2012新課標(biāo)同步導(dǎo)學(xué)高一英語(yǔ)課件：42 Module 4 Sandstorms in Asia《Grammar》（外研版全國(guó)卷Ⅰ必修3）

1、Section Grammar動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式由“to動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和獨(dú)立成分，動(dòng)詞不定式有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。一、動(dòng)詞不定式的語(yǔ)法功能1作主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)，其位置有以下兩種：(1)把不定式置于句首To get there by bike will take us half an hour.騎自行車(chē)去那里將花費(fèi)我們半小時(shí)時(shí)間。(2)用it作形式主語(yǔ)，把真正的主語(yǔ)不定式置于句后，常用于以下句式中。Itbe名詞to doIts our duty to take good care of the old.照顧老人是我

2、們的責(zé)任。It takes sb.some timeto doHow long did it take you to finish the work?你完成這項(xiàng)工作花了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間？Itbe形容詞for sb.to doIt is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.在十五分鐘之內(nèi)寫(xiě)完作文對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)是困難的。Itbe形容詞of sb.to doIt is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.你真愚蠢，寫(xiě)了老師說(shuō)

3、的一切東西。It seems (appears)形容詞to doIt seemed impossible to save money.攢錢(qián)好似是不可能的。注意：在句型中，常用表示客觀情況的形容詞，如：difficult，easy，hard，important，impossible，necessary等；在句型中，常用careless，clever，good，foolish，honest，kind，lazy，nice，right，silly，stupid，wise等表示贊揚(yáng)或批評(píng)的詞。在不定式前的sb.可看作其邏輯主語(yǔ)。這一句式有時(shí)相當(dāng)于sb.is形容詞to do句式。Its kind of y

4、ou to help me with my English.You are kind to help me with my English.你真是太好了，幫我學(xué)英語(yǔ)。2作賓語(yǔ)I want to leave here soon.我想盡快離開(kāi)這兒。He pretended to be a doctor.他裝扮成一名醫(yī)生。以下動(dòng)詞后常跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)。例如：agree，ask，aim，arrange，choose，decide，demand，expect，fail，help，hope，learn，long，manage，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，promise，refuse

5、，wish，want等。They failed to fulfill the plan.他們沒(méi)能完成方案。When our visit to the farm was over，we expected to start back on foot.當(dāng)參觀農(nóng)場(chǎng)結(jié)束時(shí)，我們期望步行返回。不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果還帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，往往用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，把不定式放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后。I have long had it in mind to answer your letter.好久以來(lái)我一直想回你的信。3作表語(yǔ)(說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容)The most important thing is to study h

6、ard.最重要的事情是努力學(xué)習(xí)。Her ambition was to be a film star.她的志向是當(dāng)電影明星。注意：不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，表示比較抽象的一般行為多用動(dòng)名詞；表示具體的某次動(dòng)作，特別是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用不定式。有時(shí)兩者可以互換。4作定語(yǔ)(1)不定式作定語(yǔ)必須放在被修飾的名詞或代詞的后面。Would you like something to drink？你想喝點(diǎn)什么嗎？I have no time to talk with her.我沒(méi)時(shí)間同她談話(huà)。(2)不定式作定語(yǔ)與所修飾的詞之間有三種關(guān)系，即主謂、動(dòng)賓與同位關(guān)系。Do you have an

7、y suggestions to offer？(動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)你有什么建議要提嗎？He is always the first to come and the last to leave.(主謂關(guān)系)他總是第一個(gè)來(lái)，最后一個(gè)走。We all have a chance to go to college.(同位關(guān)系)我們都有一個(gè)上大學(xué)的時(shí)機(jī)。(3)不定式與被修飾的名詞在邏輯上有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。不定式必須是及物動(dòng)詞，如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，那么后面必須要有適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，與前面的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的介賓關(guān)系。I have no jewellery to wear.我沒(méi)有首飾戴。There is no one

8、to take care of.沒(méi)有人需要照顧。5作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)She encouraged me to try again.她鼓勵(lì)我再試一次。He doesnt want her to attend the meeting.他不想讓她參加會(huì)議。注意：在feel，hear，listen，to，look at，notice，observe，see，watch，have，let，make等詞后的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中，不定式不帶to，但是這些句子如果變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，就必須帶to。I often hear him sing the song.我經(jīng)常聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他唱這首歌。He is often heard to sing

9、the song.他經(jīng)常被聽(tīng)到唱這首歌。6作狀語(yǔ)不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)可以表示目的、原因、結(jié)果或條件、程度。I came here to learn from you.(目的)我到這來(lái)是向你學(xué)習(xí)的。Im very glad to hear the news.(原因)聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息我很快樂(lè)。He is old enough to go to school.(結(jié)果)他已經(jīng)到上學(xué)的年齡了。To look at him，you cant help laughing.(條件)看到他你就會(huì)忍不住笑起來(lái)。(1)目的狀語(yǔ)還可以用in order to或so as to來(lái)表示。In order to pass the e

