四級作文高分策略ppt課件

1、四級作文高分戰(zhàn)略一、四級作文親密接觸 1 評分：作文部分在整個四級卷面總分值為100分中占15分。國家教委明確規(guī)定，從1997年6月起，四級考試中，假設學生作文得零分，那么即使前面得了總分值即85分，其總成果仍將視為不及格。作文不夠6分那么實行倒扣分。 2 文體：縱觀歷年來的考題，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)議論文占據(jù)著七成以上的比例，近幾年還經(jīng)常是以較為適用的方式出現(xiàn)，如書信、演講稿、導游講解詞或圖表分析的方式出現(xiàn)。例如，2004年6月19日大學英語四級作文標題為A brief introduction to a tourist attraction；2005年1月的標題為競選學生會主席演說；2003年6月

2、CET作文標題為An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident：假設他在某日某時某地目擊一同車禍，就此寫一份見證書。見證書須包括以下幾點：1、車禍發(fā)生的時間及地點，2、他所見到的車禍情況，3、他對車禍緣由的分析；2001年6月標題為 A Letter to a Schoolmate, 提綱1、對來訪的同窗表示歡迎，2、提出對度假安排的建議，3、提示應留意的事項；2002年1月標題要求給校長寫一信，就食堂的情況寫一信。從以上今年的出題趨勢可以看出，四級作文對運用文的格式還沒有更嚴厲的要求，但對實踐生活中的運用才干，曾經(jīng)提出了要求。很顯然，如今的四、六級考

3、試作文有些向考研英語的作文調(diào)查方式轉(zhuǎn)化。也就是說，四、六級作文也開場注重考生察看問題、分析問題和處理問題的才干，當然還有用英語思想的才干。值得留意的是，從近些年看，四級作文往往不是單一的議論文體裁，而是幾種體裁的雜合體。例如：.做合格大學生的必要性 .做合格大學生的必備條件可以從德智體方面談 .我方案這樣做 很多人說這種類型的作文是議論文。這是片面的，由于，第一段要求寫“.必要性，闡明本段體裁是議論文；第二段要求寫“.必備條件，這闡明本段要求寫闡明文；而第三段要求寫“.這樣做，這闡明本段要求描畫。所以在大多數(shù)情形下，四級作文是三種體裁的雜合體。僅僅學會寫議論文是不夠的，近兩年四級考試加大了運用

4、文和記敘文的調(diào)查力度，這就要求考生在熟習議論文的根底之上加強運用文和記敘文的訓練。運用文主要考寫信，考生必需明確寫信的根本格式以及寫信的流程：1. 尊崇語氣先開頭，2. 開門見山說意圖，3. 咨詢建議一二三，4. 贊賞客氣不可少。常用的客套話必需熟記：1. It is with the greatest pleasure that I write this letter to2. We will be very glad if you can take our suggestion into consideration.3 命題方式：接下來議論一下作文的命題方式。過去十幾年四級短文寫作也是有一

5、定的變化的。自1986年實行四級英語統(tǒng)考以來，出現(xiàn)過的作文標題主要可以分為以下幾類：提綱式作文、段首名作文和圖表作文。下面對此作簡要的分析。 提綱式作文：即給出漢語概要，并要求的據(jù)此寫出不少于120詞不達意的作文。這種類型的作文在90年代大約占40%左右。這類作文相對而言簡單一些。由于在審題材時，假設只需標題，考生遭到的限制少，頭緒太多，結果能夠文章短少一致性。提綱式作文普通寫成3段式，可分為比較類、對比類、駁論類、立論類和解釋闡明類。(1)、比較類：19992年1月作文標題是：Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports.所給的outline是1、參與體育運

6、動有許多益處。2.但也有副作用。3。他的領會。(2)、 對比類：1995年1月作文標題是：Can Money Buy Happiness? 所給的outline是：1有人以為金錢是幸福之本source of happiness。2也有人認金錢是萬惡之源.(root of all evil).3。我的看法。(3)、 駁論類：和對比類作文有類似之處，但著重點是對一個錯誤觀念的批駁。如1998年6月的作文標題：Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Good Luck? 所給的outline 是：1有些人以為某些數(shù)字會帶來好運。2我以為數(shù)字和運氣無關。(4)、 立論類：1994年

