土壤水模型soilhydrologicalmodel課件

1、相關(guān)研究小組人員田向軍, 梁妙玲, 張生雷, 袁 飛, 師春香鄭 婧, 宋麗葉袁 星, 陳 鋒蘇鳳閣,楊宏偉(USA)陸面過程陸面過程是能夠影響氣候變化的發(fā)生在陸地表面的土壤中控制陸地與大氣之間動量、熱量及水分交換的那些過程； 陸面水文模型發(fā)展、參數(shù)標定與移植 及其耦合、模擬研究； 基于全國50 kmX50 km大尺度陸面水文模型； 陸面模型的參數(shù)標定、移植與模擬； 討論提 綱陸面過程中地下水位的動態(tài)表示及其與氣候模式的耦合.Xie Zhenghui, Zeng Qingcun, Dai Yongjiu, and Wang Bin, Numerical simulation of an uns

2、aturated flow equation, Sciences in China(Series D), 4(14),429-436, 1998.Xie Zhenghui, Zeng Qingcun, Dai Yongjiu, An unsaturated soil flow problem and its numerical simulation, Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 16(2), 183-198,1999Xie Zhenghui, Liang Xu, Zeng qingcun, A parameterization of groundwate

3、r table in a land surfacee model and its applications, Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 28(4),331-342, 2004. Liang Xu, Xie Zhenghui, A new parameterization for surface and groundwater interac -tions and its impact on water budgets with the variable infiltration capacity(VIC) land surface mod

4、el, Journal of Geophysics Research,108(D16), 8613,doi:10.1029/2002-JD003090, 2003. Yang Hongwei, Xie Zhenghui, A new method to dynamically simulate groundwater table in land surface model VIC, Progress in Natural Progress,13(11), 819-825, 2003.Yeh et al 2005 JC.Maxwell et al 2005, JHM.Xie Zhenghui,

5、Xiangjun Tian, Hongwei Yang, A land surface parameterization scheme with a groundwater model for climate models and its applications,2006.Tian xiangjun, Xie Zhenghui, Coupling a Groundwater Component to the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model,2006.地表地下陸面水文機制Liang Xu, Xie Zhenghui, 2001, A New Surface Ru

6、noff Parameterization with Subgrid -Scale Soil Heterogeneity for Land Surface Models, Advances in Water Resources, 24(9-10), 1173-1193, 2001. Xie Zhenghui, Su Fengge, Liang Xu, Zeng Qingcun, et al,Applications of a surface runoff model with Horton and Dunne runoff for VIC, Advances in Atmospheric Sc

7、iences. 20(2), 165-172, 2003. Liang Xu, Xie Zhenghui, Important factors in land-atmosphere interactions: surface runoff generactions and interactions between surface and groundwater, Global Planetary Change, 38,101-114,2003. Tian Xiangjun, Xie Zhenghui, Zhang Shengle, Liang Miaoling, A subsurface ru

8、off parameterization with water storage and recharge based on the Boussinesq-Storage Equation for a Land Surface Model, Science in China (Series D), 2006. 陸面水文生態(tài)模擬Xie Zhenghui, Liu Qian, Su Fengge, An application of the VIC-3L land surface model with the new surface runoff model in simulating stream

9、flow for the Yellow River basin, IAHS Publiction No.289, 241-248, 2004.謝正輝，劉謙，袁飛，楊宏偉，基于全國50km50km網(wǎng)格的大尺度陸面水文模型框架,水利學報，(5),76-82,2004.Yuan Fei, Xie Zhenghui, Liu Qian, Yang Hongwei, Su Fengge,et al, An application of the VIC-3L land surface model and remote sensing data in simulating streamflow for th

10、e Hanjiang River Basin, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 30(5), 680-690,2004.Su Fengge, Xie Zhenghui, A model for assessing effects of climate change on runoff in China, Progress in Natural Progress, 13(9), 701-707,2003.梁妙玲,謝正輝,我國氣候?qū)χ脖环植己蛢舫跫壣a(chǎn)力影響的數(shù)值模擬,氣候與環(huán)境研究,已接受,2006.Yuan Fei, Xie Zhenghui, Liu

