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1、試卷構(gòu)成測(cè)試內(nèi)容測(cè)試題型比例答題時(shí)間所用答題卡Part I Writing寫(xiě)作短文寫(xiě)作15%15%30minutesAnswer Sheet 1Part IIReading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning)快速閱讀理解是非判斷+句子填空或其他10%10%15 minutesPart IIIListening Comprehension聽(tīng)力對(duì)話短對(duì)話多項(xiàng)選擇8%35%35minutesAnswer sheet 2長(zhǎng)對(duì)話多項(xiàng)選擇7%聽(tīng)力短文短文理解多項(xiàng)選擇10%短文聽(tīng)寫(xiě)復(fù)合式聽(tīng)寫(xiě)10%Part IVReading Comprehension(Reading

2、in Depth)仔細(xì)閱讀理解篇章閱讀理解多項(xiàng)選擇20%25%25 minutes篇章詞匯理解選詞填空5%Part VComprehensive 完型填空或改錯(cuò)多項(xiàng)選擇10%15%15 minutes錯(cuò)誤辨認(rèn)并改正篇章問(wèn)答或句子翻譯簡(jiǎn)短回答5%中譯英第一章 訓(xùn)練必讀命題特點(diǎn)四級(jí)考試作文旨在考核學(xué)生英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)的能力。作文考試時(shí)間為30分鐘,要求寫(xiě)出不少于120個(gè)詞的短文。對(duì)作文的要求是:切題,文理通順,表達(dá)正確,意思連貫,無(wú)重大語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤??荚囎魑牡膬?nèi)容為社會(huì)、文化的一般問(wèn)題或日常生活得一般常識(shí),不涉及知識(shí)面過(guò)廣或?qū)I(yè)性太強(qiáng)的內(nèi)容。下面主要從三個(gè)方面介紹一下四級(jí)寫(xiě)作的命題特點(diǎn)。題材就題材而言,四

3、級(jí)作文試題具有很強(qiáng)的現(xiàn)實(shí)性,主要設(shè)計(jì)兩方面的內(nèi)容:一方面是大學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)、校園生活及對(duì)將來(lái)在工作、人生等方面的態(tài)度和看法;另一方面是與老百姓日程生活緊密相關(guān)的社會(huì)性熱點(diǎn)話題,如淡水資源緊缺、環(huán)境污染、假冒偽劣商品等問(wèn)題。體裁鑒于實(shí)際需要,英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫(xiě)作著重測(cè)試考生用文字評(píng)論和說(shuō)明事物的能力。因此,四級(jí)作文從體裁上講主要是論說(shuō)文。論說(shuō)文的特點(diǎn)在于:它既不同于議論文,也有別于一般的說(shuō)明文或記敘文,而是一種雜合體,具體表現(xiàn)為說(shuō)明性議論文或記敘性議論文。其寫(xiě)作難度介于議論文和說(shuō)明文或記敘文之間,因而更符合四級(jí)考生的整體水平。命題形式四級(jí)作文常采用一下幾種命題形式:提綱作文(Outline Composit

4、ion)這類題型是四級(jí)作文考試到目前為止最常見(jiàn)的。它給出作文的英文題目以較為詳細(xì)的提綱,提綱有時(shí)是英文的,但大多數(shù)時(shí)候使用中文給出的。每段的提綱規(guī)定了各段的主旨,要求考生圍繞這個(gè)中心制定主題句,再順著主題句展開(kāi)段落,最后用一句話總結(jié)句回應(yīng)主題。例:2000年6月四級(jí)作文真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? The first sentence has already

5、 been written for you. You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:很多人認(rèn)為有必要進(jìn)行英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)考試,理由是也與人持有不同意見(jiàn),我的看法和打算。圖表作文 (Graph Composition)圖表作文是四級(jí)作文考試??碱}型之一,也是考生覺(jué)得較難對(duì)付的作文形式。圖表作文一般在題目中給出一個(gè)或幾個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)表格、柱狀圖或餅狀結(jié)構(gòu)圖等,通常還給出作文的標(biāo)題和一些提示,一般要寫(xiě)成論說(shuō)文,要求考生:用文字描述圖表,客觀解釋圖表中所傳

6、遞的信息并找出某種規(guī)律或趨勢(shì);就圖表中所反映出的某種趨勢(shì)或問(wèn)題分析其原因或后果。例:2002年6月四級(jí)作文真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Students Use of Computers. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below:上圖所示為1990年、1995年、20