7、1月作文的標題是：The World Is Getting Smaller and Smaller. 所給的outline 是：1?，F(xiàn)代化的交通工具越來越興隆。2。人與人之間的交往越來越頻繁。3。結論。(5)、 解釋闡明類：1993年6月作文的標題是：My Most Favorite Program. 所給的outline 是：1我最喜歡的電視節(jié)目是 。2這類節(jié)目的內(nèi)容和特點。3我喜歡它的緣由。 段首句作文：給出每一段句子的第一句英文，然后根據(jù)段首句進展擴寫。1990年1月試題的標題是：What Would Happen If There were No Power. 所給的段首句分別是：1.

8、Ever since early this century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. - .2. If there were no electric power, - . 3. There fore, -. 圖表作文：1991年1月、1994年1月、2002年6月都是圖表作文。二、主題與邏輯1. 一致性(Unity)原那么 首先，句子應具有一致性，也就是說，一個句子要表達一個明確的意思。同樣,段落也應有一致性。正如一個句子是由一系列的詞語組成,并表達一個完好的意思,一個段落是由系列的句子圍繞一個中

9、心思想所組成的一個完好的一致體。段落的一致性指的是在一個段落里只討論一個主題。由于一個段落只圍繞一個中心思想,所以展開句中的各個現(xiàn)實、例子、理由等都必需與主題相關。比如他的主題是有關出國進修的益處,那么就只談其益處假設要談害處的話就得另起一段。此外,段落的一致性還指的是:段落中的各個展開句都必需由主題句中的主導思想展開。在寫作中,學生有時容易犯離題的缺陷。比如在談到出國進修的益處時,他也許會提到益處之一是培育獨立性,至于其緣由,他也許會提到遠離家人是一個要素,但假設他的筆墨過多地停留在遠離家人這一方面,那他就離題了,他的落就缺乏一致性。所以要寫好作文,必需遵守一致性原那么。因此，在段落的寫作過

10、程中，段內(nèi)各句都應緊扣段落的主題。對于那些與主題無關的句子，無論多好，也要毫不猶疑地將其刪去，否那么就會破壞段落的一致性。文章中一切的句子都是為全文的中心效力的。就各段而言，其中的每一句話都要緊緊圍繞著該段的主題句進展，不能說與主題句無關的東西。有人也將其稱為一致性。請看一例：The weather has been changeable. On Sunday we had a high wind that blew down some trees. Monday was so cold that we had to turn on the heat and wear out winter c

11、oats. On Tuesday we formed a group to go roller skating. By Wednesday the weather cleared and the sun came out. Thursday was as hot and humid as an August day. Friday morning it began to rain, and it looks as if well have a cold, steady wind for a few days. 這一段寫“最近天氣多變，首句為主題句。擴展句表達了星期日、星期一、星期三、星期四和星

12、期五的天氣情況，用以展開關鍵詞changeable。但星期二沒有提天氣，而是說當天的活動安排，偏離了主題，打斷了段落表達的銜接性，破壞了段落邏輯意義的一致性，應刪去或改為與天氣有關的話。再如：Sports benefit us in many respects. When taking part in sports, we get the chance to train almost all parts of our body. There is no doubt that properly balanced physical activities keep us physically fit

13、. Furthermore, sports can enrich our life and maintain our psychological health. Through participation, everyone can learn that on the playing field he not only competes for himself but also for his team. Sports teach us about consideration, cooperation and optimism, and how to cope with difficultie

14、s.第一句是本段的主題句，接下來作者從體育運動對身體的益處說了兩句，第四句講述體育運動對心思方面的益處，第五句從團隊的方面加以論述，最后一句既是論據(jù)，同時也是對前面三點的概括。全段沒有一句話脫離主題句。2. 銜接(coherence)的原那么銜接就是指文章的段落之間、段落中各句子之間要有一定的銜接。 段落構造和句與句之間的銜接應遵照一定的順序。段落之間的銜接也應符合邏輯。這樣使文章銜接緊湊，自然流暢，層次清楚，脈絡明晰。段落只需在具有含義一致性的同時又具有表達的銜接性才干充分有效地傳達信息，真正實現(xiàn)寫作目的。內(nèi)容的銜接性是表達銜接性的前提，一組互不相關的句子放在一同，無法獲得表達的銜接性；只需