10、xam，he worked very hard.為了通過(guò)考試，他努力學(xué)習(xí)。We ran all the way so as not to be late.為了不遲到，我們跑了一路。(2)不定式也可在作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞后面作狀語(yǔ)。The question is difficult to answer.這個(gè)問(wèn)題難以答復(fù)。(3)在too形容詞或副詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式作狀語(yǔ)。He is too old to do that work.他年紀(jì)太大，不能做那項(xiàng)工作。(4)另外，句子中有enough這個(gè)詞時(shí)，常用不定式作狀語(yǔ)。The room is big enough to hold us.這房間很大，足

11、以容下我們這些人。7作獨(dú)立成分To tell the truth，I dont agree with you.說(shuō)實(shí)話(huà)，我不同意你。8不定式與疑問(wèn)詞who，which，when，where，how，what等連用，在句中起名詞作用，可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。He didnt know what to say.(賓語(yǔ))他不知道該說(shuō)什么。How to solve the problem is very important.(主語(yǔ))如何解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題很重要。My question is when to start.(表語(yǔ))我的問(wèn)題是何時(shí)開(kāi)始。二、不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式to doto b

12、e done進(jìn)行式to be doing/完成式to have doneto have been done完成進(jìn)行式to have been doing/1.動(dòng)詞不定式的一般式表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。He seems to know French.(與seem同時(shí)發(fā)生)他好似懂法語(yǔ)。I expect to hear from you soon.(在expect之后發(fā)生)我期盼著收到你的來(lái)信。2動(dòng)詞不定式的進(jìn)行式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)進(jìn)行。The boy pretended to be listening attentively when the teacher looked a

13、t him.那個(gè)男孩在老師看他時(shí)，假裝認(rèn)真聽(tīng)講。3動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。He seems to have read the novel.他似乎曾讀過(guò)這部小說(shuō)。He happened to have gone out when I went to see him.當(dāng)我去看他時(shí)，他碰巧出去了。4動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式表示與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的被動(dòng)關(guān)系。The meeting to be held tomorrow is about how to stop the pollution.(to be held與邏輯主語(yǔ)meeting之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系)明天即將舉行的會(huì)議是關(guān)于如何防止污染的

14、。Id like to have been told the news earlier.(to have been told與邏輯主語(yǔ)I之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系)要早點(diǎn)通知我那個(gè)消息。三、But不定式1在cannot but，cannot choose but，cannot help but之后接不帶to的不定式。I cannot but admire his courage.我只能欽佩他的勇氣。2不定式短語(yǔ)在介詞but，except，besides后面時(shí)，如這些介詞前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，那么后接不帶to的不定式，可簡(jiǎn)記為：前有do，后無(wú)to。I have no choice but to acc

15、ept the fact.除了接受這一事實(shí)我別無(wú)選擇。What do you like to do besides swim?除了游泳你喜歡做什么？四、不定式的省略1在英語(yǔ)中，有時(shí)為了防止重復(fù)，可以省略不定式中的動(dòng)詞，只保存其中的不定式符號(hào)to。這種情況常出現(xiàn)在以下動(dòng)詞之后：expect，hope，wish，mean，prefer，care，forget，want，try或出現(xiàn)在be glad，be happy，would like，would love等結(jié)構(gòu)之后。Would you like to go with me?你愿意和我一起去嗎？I would like to.我愿意。I have

16、nt been to Hong Kong，but I wish to.我還沒(méi)有去過(guò)香港，但我希望去。注意：如果在省略動(dòng)詞的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中含有be，have，have been時(shí)，這些詞要保存。I didnt tell him the news.我沒(méi)有告訴他這消息。Oh，you ought to have.哦，你應(yīng)該告訴他的。2不定式在see，hear，watch，notice，feel，observe，sense等感官動(dòng)詞和make，let，have等使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須省略to。He didnt notice anyone enter the room.他沒(méi)注意到有人進(jìn)入房間。Sud

17、denly they felt the atmosphere grow tense.他們突然感到氣氛緊張起來(lái)。注意：此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，其后作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式必須帶to。He is often seen to walk along the river.人們常看見(jiàn)他沿河邊散步。3在had better，would rather等短語(yǔ)后，不定式不帶to。Youd better do it by yourself.你最好自己做這件事。4在“Why(not)不定式構(gòu)成的疑問(wèn)句中，不定式不帶to。Why spend that much money？為什么要花那么多錢(qián)？Why not let him