7、00年某校大學(xué)生使用計(jì)算機(jī)的情況,請(qǐng)描述其變化;請(qǐng)說(shuō)明發(fā)生這些變化的原因(可從計(jì)算機(jī)的用途、價(jià)格或社會(huì)發(fā)展等方面加以說(shuō)明);你認(rèn)為目前按大學(xué)生在計(jì)算機(jī)使用中有什么困難或問(wèn)題。Average number of hours a student spends on the computer per year情景作文(Situational Composition)題目給定一個(gè)情景,要去考生在這個(gè)范圍內(nèi)充分發(fā)揮想象力,精心構(gòu)思出一篇符合情景要求、意思連貫的短文,一般為記敘文。這類作文心限定條件比較少,考生自由發(fā)揮程度較大。例:2002年9月四級(jí)作文真題Directions: For this par

8、t, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic The Day My Classmate Fell Ill (or Got Injured). You should write at least 100 words according to the outline given in Chinese below:簡(jiǎn)單敘述一下這位同學(xué)生?。ɑ蚴軅┑那闆r;同學(xué)、老師和我是如何幫助他/她的;人與人之間的這種相互關(guān)愛(ài)給我的感受是應(yīng)用文(Applied Composition)應(yīng)用文,尤其是信函,近年來(lái)出現(xiàn)頻率比

9、較高;2004年1月,2002年1月和2001年6月的作文試題均是應(yīng)用文中的信函形式。在這類題型中,考生會(huì)讀到一個(gè)特定的場(chǎng)景,然后在理解的基礎(chǔ)上,給相關(guān)人士寫(xiě)一封信,并在心中明確表達(dá)自己寫(xiě)信的原因、動(dòng)機(jī)、目的和愿望。文章所涉及的內(nèi)容多種多樣,但大部分都與日常生活比較貼近。例:2002年1月四級(jí)作文真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to the University President about the Canteen

10、 Service on Campus. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:假如你是李明,請(qǐng)你就本校食堂的狀況給校長(zhǎng)寫(xiě)一封信,內(nèi)容應(yīng)涉及食堂的飯菜質(zhì)量、價(jià)格、環(huán)境、服務(wù)等,可以是表?yè)P(yáng),可以是批評(píng)建議,也可以兼而有之。試題類型進(jìn)一步分析上述四種命題形式,我們可以從作文體裁角度將這四種命題形式的作文再細(xì)分為以下幾種類型:提綱作文與圖表作文可分為四種類型:* 現(xiàn)象解釋型:分析現(xiàn)象,闡述其成因利弊,題目實(shí)例如下:例:2003年1月四級(jí)作文

11、真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:當(dāng)前社會(huì)上存在許多不誠(chéng)實(shí)的現(xiàn)象;誠(chéng)實(shí)利人利己,做人應(yīng)該誠(chéng)實(shí)。* 問(wèn)題解決型:分析問(wèn)題,找出成因,提出解決辦法,題目實(shí)例如下:例:1997年6月四級(jí)作文真題Directions: For this

12、 part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline given below in Chinese:大學(xué)生了解社會(huì)的必要性;了解社會(huì)的途徑(大眾媒介、社會(huì)服務(wù)等);我打算怎么做。* 對(duì)比選擇型:辨析兩種對(duì)立觀點(diǎn),題目實(shí)例如下:例:1995

13、年1月四級(jí)作文真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Can Money Buy Happiness? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline given below in Chinese:有人認(rèn)為金錢(qián)是幸福之本 (source of happiness)也有人認(rèn)為金錢(qián)是萬(wàn)惡之源(root of all evi

14、l)我的看法* 觀點(diǎn)論證型:支持或駁斥一種觀點(diǎn),題目實(shí)例如下:例:1998年6月四級(jí)作文真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good luck? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline given below in Chinese:有些人認(rèn)為某

15、些數(shù)字會(huì)帶來(lái)好運(yùn);我認(rèn)為數(shù)字和運(yùn)氣無(wú)關(guān),情景作文的實(shí)質(zhì)是記敘文,主要考過(guò)這幾種類型:* 綜合敘事型例:例 2003年6月四級(jí)作文真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline given

16、below in Chinese:假如你在某日某時(shí)某地目擊一起車(chē)禍,就此寫(xiě)一份見(jiàn)證書(shū)。見(jiàn)證書(shū)須包括以下幾點(diǎn):車(chē)禍發(fā)生地時(shí)間及地點(diǎn);你所見(jiàn)到的車(chē)禍情況;你對(duì)車(chē)禍原因的分析。* 演講致辭型例:2005年1月四級(jí)作文真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a campaign speech in support of your election to the post of chairman of the student union. You should write at least 120 word