15、把一組意義嚴密相關的句子有機地組合起來，才干真正充分有效地論述其主題思想。 就上面的例一來說，雖然它是以時間為線索將這幾天串在一同，但仍讓人覺得太亂。每個句子都是以星期某一天的名子開頭，太單調(diào)了。各個句子之間似乎沒有什么關系，應該說是一篇銜接性較差的文章。下面讓我們對它稍加修正一下： The weather has been changeable. On Sunday we had a high wind that blew down some trees. Monday was so cold that we had to turn on the heat and wear out wint

16、er coats. And it remained gloomy the next day. To our pleasure, by Wednesday the weather cleared and the sun came out. But Thursday tuned out to be as hot and humid as an August day. Worse still, it began to rain this morning, and it looks as if well have a cold, steady wind for a few days.那么，如何使文章銜

17、接呢？就議論文而言，獲取銜接主要有三種方法：一是運用代詞或有意地反復一些詞，二是替代的運用，三是運用關聯(lián)詞語。代詞和有意的反復可起到銜接的作用。例如在上面的例子中，在提到星期二時，沒有用Tuesday，而是用了the next day，防止反復，并把這兩天連在一同，讓人覺得到了前后的承接。再如最后一句中原文用的是Friday morning，改為this morning后，意義并沒有改動，但一下子把間隔拉近了，既承接起前面的五天，又能與后一分句中的未來時有效的結合。關聯(lián)詞和插入語的運用是四級考試作文中最明顯的銜接手段，如上例中的and，to our pleasure，but，worse sti

18、ll。需求留意的是，關聯(lián)詞的運用是與段落文章的展開方法親密相關的，不要為了運用關聯(lián)詞而運用關聯(lián)詞。下面結合段落的展開方法詳細加以闡明。1舉例法列舉現(xiàn)實或舉出實例來闡明中心思想, 是簡單易行、具有壓服力的寫作方法。Communicating with other people by telephone is very convenient, especially when you have something urgent. For example, if one of your family members is seriously ill at right, and you dont kno

19、w how to deal with it and where to find a doctor, what can you do? A telephone is the answer. Dial 120 and you will get services from the hospital very soon.2. 列舉法列舉的方式通常是主題句-example 1-example 2-example 3列舉時常用for example, for instance, such as, like, takeas an example, to illustrate 等詞語.3. 分類法普通是在主題

20、句之后，依次羅列段落指示詞所表達的幾個部分或幾個方面。然后，選用豐富的事例對所羅列的各個部分或各個方面進展詳細地闡明或解釋。There are three basic kinds of materials that can be found in any good library. Firstly, there are books on all subjects, both in English and in many other languages. These books are organized according to subject, title, and author in a

21、central file caned the card catalog. Books can generally be checked out of the library and taken home for a period of two to four weeks. Secondly, there are reference works. which include encyclopedias, dictionaries, bibliography, atlases, etc., and which generally must be used in the library itself

22、. Thirdly, there are periodicals- magazines, newspapers, pamphlets-which are flied alphabetically in racks, or which have been filmed to conserve space. Like reference works, periodicals cannot usually be removed from the library. 分類時常用：most of all， next，moreover， in addition，besides，furthermore，to

23、begin with，to start with，first of all，firstly，secondly,thirdly4. 因果關系在段落一開頭，就用主題句點明其因果關系，然后選用有關資料，客觀的羅列某些緣由或結果，以證論述的中心思想。 Growing numbers of well-to-do Americans are making the decision to move abroad. They find it impossible in America to walk the streets at night without fear of being raped, mugge

24、d, or murdered, nor do they see a way to escape the poisonous air of the cities. They maintain that even American food has become increasingly dangerous to eat. Last but not least, they insist that they are sick of the pace of American life, a pace that leaves no time for relaxation or pleasure. 因果關

