風(fēng)化或剝落碎塊的掉落。 中等質(zhì)巖的巖體，洞室變形大，還可能有少量破碎，支護(hù)上以變形壓力為主，松動(dòng)壓力為輔。 在破碎和軟弱巖石中，巖體強(qiáng)度低，被切割的很碎，

13、圍巖應(yīng)力超過(guò)巖體強(qiáng)度很多，因此，巖塊在不大的應(yīng)力作用就會(huì)破壞坍落，在這類巖石中，坍落和松動(dòng)是產(chǎn)生山巖壓力的主要原因。4.簡(jiǎn)述高壓固結(jié)灌漿的施工方法。教材344347五、計(jì)算題 （每題10分，共計(jì)40分）1埋深200m處的巖體內(nèi)開(kāi)挖一硐徑為2a=2m圓形斷面隧道，如果巖體中初始地應(yīng)力為靜水壓力式，并且上覆巖層的平均容重為g/cm3，若隧道周巖的抗剪強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)MPa，試用莫爾-庫(kù)侖強(qiáng)度條件評(píng)價(jià)其硐壁的穩(wěn)定性。解： 洞壁：1=2z 3=0 (不穩(wěn)定)2在地下50m深度處開(kāi)挖一地下洞室，其斷面尺寸為5m5m。巖石性質(zhì)指標(biāo)為：凝聚力c=200kPa，內(nèi)摩擦角，容重=25kN/m3，側(cè)壓力系數(shù)。已知側(cè)壁巖石

14、不穩(wěn)，試用太沙基公式計(jì)算洞頂垂直山巖壓力及側(cè)墻的總的側(cè)向山巖壓力。解： 這時(shí)， 3某圓形洞室圍kN/m3，埋置深度H=160m，洞的半徑r0=7m。設(shè)折減扣的凝聚力c=0.02MPa，求松動(dòng)壓力。 系數(shù)k1曲線 系數(shù)k2曲線 解 MPa ，則由查圖6-16和圖6-17的曲線得：所以MPa4.有壓隧洞的最大內(nèi)水壓力=2.8MPa，隧洞(內(nèi))半徑為2.3m，用厚度為0.4m的混凝土襯砌。已知混凝土的彈性模量=1.8104MPa，泊松比。巖石的彈性模量=1.1104MPa，泊松比=0.367。試求： 1)離中心2.5m處的襯砌內(nèi)的應(yīng)力；2)離中心3.5m處的圍巖附加應(yīng)力。解：a=2.3m，b=2.7

15、m，p=2.8MPa。將已知的、以及a和b值代入式(7-25)，得： 所以混凝土襯砌傳給巖石的壓力為：MPa求離中心3.5m（）處的圍巖附加應(yīng)力：MPaMPa 要求襯砌內(nèi)任何點(diǎn)()的應(yīng)力、則可根據(jù)厚壁圓筒的公式計(jì)算：2.5 (壓應(yīng)力) (拉應(yīng)力) 在襯砌的周界上，當(dāng)時(shí)，有：當(dāng)時(shí)，有：請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！2016年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From hig

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17、 playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal

18、 pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For pla

19、yers below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are

20、dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be

21、inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure th

22、at makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 189

23、1, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield

24、College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His

25、students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January

26、15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there w

27、as to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and

28、membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The

29、 YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and col

30、leges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 190

31、0; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20

32、oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the

33、 YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball

34、 Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces,

35、with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly e

36、xploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul

37、-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well w

38、ith broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball inte

39、rnationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National

40、 Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America wa

41、s organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA

42、) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and f

43、ailed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield,

44、Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed cons

45、iderably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of t

46、wine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the fi

47、rst intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians

48、, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the

49、 East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in are

50、nas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores re

51、mained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the

52、Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no

53、 superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketball up until the late 1930s, with coaches dominating the game and its development. Walter Doc Meanwell at Wisconsin, Fo

54、rrest Phog Allen at Kansas, Ward Piggy Lambert at Purdue, and Henry Doc Carlson at Pittsburgh all made significant contributions to the games development: zone defenses, the weave, the passing game, and the fast break. In the decade preceding World War II, five events changed college basketball and

55、allowed it to become a major spectator sport. In 1929, the rules committee reversed a decision that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, promoter Edward Ned Irish staged the first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attr

56、acted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball and made New York its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the one-handed shot to an amazed Garden audience and became the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter, Luisetti score

57、d an incredible fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the Easts devotion to the set shot and encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the center jump was eliminated after free throws and then after field goals, thus speeding up the game and allowing for more scoring. In 1938, Irish cr

58、eated the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in the Garden to determine a national champion. Although postseason tournaments had occurred before, the NIT was the first with major colleges from different regions and proved to be a great financial success. The National Collegiate Athletic Associatio

59、n (NCAA) created its own postseason tournament in 1939 but did not rival the NIT in prestige for some time. The 1940s saw significant changes for college basketball. Players began using the jump shot after Kenny Sailors of Wyoming wowed the East with it in 1943. The behind-the-back dribble and pass

60、also appeared, as did exceptional big men. Bob Kurland at Oklahoma A&M was almost seven feet tall and George Mikan at DePaul was six feet ten inches. While Kurland had perhaps the better college career and played in two Olympics, he chose not to play professional ball, whereas Mikan became the first