17、s and you should base your composition on the outline given below in Chinese:1)你認(rèn)為自己具備什么條件(能力,性格,愛(ài)好等)可以勝任學(xué)生會(huì)主席工作2)如果當(dāng)選你將會(huì)為本校同學(xué)做些什么?A Campaign Speech3.應(yīng)用文一般包括書(shū)信、便條、通知、簡(jiǎn)歷、廣告等。* 通知例:2006年6月四級(jí)作文真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a poster recruiting volunteers. You shoul

18、d write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline given below in Chinese:校學(xué)生會(huì)將組織一次暑假志愿者活動(dòng),現(xiàn)招募志愿者本次志愿者活動(dòng)的目的、活動(dòng)安排等報(bào)名條件及聯(lián)系方式* 書(shū)信:包括建議信、表?yè)P(yáng)信、告知信等。例:2003年6月四級(jí)作文真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to a friends inquiry about applying for

19、 admission to your college or university. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline given below in Chinese:建議報(bào)考的專業(yè)及理由;報(bào)考該專業(yè)的基本條件;應(yīng)當(dāng)如何報(bào)考。第二章 作文基本功 保證不跑題是寫(xiě)作當(dāng)中的第一個(gè)重要任務(wù)(如果跑題,條理和語(yǔ)言再好,也得不到及格分,甚至得0分);第二個(gè)重要任務(wù)就是條理清楚;第三要注意句子不僅要符合語(yǔ)法,而且要連貫順暢,還應(yīng)做到句式變化多樣,選詞準(zhǔn)確并富于變化。開(kāi)篇審

20、題審題是作文最基本、最重要的環(huán)節(jié)之一。審題直接決定著一篇文章內(nèi)容的好壞;認(rèn)真審題是寫(xiě)出優(yōu)秀作文的必要條件。因此,考生一定要對(duì)審題這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)給與貼別的重視。只有正確的身體,擦能切實(shí)地保證作文不偏題,不離題,這也是保證作文得高分的前提條件。審題審題型看到作文題,我們首先應(yīng)該判斷它是屬于文字命題、圖表命題還是應(yīng)用文。文字命題作文一般都有明確的標(biāo)題和提綱要點(diǎn),圖表命題作文中會(huì)有圖表或圖畫(huà),并帶有相應(yīng)的文字提示信息,而應(yīng)用文則比較容易區(qū)分。要申請(qǐng)這幾類作文題要看 “Directions”中所規(guī)定的任務(wù)。審題材,定主題四級(jí)作文的題材皆為與日常生活和學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)的問(wèn)題、人們普遍關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)話題等。審題材的目的是定主

21、題,這是審題的核心任務(wù),也就是我們通常所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容切題與不切題??忌紫刃枰_理解命題要求,把握寫(xiě)作主題。文字命題作文的主題一般很好掌握,可以根據(jù)命題給出的標(biāo)題、提綱要點(diǎn)或起始句來(lái)確定。在圖表命題作文中,考生需要把握?qǐng)D表所傳達(dá)的信息,理解圖表寓意。應(yīng)用文的主題一般比較明顯。審體裁一篇文章的題材無(wú)非分為議論文、說(shuō)明文、記敘文和應(yīng)用文。從上一章對(duì)歷年考題的體裁分析來(lái)看,四級(jí)作文均為議論文和應(yīng)用文,只是在議論中加入記敘和說(shuō)明的部分,我們稱之為敘事性議論文和說(shuō)明性議論文,所以我們說(shuō)四級(jí)作文通常是幾種體裁的雜合體。因此我們提倡在寫(xiě)作時(shí)不是以全文來(lái)判斷其體裁,而是以段為單位來(lái)確定體裁。下面我們以2002年

22、6月四級(jí)作文題為例來(lái)討論如何按段來(lái)審核四級(jí)作文的體裁例:2002年6月四級(jí)作文真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Students Use of Computers. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below:上圖所示為1990年、1995年、2000年某校大學(xué)生使用計(jì)算機(jī)的

23、情況,請(qǐng)描述其變化;請(qǐng)說(shuō)明發(fā)生這些變化的原因(可從計(jì)算機(jī)的用途、價(jià)格或社會(huì)發(fā)展等方面加以說(shuō)明);你認(rèn)為目前按大學(xué)生在計(jì)算機(jī)使用中有什么困難或問(wèn)題。Average number of hours a student spends on the computer per year分析:這是一篇典型的提綱式圖表命題作文。首先,命題說(shuō)明1)中要求“描述其變化”,這說(shuō)明本段要求描述圖表內(nèi)容,屬于描述段。再者,命題說(shuō)明2)中要求“說(shuō)明發(fā)生這些變化的原因”,這就要求根據(jù)圖表揭示現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因,應(yīng)使用說(shuō)明性文字,我們可以稱之為說(shuō)明段。最后,命題說(shuō)明3)中要求作者發(fā)表自己的看法。這里應(yīng)使用議論性文字,我們可以稱