25、系常用語匯: because of, so, owing to, thanks to, thus, as a result of, hence, for this reason, consequently, is caused by, lead to, result in5比較法主題句必需明確闡明所要比較的對象和所要比較的范圍，實踐上就是羅列兩個或兩個以上比較對象的一樣點。Learning English is like building a house. Laying a solid foundation is the first and most important step. In ot

26、her words, you should reads, you should read and speak English every day. Memorizing new words and phrases is also helpful. Like building a house, learning English takes some time. So dont be impatient. Remember, Rome wasnt built in a day.常用語匯：at the same time, similar to, accordingly, both, show a

27、degree of similarity, similarly, lie and so , the same as, and too, in the same way, in a like manner三、段落構造(Paragraph Structure)句子是組成段落的根本要素。一個段落是由一組語義相關的句子構成的。普通來講,段落中的句子可分為主題句、開展句、結論句。段落是圍繞一個中心思想所展開的一系列相關的句子。它可以獨立成章,也可以是文章的一部分。英語段落的一個最根本的特征就是按照一條直線開展,也就是說,每個句子須按照一致性和銜接性原那么與前一個句子相銜接?，F(xiàn)實上,英語段落就是以主題句、

28、展開句和結尾句所組成的一個一致的整體。(一)、主題句(Topic Sentence)主題句是英文段落的典型特點。主題句是一個段落中最具有概括性的句子,它闡明該段落要討論的內(nèi)容,所以主題句就是一個段落的中心思想,它不僅點明了主題(topic)而且也給該主題確立了主導思想(controlling idea)。例如:It is difficult for Chinese students to write compositions in English.其中,for Chinese students to write compositions in English是主題,而difficult是主導思

29、想。根據(jù)這一主題句,作者接著便會就中國學生用英語寫作文這一主題在難方面加以展開。同樣，讀者也可以預料在段落的其他句子里,作者能夠會在遣詞造句或其他方面來闡明中國學生用英語寫作困難這一情況的。1.主題句的位置普通情況下,主題句出如今段落的開頭,作為段落傳送信息的出發(fā)點,簡明扼要地通知讀者段落的線索和范圍。但是,段落主題句的位置并不是固定不變的,它可以位于段首、段中、段尾,也可以首尾兼而有之?，F(xiàn)就常見的三種情況分述如下:主題句位于段首,直接點明段落的主題。這種段落構造有助于作者確定段落的主線,使段內(nèi)各句緊緊圍繞段落的主題思想自然展開。例如:Hurricanes, which are also ca

30、lled cyclones, exert tremendous power. These violent storms are often a hundred miles in diameter, and their winds can reach velocities of seventy-five miles per hour or more. Furthermore, the strong winds and heavy rainfall that accompany them cm completely destroy a small town in a couple of hours

31、. The energy that is released by a hurricane in one day exceeds the total energy consumed by humankind throughout the world m one year.2.主題句的特點主題句置于段首,開宗明義,一開場就規(guī)定和限制了段落的開展方向,對段落的成敗起著關鍵作用。所以,主題本身尤應把握準確。段落主題句有以下幾個特點:1.概括性(general)主題句首先應概括,也就是說,主題句應涵蓋全段一切的思想內(nèi)容。2詳細性specific也就是必需具有一定的限定性,即有一個或一組中心詞對主導思想的

32、范圍進展限定,防止在段落展開中偏離主題方向。段落主題句所限定的內(nèi)容要有助于段落的鋪開和抒發(fā)。換句話說,段落主題句限定的范圍要符合段落寫作目的。一個段落的容量是有限的,限定的范圍太寬,其內(nèi)容無法在一個段落中論述清楚;限定范圍太窄,那么不利于段落主題的開展。因此,寫主題句既要留意其概括性,又要留意其詳細性。也就是說,主題句不能過于廣泛,否那么,續(xù)寫開展句時就會令人覺得如墮煙海,無從下筆。欲使主題句具備詳細性,首先要對段落的主題進展收緊。二 展開句(supporting sentences)1. 定義：展開句就是對主題句所陳說的思想觀念加以展開這類,提出各種細節(jié)或例證以論述或證明主題的各個方面.展開

