第一章翻譯概述課件

1、第一章：翻譯概述教學(xué)目的：本章旨在讓學(xué)生了解什么是翻譯，掌握翻譯的類別、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、過程；同時(shí)了解部分中西代表譯論。教學(xué)內(nèi)容：翻譯的定義、分類翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)翻譯的過程：理解表達(dá)校對(duì)中、西譯史練 習(xí)Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.1. What is translation?(翻譯的定義)The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into a

2、nother(從一種語言轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語言);Websters third New International Dictionary of the English Language: to turn into ones own or another language(轉(zhuǎn)換成本族語或另一種語言)。翻譯是一種“語言轉(zhuǎn)換”活動(dòng)。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.The definition is:Transla

3、tion is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language.To be more exact, in Nidas & Tytlers wordsEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty

4、 Ltd.美國翻譯理論家Eugene A. Nida：Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. （所謂翻譯，是指在譯語中用最切近而又自然的對(duì)等語再現(xiàn)原語的信息，首先在語義上，其次在文體上。)Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides f

5、or .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as

6、it is by those who speak the language of the original work. 好的翻譯應(yīng)該是把原作的長處完全地移注到另一種語言，以使譯人語所屬國家的本地人能明白地領(lǐng)悟、強(qiáng)烈地感受，如同使用原作語言的人所領(lǐng)悟、所感受的一樣。(泰特勒，1790)Alexander Fraser Tytler: Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.綜合各家之長:翻譯是把一種語言表達(dá)的意

7、義用另一種語言傳達(dá)出來，以達(dá)到溝通思想情感、傳播文化知識(shí)、促進(jìn)社會(huì)文明，特別是推動(dòng)譯語文化興旺昌盛的目的。Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.2. Scope of Transla

8、tionin terms of languages:in terms of the mode:in terms of materials to be translated:in terms of disposal: (full-text translation, abridged translation, adapted translation)1.按語言分類： 語內(nèi)翻譯（intralingual translation） 語際翻譯（interlingual translation）2. 按活動(dòng)形式分類： 筆譯（translation） 口譯（oral interpretation）： 連續(xù)傳

9、譯（consecutive translation） 和同聲傳譯（simultaneous translation）3. 按翻譯材料的文體分類： 應(yīng)用文體翻譯 科技文體翻譯 論述文體翻譯新聞文體翻譯 藝術(shù)文體翻譯4. 按處理方式分類： 全譯 節(jié)譯 摘譯 編譯 譯述Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.3. Criteria in China A. Yan Fus (嚴(yán)復(fù)) “three character

10、guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, is the principle of “faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance” (信、達(dá)、雅). “譯事三難：信、達(dá)、雅”B. Some revisions such as faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (信、達(dá)、切); faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness (信、達(dá)、貼), Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides f

11、or .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.C. Fu Leis (傅雷) spiritual conformity/resemblance in spirit （神似)D. Qian Zhongshu (錢鐘書) transmigration (化境) E. 魯迅：翻譯：一當(dāng)然力求其易解,一則保存原作的豐姿。反對(duì)牛頭不對(duì)馬嘴，提出“寧信而不順”之原則。 林語堂的“忠實(shí)、通順、美” 梁實(shí)秋的“寧錯(cuò)務(wù)順”瞿秋白的“信順統(tǒng)一” 許淵沖的“音美、形美、意美（三美）”Criteria for beginne

12、rs: FaithfulnessSmoothnessEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.“泰特勒三原則” 奈達(dá)（美）的“動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等”和“功能對(duì)等” 紐馬克（英）的“文本中心”論 Criteria in the West (reading after class)Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2

13、.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 十八世紀(jì)末的英國學(xué)者亞歷山大泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler, 1747-1814)。他在論翻譯的原則(Essay on the Principles of Translation)一書中提出了著名的翻譯三原則：（1）譯文應(yīng)完全復(fù)寫出原作的思想（A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.）（2）譯文的風(fēng)格和筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文的性質(zhì)相同(The style and manner

14、of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.)（3）譯文應(yīng)和原作同樣流暢(A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.）Three Principles of Translation: Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.美國翻

15、譯理論家Eugene A. Nida：把翻譯中的“意義”概括成“語義”和“語體”:Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. （所謂翻譯，是指在譯語中用最切近而又自然的對(duì)等語再現(xiàn)原語的信息，首先在語義上，其次在文體上。)Evaluation only.Created with A

16、spose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.SL emphasisTL emphasisVWord-for-word translationAdaptation translationLiteral translationIdiomatic translationFree translationFaithful translationSemantic translationCommunicative translationNote: The gap between emp

17、hasis on source and target language can be narrowed if semantic translation and communicative translation are applied.Peter Newmark： 交際翻譯注重譯文讀者產(chǎn)生于原文讀者相同的效果,語義翻譯注重譯出原文的所有含義,它們的根本區(qū)別在于交際翻譯強(qiáng)調(diào)信息產(chǎn)生的效果,語義翻譯強(qiáng)調(diào)信息內(nèi)容,但是,它們之間的區(qū)別是相對(duì)的,在翻譯實(shí)踐中,往往是兩種翻譯方法交替使用,相輔相成,以期達(dá)到譯文的最佳效果.Commenting on these methods, I should fir

18、st say that only semantic and communicative translations fulfill the two main aims of translation” (Newmark，Peter,2001)Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.A. Preparation: basic knowledge about both languages as well as the

19、 background knowledge; basic skills in translation are necessary;B. Comprehension: understanding accurately the meaning of the source language; How?C. Expression/Representation: try to express the meaning in idiomatic Chinese;D. Revision /proofreading: check again and again to polish the language. T

20、he Process of TranslationEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Eugene A. Nida 的翻譯過程Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.4. History of Translation i

21、n China 1)佛經(jīng)翻譯時(shí)期，從東漢開始至唐宋，1000余年（支謙、道安，鳩摩羅什、真諦、玄奘）2）明末清初：西方科技翻譯 （徐光啟、利瑪竇；李之藻）3）清朝后期：西方哲學(xué)、文學(xué)翻譯 重要人物：林紓、嚴(yán)復(fù)4）中國近代翻譯史：“五四”運(yùn)動(dòng)是分水嶺； 重要人物：魯迅、瞿秋白、林語堂、朱生豪 5）繁榮階段：新中國的成立Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Western translation history

22、 (reading after the Class) 第一個(gè)高潮是在公元前3世紀(jì)中葉。第二個(gè)高潮發(fā)生于公元4世紀(jì)至6世紀(jì)之間。 第三個(gè)高潮是11世紀(jì)至12世紀(jì)之間。第四次高潮是14-16世紀(jì)的歐洲文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期。第五次高潮，是第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.a.) word meaning in context-No context, no text.維特根斯坦（1953：31）

23、: The meaning of a word is its use in the language.一個(gè)詞的意義就是它在語言中的運(yùn)用。Hymes (1972: xix ) points out, “The key to understanding language in context is to start not with language, but with context.”Each word when used in a new context is a new word.（J.R. Firth,1890-1960,a famous linguist in England P.30）How to understand?Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Lt