24、之為議論段。它的寫(xiě)作特點(diǎn)是以“人”為中心闡述自己的看法,提出自己的建議、觀點(diǎn)、方法、態(tài)度等。跟上兩段相比,本段的特點(diǎn)是:本段主語(yǔ)多人人稱代詞“我”或“我們”。由此我們可以看出該篇作文體裁并不是純粹單一的說(shuō)明文或議論文,所以我們說(shuō)在大多數(shù)情況下四級(jí)作文是多種體裁的雜合體。布局謀篇把作文的主題、體裁、體裁確定后,我們進(jìn)入寫(xiě)作的第二步,即對(duì)文章進(jìn)行布局謀篇,確定文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)。從廣泛的角度來(lái)看,四級(jí)英語(yǔ)作文的結(jié)構(gòu)比較固定,通常為三段,并且基本上包括開(kāi)頭、主體和結(jié)尾三個(gè)部分。但是,在布局謀篇這個(gè)階段,考生必須對(duì)全文的三段框架有清楚的把握。將文章合理劃分為三段在歷年四級(jí)作文的命題中都有對(duì)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的具體說(shuō)明

25、,但同時(shí)又設(shè)置了許多迷惑信息,需要考生自己去整理,使之更結(jié)構(gòu)化、段落化。例:2003年1月考題的提綱:1)當(dāng)前社會(huì)上存在許多不誠(chéng)實(shí)的現(xiàn)象;2)誠(chéng)實(shí)利人利己,做人應(yīng)該誠(chéng)實(shí)。分析從表面上看,命題提綱要點(diǎn)只有兩段:第一段是描述社會(huì)上存在的不誠(chéng)實(shí)現(xiàn)象,第二段是論述做人應(yīng)該誠(chéng)實(shí)。但實(shí)際上,如果本文在第一段對(duì)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行描述,然后馬上就發(fā)表自己的評(píng)論,其結(jié)構(gòu)顯然有點(diǎn)倉(cāng)促,應(yīng)在中間段對(duì)現(xiàn)象的原因進(jìn)行分析說(shuō)明后,然后自然地轉(zhuǎn)入第三段,發(fā)表個(gè)人對(duì)這種現(xiàn)象的評(píng)論和認(rèn)識(shí)。這樣文章從結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容上都自然流暢,渾然一體。從某種程度上說(shuō),原命題提綱是具有迷惑性的,命題之所以只列出兩點(diǎn),實(shí)際上是個(gè)陷阱,目的是考察考生的分析能力,

26、即考察考生的思維是否嚴(yán)密、有條理。按照以上分析我們可以把命題提綱結(jié)構(gòu)合理劃分為以下三段:第一段是描述現(xiàn)象段,描述社會(huì)上存在的不誠(chéng)實(shí)現(xiàn)象;第二段是說(shuō)明短,更確切地說(shuō)是說(shuō)明原因段,主要是從幾個(gè)方面的原因來(lái)解釋說(shuō)明第一段所揭示的現(xiàn)象或問(wèn)題;第三段是議論段,也是結(jié)尾段,確切地說(shuō)這段是主觀觀點(diǎn)段,主要提出自己的建議、觀點(diǎn)、方法、態(tài)度等。檢查文章寫(xiě)作角度是否合理把文章劃分為三段后,考生要檢查自己安排的三段結(jié)構(gòu)是否設(shè)和文章主題的體現(xiàn),也就是說(shuō)考生要檢查自己的寫(xiě)作角度是否合理。例:2003年1月考題的提綱1)當(dāng)前社會(huì)上存在許多不誠(chéng)實(shí)的現(xiàn)象;2)誠(chéng)實(shí)利人利己,做人應(yīng)該誠(chéng)實(shí)。分析命題表面上雖然沒(méi)有對(duì)文章的論述角度