33、句必需切題、明確、層次清楚。寫擴展句時要留意條理性，比如引出三條不同的理由可以分別用：First of all, furthermore, the last but not the least。請閱讀下文,留意展開句如何對主導思想加以展開的：How to Help a Choking PersonYou ought to know what to do to help a person who is choking. First， stand behind choking victim and put your arm around his or her waist. Second, you

34、make a fist and place the thumb side against the persons stomach just above the navel, but below the ribs. Third, grasp your fist with your other hand and press into the victims abdomen with a quick upward thrust. Repeat the action if necessary.三、結尾句(Concluding Sentence)在一個段落里,結尾句并不是必不可少的,但是由于結尾句具有段

35、落終了的標志(如summary, in conclusion, in a word等)以及可以提示讀者作者的重要觀念,所以結尾句對讀者有益。結尾句的作用是第一,復述主題句;第二,對整個段落加以總結;第三,對主題加以評論。下面的例子分別闡明結尾句的三個作用。Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks F Japanese eat w

36、ith chopsticks. Americans say Hi when they meet Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women Japanese men do not. On the surface, it appears that good manners in America are mot good manners in Japan, and in a way this is true. But in any country, the only manners that are important are thos

37、e involving one persons behavior toward another person. In all countries, it is good manners to behave considerately towards other and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.四、句子寫作明確段落的寫作思緒之后，讓我們詳細來看句子的寫作。考試實際闡明，多數(shù)考生在寫作上的主要欠缺不是系統(tǒng)的寫作實際和方法，而是最根

38、本的單句寫作才干。有些同窗由于對本身的實力缺乏自信所以考場上采取抄襲閱讀文章里的句子這種方法來湊字數(shù)。這種做法實缺乏取，由于一方面容易被改卷教師發(fā)現(xiàn)而以為該考生有偷懶的嫌疑，另一方面考生從閱讀文章里抄來的優(yōu)美句子和考生本人寫的錯誤百出的句子拼湊在一同令文章整體有不調(diào)和之感，從而令改卷教師疑心該考生有作弊的嫌疑。經(jīng)過句子寫作這一關，可參考如下步驟：一. 確保句子的正確性，即準確表達思想而且沒有語法錯誤。以There be句型為例，錯誤的句子：There are many people like to go to the movies. 正確表達：There are many people who

39、 like to go to the movies.考生最容易犯的錯誤是在there be之后又用了一個動詞作謂語，使句子構造出現(xiàn)嚴重錯誤。除了要小心防止語法錯誤外，我們也不能忽視作文中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的嚴重漢化的英語，即中式英語，比如：Man is iron, and food is steel., Women are half side sky. “The food in the dining hall is difficult to eat。如何抑制漢化思想關鍵在于動筆前先思索一下類似的英文句式，并且留意諺語的翻譯不能隨心所欲，盡量找到規(guī)范的翻譯方式。正如我們所知道的,英語句子通常包含主語和謂語

40、構造,才干表達某一完好意思。真正了解和掌握這一點,可以協(xié)助我們防止許多語法上的缺陷。在句子構造方面防止以下幾種缺陷：1 串句 run-on sentences2 破句 fragmentary sentences3 贅句 wordy sentences/ redundancy4 修飾語錯位 modifiers in wrong position5 懸垂修飾語Dang1ing Modifiers6 構造不平行Non-parallelism7 主謂不一致 subject-verb disagreement1 所謂串句,是指兩個或多個句子串在一同,誤當成一個句子。串句的表現(xiàn)方式主要有三種1 兩個完好句

41、子只用逗號隔開English is a required course in most colleges， a student must pass it before he earns his degree.2) 兩個完好句子不適當?shù)赜眠B詞and銜接I intend to go with your brother and you may do as you please.3) 兩個完好句子串在一同Students should be careful of punctuation trouble will result if they are careless.2 破句是串句的另一個極端-把句子

42、的一部分當成一個句子。In ten seconds I made my decision. A decision that changed the next seven years of my life.If a person possesses the ability and desires to go to college, I dont think money should stop him. Even though in some cases it does.第一個例子中 “A decision that changed the next seven years of my life.