18、 have a try？為什么不讓他試一下？(2021安徽卷)Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier_into small pieces.Abreak BbreakingCbroken Dto break解析：考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意為：湯姆問(wèn)糖果制造商能否使巧克力更容易弄成小塊兒。make sth.easy to do為不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義，在句子中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。答案：D(2021湖南卷)The ability_an idea is as important as the idea itself

19、.Aexpressing BexpressedCto express Dto be expressed解析：句意為：表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的能力與觀點(diǎn)本身同等重要?？疾樵谔囟ㄕZ(yǔ)境中使用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)的能力?！白瞿呈碌哪芰?yīng)該表達(dá)為“the ability to do sth.，應(yīng)選C項(xiàng)。答案：C(2021重慶卷)More TV programs，according to government officials，will be produced_peoples concern over food safety.Ato raise BraisingCto have raised Dhaving raised

20、解析：句意為：據(jù)政府官員說(shuō)，將制作更多的電視節(jié)目來(lái)提高人們的食品平安意識(shí)。to raise peoples concern over food safety是不定式短語(yǔ)作目的狀語(yǔ)。答案：A.用括號(hào)中所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1She was the only one_(survive) the crash.答案：to have survived2They reached the company out of breath，only_(tell) they were fired.答案： to be told3She pretended_(not see) me when I passed by th

21、e other day.答案： not to see4Dont pretend_(study)；you are holding your book upside down.答案： to be studying5He is said_(leave) the stage already as he has become an official.答案： to have left6There is nothing he could do but_(surf) the Internet all day long.答案： surf7Then the coldblooded animal has no ch

22、oice but_(lie) down and sleep.答案： to lie8People couldnt help but_(laugh) at the foolish emperor.答案： laugh.單項(xiàng)填空1(2021山東卷)I have a lot of readings_before the end of this term.AcompletingBto completeCcompleted Dbeing completed解析：考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用法。句意“在這學(xué)期結(jié)束之前，我還要完成很多閱讀“have a lot of things to do有許多事情要做。答案：B2(20

23、21 年全國(guó)卷)With Fathers Day around the corner，I have taken some money out of the bank_presents for my dad.Abuy Bto buyCbuying Dto have bought解析：考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法。此處拿出錢(qián)來(lái)為了買(mǎi)禮物，表目的，應(yīng)選B。句意為：父親節(jié)馬上就要到了，我從銀行里取出了一些錢(qián)給爸爸買(mǎi)禮物。答案：B3(2021陜西卷)His first book_next month is based on a true story.Apublished Bto be publishedCto

24、publish Dbeing published解析：此題考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。由next month可知用動(dòng)詞不定式表示將來(lái)，publish與book之間存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系。句意為：“下個(gè)月要出版的他的第一本書(shū)是以真實(shí)的故事為根底的。答案：B4(2021四川卷)In many peoples opinion，that company，though relatively small，is pleasant _.Ato deal with Bdealing withCto be dealt with Ddealt with解析：考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在做表語(yǔ)形容詞后時(shí)常用動(dòng)詞不定式，應(yīng)選A項(xiàng)。如Im

25、glad to meet you.答案：A5(2021江西卷)There were many talented actors out there just waiting_.Ato discover Bto be discoveredCdiscovered Dbeing discovered解析：此句意為“那兒有許多有天賦的演員有待于發(fā)現(xiàn)。不定式表目的，actors是發(fā)現(xiàn)的承受者，故用不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。答案：B6With the world changing fast，we have something new_with all by ourselves every day.Adeal Bde

26、altCto deal Ddealing解析：考查不定式作定語(yǔ)。句意為：隨著世界的快速變化，每天我們都有些新東西要自行處理。表示有要做的事情，所以用have sth.to do。答案：C7If theres a lot of work_，Im happy to just keep on until it is finished.Ato do Bto be doingCdone Ddoing解析：由句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)作為定語(yǔ)修飾work，且表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間，故須用動(dòng)詞不定式。答案：A8And yet we do nothing but_about it.Atalk BtalkingCto ta

27、lk Dto be talken解析：but后面跟不定式，要不要帶不定式符號(hào)“to，取決于它前面有沒(méi)有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞“do (does，did)。如果有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞“do的某種形式，but后要用不帶“to的不定式，否那么要用帶“to的不定式。如：She wanted nothing but to cry.(but相當(dāng)于except，表示除了以外)；There was nothing to do but send for a doctor.答案：A9Tom pretended_it but in fact，he knew it very well.Anot listen to Bnot to hear aboutCnot to have heard about Dnot to be listening to解析：此處用不定式的完成時(shí)表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前。答案：C10The couple is said_in the city hall this Sunday.Aperform Bto performCto have performed Dto be performing解析：考查不定式的時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)this Sunday可知，應(yīng)該用不定式的一般式，表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；to have performed表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在