27、(即是從幾個(gè)方面原因?qū)χ黝}進(jìn)行分析,還是采用事例對(duì)主題進(jìn)行論證)進(jìn)行限制,但是考生要確定最能表現(xiàn)主題的寫(xiě)作角度。在這篇文章中,結(jié)合命題說(shuō)明中給出的文章標(biāo)題“It Pays to Be Honest”可以確定作文主旨是關(guān)于社會(huì)上存在的不誠(chéng)實(shí)現(xiàn)象,既然是一種現(xiàn)象,很自然就要對(duì)這種現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的原因進(jìn)行說(shuō)明,這樣我們確定這篇作文的寫(xiě)作角度就是從幾個(gè)原因來(lái)說(shuō)明這個(gè)現(xiàn)象,所以我們可以把文章安排成一下三段:第一段:描述現(xiàn)象,提出觀點(diǎn);第二段:說(shuō)明現(xiàn)象的原因;第三段:總結(jié)全文,突出論點(diǎn)。段落寫(xiě)作模板段落是文章結(jié)構(gòu)的基本組成部分。段落一般由主題句、擴(kuò)展句、轉(zhuǎn)折句和結(jié)尾句組成。主題句表達(dá)段落的大意,是段落的中心和統(tǒng)

28、帥;擴(kuò)展句將主題句展開(kāi),是段落的主題;轉(zhuǎn)折句出現(xiàn)在段落中時(shí),表明作者要轉(zhuǎn)變論述或說(shuō)明的角度;結(jié)論句則總結(jié)全段,歸納或提出結(jié)論。好的段落應(yīng)該中心思想統(tǒng)一,內(nèi)容連貫,銜接緊密。首先要有主題句,用以突出中心思想。同事擴(kuò)展句要圍繞主題句展開(kāi),不能摻入與主題無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容。文章句子之間要邏輯嚴(yán)密,層次清晰,可以利用各種銜接手段使句子之間關(guān)系更為明確。雖然在列好提綱之后,段落的內(nèi)容和基本結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)明確,但在具體寫(xiě)作時(shí),段落組織方面仍然有很多細(xì)節(jié)要認(rèn)真考慮:段落中的主題句是在前、在后,還是居中;擴(kuò)展句的前后排列順序;是否要在段落前后加上轉(zhuǎn)折句,或在段落中間改變轉(zhuǎn)述方向時(shí)加上轉(zhuǎn)折句;段落末尾要不要加上結(jié)論句以重申段

29、落的主題,這些都要在寫(xiě)作中結(jié)合行文過(guò)程介于考慮。除此之外,單純依靠段落句子之間的相互聯(lián)系,并不足以實(shí)現(xiàn)段落結(jié)構(gòu)的真正緊密。如果使用代詞替換或重復(fù)某些關(guān)鍵詞,或用連詞、副詞或其他表達(dá)句子邏輯關(guān)系的表達(dá)方式來(lái)銜接句子,就能有效地增加段落的連貫性和可讀性。一、描述段模板(一)如何寫(xiě)描述段描述段一般首先對(duì)命題中所提供的信息(如某現(xiàn)象、背景或事件),無(wú)論是圖畫(huà)、圖表,還是文字材料,進(jìn)行提煉和描述,然后進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展描述。比如描述圖表內(nèi)容時(shí)我們應(yīng)該按照一定得順序(如從上到下,從左到右,從圖畫(huà)到文字)進(jìn)行描述。例:2002年6月四級(jí)作文真題Directions: For this part, you are al

30、lowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Students Use of Computers. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below:1)上圖所示為1990年、1995年、2000年某校大學(xué)生使用計(jì)算機(jī)的情況,請(qǐng)描述其變化;2)請(qǐng)說(shuō)明發(fā)生這些變化的原因(可從計(jì)算機(jī)的用途、價(jià)格或社會(huì)發(fā)展等方面加以說(shuō)明);3)你認(rèn)為目前按大學(xué)生在計(jì)算機(jī)使用中有什么困難或問(wèn)題

31、。Average number of hours a student spends on the computer per year第一步:概括提煉圖表內(nèi)容As is shown in the chart, the average hours a student spends using computers has grown up tremendously.第二步:分述圖表內(nèi)容For one thing, from 1990 to 1995, the average hours that students spent on computers in every week only doubl

32、ed. (內(nèi)容一)For another, in 2000, college students averagely spent 20 hours per week on computers, which is five times as large as that of 1995. (內(nèi)容二)第三步:闡述圖表所反映的問(wèn)題It is obvious that college students become more and more crazy about computers.把這三個(gè)從層次結(jié)合起來(lái)就是描述段整段的內(nèi)容。As is shown in the chart, the average

33、hours a student spends using computers has grown up tremendously. For one thing, from 1990 to 1995, the average hours that students spent on computers in every week only doubled. For another, in 2000, college students averagely spent 20 hours per week on computers, which is five times as large as th