43、是一個帶有定語從句的名詞詞組, 實踐上只是這個句子的一部分。第二個例子中， 從句“Even though in some cases it does.被錯當成一個句子.3. 懸垂修飾語 一個修飾語必需非常明確地修飾句中的某一個詞或某一組詞.有些修飾語初看好似修飾某個詞語,但實踐上什么也沒有修飾,那么這個修飾語就是懸垂修飾語。誤：Losing sixteen pounds， her clothes began to look baggy.正：Losing sixteen pounds, she found that her clothes began to look baggy.以下是幾種主要的

44、懸垂修飾語1) 分詞短語懸垂當句子中的主語不是分詞短語所表達的動作發(fā)出者,這個分詞短語就懸垂了。Looking to the future， the computer field may seem very attractive to many.2) 動名詞懸垂誤：On hearing the news, my heart sank down.正：On hearing the news, I felt my heart sinking down.3) 不定式懸垂誤：To pass the exam, this exercise must be done.正：To pass the exam,

45、you must do this exercise.4) 省略句懸垂誤：When a baby, his parents abandoned him.正：When he was a baby, he was abandoned by his parents.4. 構造不平行平行構造是把兩個或兩個以上意思并列的成分，用同等的語法方式來表達的一種修辭手段.They expect to hear lectures this morning, join discussions this afternoon, and attend the dance tonight. They always enjoy

46、 listening, talking, and dancing.這種構造整齊對稱,使句子流暢,語意貫穿并富有節(jié)拍感.誤:Students need textbooks, notebooks, and they need pens.正:Students need textbooks, notebooks and pens.誤:Knowing how to study and to learn to budge time are important for college students.正:Knowing how to study and learning to budge time are

47、 important for college students.二. 留意句式的多樣性，言語生動且富于變換才干最終打動評卷教師從而獲得高分。不能從頭到尾都是I am, he is, I like, 這樣的簡單句。添加句子方式的多樣性。應防止全文運用同一長度、構造類似的句子，使長句與短句、單句與復句，倒裝句與強調(diào)句相結合，添加文章的壓服力與生動性。1適當運用同位語，插入語，非限定性定語從句，讓逗號出如今他的文章中。同位語Environmental pollution, a phenomenon which lasted a number of years, has grown more and

48、more serious.引薦用于開頭對中心名詞做出解釋。2倒裝，Only in this way can we solve the problem.建議最好運用在文章結尾處更顯得擲地有聲。3無靈主語，即沒有生命的東西充任主語。當我們要講述一個閱歷性的現(xiàn)實或者常理時，不要過多運用“I think that議論文中過多運用“I 容易影響文章的客觀性。運用無靈主語就可以處理這個問題Past experience has taught us that we should not depend on others for everything.(Past experience就是無靈主語) The p

49、ast decade witnessed her change from a beautiful young lady into a shabby woman.4排比，可以加強言語表達的力度和整個文章的氣勢。例如在95年1月的考題“Can money buy happiness中運用排比就可以收到比較理想的效果。Many people die for money, lie for money, fight for money, and even sell their souls to the Devil for money.以上是講述寫好句子的方法，但由于考場上時間比較緊迫，所以建議考生務必在

50、考前背誦一些常用的理由句以防在考場上暫時思緒受阻而束手無策。如It can enrich our knowledge and widen our horizon. 或者It can increase the government revenue and relieve the pressure of unemployment. 等等。4 留意措辭的力度(句型與詞匯的選擇,盡量將所學句型和詞匯運用到寫作中)a. As I came out of the farmhouse I heard an unusual noise in the distance, one which I had neve

51、r heard before. I looked up the valley in the direction from which the sound seemed to come, but could see nothing. The noise grew, a low rumbling that grew louder by the second. Then all at once I saw it, a towering wall of water filling the valley from side to side. I turned and rushed back into t

52、he house. Anything left in the wake of that flood was bound to be swept away. I scooped up my small daughter and, grabbing my startled wife by the arm, rushed for the stairs. Reaching the top I had only a moment to think. Which room? My daughters bedroom was furthest from the river bank at the back of the house. I thrust my wife and daughter through the door and closed it behind us. By now the roar of the river is deafening