34、at of 1995. It is obvious that college students become more and more crazy about computers.(二)描述段模板1. 描述圖表段模板(側(cè)重通過(guò)描述圖表數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)反映問(wèn)題或圖像)As is shown/depicted/described in the picture/chart/cartoon, 概括圖表內(nèi)容. For one thing, 支持這一內(nèi)容的一個(gè)方面. For another, 支持這一內(nèi)容的另一個(gè)方面. It is obvious that 圖表所反映的問(wèn)題.2. 描述現(xiàn)象段模板(側(cè)重通過(guò)描述現(xiàn)象

35、來(lái)引出主題句)Recently, 描述現(xiàn)象,引起話題. What amazes us most is 表現(xiàn)較為典型的一個(gè)方面. And 對(duì)于現(xiàn)象做出評(píng)論. We can see that 總結(jié)句.或者:Nowadays, 描述現(xiàn)象. For one thing, 支持這一道理的一個(gè)方面. For another, 支持這一道理的另一個(gè)方面. It is obvious that 指出現(xiàn)象具有典型性的一面.描述背景段模板(側(cè)重通過(guò)描述背景來(lái)揭示問(wèn)題)With the 某事物發(fā)展趨勢(shì)of 背景事物,問(wèn)題出現(xiàn)的背景,視提綱內(nèi)容而定. So it is of great importance for

36、us to 提出問(wèn)題. On the one hand, 問(wèn)題的結(jié)果/表現(xiàn)一. On the other hand, 問(wèn)題的結(jié)果/表現(xiàn)二.描述事件段模板(側(cè)重通過(guò)描述事件的經(jīng)過(guò)來(lái)展開(kāi)情節(jié))It so happened that 事件發(fā)生地時(shí)間、地點(diǎn). Just at the moment, 事件的開(kāi)端. It impressed me most because 事件的突出表現(xiàn). What happened next was 事件的發(fā)展.二、說(shuō)明段模板(一)如何寫(xiě)說(shuō)明段說(shuō)明段的作用是提供充分的事例或理由來(lái)支撐前文提出的觀點(diǎn),或者指出解決的辦法和時(shí)間發(fā)展的過(guò)程。段落的組織必須注意以下兩點(diǎn):在說(shuō)明主

37、題時(shí),條理要清楚。例:2003年1月四級(jí)作文真題1)當(dāng)前社會(huì)上存在許多不誠(chéng)實(shí)的現(xiàn)象;2)誠(chéng)實(shí)利人利己,做人應(yīng)該誠(chéng)實(shí)。第二段的主題句為T(mén)here are many reasons explaining this growth,然后從幾方面說(shuō)明這一主題:The main reason is that computers can be widely used in study since PC prices decrease greatly. Whats more, charges for using the Internet have dropped. As a result, more coll

38、ege students can afford to use computers every day. 在這段說(shuō)明文字中,我們使用了the main reason, whats more, as a result等短語(yǔ),它們可以使文章的條理性更加突出。作文是主觀性題,要想得高分我們必須把評(píng)卷老師考慮進(jìn)去。評(píng)卷老師的時(shí)間很短,所以我們?cè)诹袟l條時(shí)最好不要用一些很模糊的表達(dá)方式,如To begin with, ; After that, ; And then, ; The next, ; The following, ; At last , 因?yàn)橛眠@樣的詞語(yǔ)不利于閱卷老師看出你作文的條理性。確定說(shuō)明

39、方法,說(shuō)明方法包括例舉事例、方法、原因或進(jìn)展情況。(二)說(shuō)明段模板1. 舉例說(shuō)明段模板(側(cè)重用一個(gè)或幾個(gè)事例來(lái)論述主題句)Many examples can be found to prove 主題. Take 例子 as a typical example, 闡述例子(可進(jìn)一步闡述). People 人們的習(xí)慣做法. Furthermore, 其他相關(guān)的事實(shí).或者A case in point is 提出具體的例子. This is close to suggest 深入探討這一事例. It is true that 重申理論的正確性. In addition, 其他相關(guān)的事實(shí).2. 說(shuō)明原

40、因段模板(側(cè)重從幾個(gè)原因來(lái)解釋主題句)There are many reasons explaining 主題. The main reason is 理由一. Whats more, 理由二. As a result, 講述導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果.或者The reason of 主題lie in several aspects. /Many remarkable factors contribute to 主題. Firstly/ First of all, 理由一. Secondly/ In addition, 理由二. Finally, 理由三.3. 說(shuō)明方法段模板We have figured o

41、ut many ways to 處理問(wèn)題. Firstly/ First of all, 解決方法一. Secondly/ In addition, 解決方法二. Thirdly, 解決方法三.或者As is known to all, there are many ways 主題. First of all, 解決方法一. Further more, 解決方法二. Last but not least, 解決方法三.4. 說(shuō)明過(guò)程段模板At first, 事件進(jìn)展或情況表現(xiàn)的一方面. Almost at the same time, 事件進(jìn)展或情況表現(xiàn)的另一方面. Whats more, 事

42、件進(jìn)展或情況表現(xiàn)的第三方面. As a result, 事件的進(jìn)展結(jié)果.議論段模板如何寫(xiě)議論段議論段通常是作者就文章的主題提出或論證某觀點(diǎn)以及總結(jié)自己的觀點(diǎn)、建議等。我們歸納出三種議論段,包括提出觀點(diǎn)段(分為提出一種觀點(diǎn)和提出對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)兩種段落模板)、對(duì)比論證段和觀點(diǎn)總結(jié)段。寫(xiě)議論段時(shí)應(yīng)做到觀點(diǎn)明確,論證充分,并有令人信服的數(shù)據(jù)和例子來(lái)支持,使文章具有說(shuō)服力。例:2000年6月四級(jí)作文Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Is A Test of

43、Spoken English Necessary? You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:很多人認(rèn)為有必要舉行英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)考試,理由是也有人持不同意見(jiàn)我的看法和打算。參考范文A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET). Different people will offer qui

44、te different ideas on this news. There are mainly two kinds of opinions. Many people contend that such a test is unnecessary in China. However, others believe that it is absolutely necessary.Some may proclaim that fluent oral English doesnt necessarily mean better opportunities. They maintain such a

45、n idea because many people need not use oral English at work. In contrast, the objectors think that a fluent spoken English is badly in need in todays society. They argue that English as a language is a tool for oral communication.As to me, I prefer the latter opinion. First, the test can encourage

46、college students to improve their spoken English. Second, the ability to speak English fluently is a must for us since China will continue its policy of opening and reform, the ability to speak fluent English is a must for anyone who wants to surpass others in a highly competitive society. In a word

47、, I will try my best to practice spoken English to satisfy the need of our society.分析這是一篇典型的議論文。首先,命題說(shuō)明中的1)、2)兩點(diǎn)明確指明關(guān)于是否舉行英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)考試存在兩種對(duì)立觀點(diǎn),那么我們?cè)趯?xiě)作時(shí)首先要提出這兩種觀點(diǎn),然后分別進(jìn)行討論。所以第一段應(yīng)該為提出觀點(diǎn)段,第二段為對(duì)比論證段。這兩種段落都屬于議論段。命題說(shuō)明中“3)我的看法和打算”要求作者“發(fā)表自己對(duì)這兩種觀點(diǎn)的看法”,同樣也要用議論段,因其位于文章結(jié)尾,我們稱之為觀點(diǎn)總結(jié)段。那么整篇文章用到了議論段的三種類型,在下面我們將詳細(xì)進(jìn)行分析。議論段

48、模板1. 提出觀點(diǎn)段模板1)模板一It is well known that 論點(diǎn). The truth of it is self-evident. No one can deny 觀點(diǎn)的理論依據(jù). Therefore, 總結(jié)句.或者It is believed that 論點(diǎn). The truth is deep and profound. As we know, 觀點(diǎn)的理論依據(jù). Consequently, 總結(jié)句.2)模板二There is a heated debate over 爭(zhēng)論焦點(diǎn). There are mainly two kinds of opinions. It is

49、commonly accepted that 觀點(diǎn)一. In contract, others 與觀點(diǎn)一對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn)二.或者Different people will offer quite different idea 爭(zhēng)論焦點(diǎn). There are mainly two kinds of opinions. Many people assert 觀點(diǎn)一. However, others believe 與觀點(diǎn)一對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn)二.2. 對(duì)比論證段模板Those whole hold the first opinion suggest 觀點(diǎn)一的理由. In their view, 深入闡述觀點(diǎn)一的理

50、由. However, others think 觀點(diǎn)二的理由. They argue that 深入闡述觀點(diǎn)二的理由.或者Some may proclaim 觀點(diǎn)一的理由. They maintain such an idea because 深入闡述觀點(diǎn)一的理由. In contrast, the objectors think 觀點(diǎn)一的理由. They argue that 深入闡述觀點(diǎn)二的理由.3. 觀點(diǎn)總結(jié)段模板(側(cè)重從幾個(gè)層面提出個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度、建議和解決方法)1)模板一As I understand, 我的看法或偏好. On the one hand, 個(gè)人看法的依據(jù)一. On

51、 the other hand, 個(gè)人看法的依據(jù)二. In conclusion, 個(gè)人的結(jié)論或文章的結(jié)論.或者As to me, I prefer 我的看法或偏好. First, 個(gè)人看法的依據(jù)一. Second, 個(gè)人看法的依據(jù)二. In a word, 個(gè)人的結(jié)論或文章的結(jié)論.或者Considering all these, I believe that我的看法或偏好. First of all, 個(gè)人看法的依據(jù)一. Furthermore, 個(gè)人看法的依據(jù)二. Therefore, 個(gè)人的結(jié)論或文章的結(jié)論.2)模板二There is no doubt that 觀點(diǎn)在日常生活中的體現(xiàn).

52、 That is because 支持觀點(diǎn)的理由. So it is 行動(dòng)的重要性 for us to 應(yīng)采取的行動(dòng). In conclusion, 總結(jié)全文.或者All mentioned above tells us 重申觀點(diǎn). As a matter of fact, 觀點(diǎn)在日常生活中的體現(xiàn). There is no denying that 結(jié)論. In short, 總結(jié)全文.應(yīng)用文模板應(yīng)用文常用句型批評(píng)、抱怨、投訴信(1)I am writing to complain about 我寫(xiě)此信投訴有關(guān)的情況。(2)I think its high time you realized

53、我認(rèn)為是你認(rèn)識(shí)到的時(shí)候了。(3)We know that you are not generally careless, but we would like your assurance that this will not happen again. 我們深知你們并不經(jīng)常出錯(cuò),但我們希望你方能確保這類差錯(cuò)不在發(fā)生。(4) I must warn you that unless you do something about the situation I will be forced to take legal action. 我必須正告貴方,除非對(duì)目前狀況采取措施,否則我將被迫訴諸法律。(5

54、)To be frank, I am not prepared to put up with the situation any more. 坦率地說(shuō),我不準(zhǔn)備再繼續(xù)忍受這種狀況。申請(qǐng)信(1)I am writing to apply for the post of advertised in 茲申請(qǐng)刊登在上的工作。(2)In reply to your advertisement in , I beg to apply for the post of in your company. 見(jiàn)上刊登的貴公司廣告,我謹(jǐn)申請(qǐng)應(yīng)聘貴公司的職務(wù)。(3)Immediately I saw your adve

55、rtisement in the paper for , I felt it was just the kind of post for which I have the qualifications and for which I have been looking for some time. 看到貴公司在報(bào)上招聘的廣告,我感到這正適合我,并且是我這段時(shí)間所要尋找的工作。(4)The kind of work in which your company is engaged particularly interests me.貴公司目前開(kāi)展的這種各業(yè)務(wù)特別使我感興趣。(5)I feel I

56、 have the necessary qualifications and experiences needed for the position of advertised in the paper. 我認(rèn)為我具備了報(bào)上刊登的貴公司一職所要求的素質(zhì)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。(6)I shall bring with me the full details of my testimonials as your request. 我將根據(jù)您的要求帶上詳細(xì)的證明文件。(7)I hope I may be granted an interview, when I can explain my qualificati

57、on more fully. 希望同意面試,屆時(shí)我可以更充分地說(shuō)明我的條件。(8)I should be pleased to attend for an interview at your convenience, when I could give you further details concerning myself. 我將樂(lè)意在您方便時(shí)接受面試,屆時(shí)我將進(jìn)一步介紹自己。(9)It seems to me that this experience, together with my education, has given me ideal preparation to assume

58、 the role of in a firm such as yours. 對(duì)我來(lái)講,這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)加上我的學(xué)歷,使我具備了擔(dān)任貴公司一職的資格。(10)I would like to apply for admission to your college. 我想申請(qǐng)進(jìn)入貴校。(11)I should like to further my studies in department of your university. 我想在貴校系繼續(xù)深造。(12)My major interests are , and I understand your university has a good progra

59、m in those fields. 我的專業(yè)愛(ài)好是,我了解貴校在上述領(lǐng)域有極好的課程設(shè)置。(13)I hope you will kindly send me application blank. 希望貴校能給我寄來(lái)空白申請(qǐng)表。(14)I would greatly appreciate receiving copies of the required application forms and any instructions you may be so kind as to give regarding my possible admission. 如能收到所需的申請(qǐng)表和有關(guān)入學(xué)的指南我

60、將十分感激。邀請(qǐng)信及答復(fù)(1)It is with the greatest pleasure that I write to cordially invite you to attend the meeting. 我懷著極其愉快的心情給您寫(xiě)信,誠(chéng)懇地邀請(qǐng)您參加這次會(huì)議。(2)It gives me the greatest pleasure to invite you to visit this exhibition. 十分高興能邀請(qǐng)您參觀本次展覽。(3)Will you and Mrs. Green give the pleasure of dining with us at the Be

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