11、Qian, Xia Jun, Simulating Hydrologic Changes with Climate Change Scenarios in the Haihe River Basin, Pedosphere, 15(5): 595-600, 2005.水文過程研究需要深入；生態(tài)過程機制（C,N循環(huán)）需要發(fā)展，植被動態(tài)演替；各種非均勻性問題；陸面模型的參數(shù)標定與移植；陸面數(shù)據(jù)同化問題，全球土壤濕度等陸面分量的時空分布；與區(qū)域與全球氣候模式的耦合；各種應用問題；雪蓋、凍土和旱土、大面積水面作用的描述簡單，凍土、雪蓋占陸面面積都遠大于1/4，沙漠區(qū)占1/4。陸面過程研究前沿問題基于全

12、國50 kmX50 km網(wǎng)格大尺度陸面水文模型水分收支過程能量收支過程陸面過程模式（VIC）基于全國50 kmX50 km網(wǎng)格大尺度陸面水文模型EbEtEcLSRLRsRLQdLayer 1Layer 2Layer 3CanopyiWsW3cW3c Baseflow,BDsDmDmBaseflow CurveDs/Ws=1Ds/Ws10W0WR0As1Fraction of Area Infiltration Capacityi0+PPi=im1-(1-A)1/bimVariable Infiltration CurveThree-Layer Variable Infiltration Cap

13、acity (VIC-3L) ModelGrid Cell Energy and Moisture FluxesP11.NN+1Grid Cell Vegetation Coverage2QdiLayer 3 Soil Moisture,W3QbRi0Qb水分收支過程 植被蒸散、裸土蒸發(fā)、土壤水傳輸、排水和徑流決定了陸面過程中的水分收支，也是VIC中所考慮的主要水文過程。蒸散發(fā)（evaporation and transpiration）冠層截流（canopy interception）土壤水模型（soil hydrological model）徑流和排水（runoff and drainag

14、e）蒸 散 發(fā)陸面過程模式VIC中的蒸發(fā)冠層濕部蒸發(fā)Ew（wet canopy evaporation）冠層蒸騰Etr（dry canopy transpiration）裸土蒸發(fā)Eg（bare soil surface evaporation）冠層水量平衡 冠層持水量Mc的平衡方程可由下式表達： P-降水率；Ew -土壤濕部蒸發(fā)；Dc-大于葉片最大持水量而滴落到地面的部分。用一維Richards方程來描述土層間的傳導和擴散過程:各土層的控制方程為：土壤水模型ERPK2K1D2D1Qbz=-z3z=-z1z=0z=-z2WsW3cW3c Baseflow,BDsDmDmBaseflow Curv

15、eDs/Ws=1Ds/Ws10Layer 3 Soil Moisture,W3徑流和排水W0WR0As1Fraction of Area Infiltration Capacityi0+PPi=im1-(1-A)1/bimVariable Infiltration Curvei0能量平衡方程Rn - net radiation; H - the sensible heat flux; E -the latent heat flux; G - the ground heat flux.VIC 模型結(jié)構(gòu)的簡單介紹土壤、植被參數(shù)源程序及控制文件Forcing dataFlux data運行VIC模式

16、所需的子目錄./SOURCE/ 存放源程序及global./PARAMETER/ 存放土壤及植被參數(shù)./FORCING/ 存放 forcing data 數(shù)據(jù)./RESULTS/ 存放輸出的結(jié)果控制文件./Source/global 控制文件在 global 控制文件中包含了運行 VIC 模式所需的三個參數(shù)文件： 1、植被參數(shù)文件 2、土壤參數(shù)文件 3、植被參數(shù)庫文件 其中，土壤和植被參數(shù)文件中存放研究區(qū)域內(nèi)，每個網(wǎng)格中所包含的土壤、植被的相關(guān)的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)。植被參數(shù)庫文件存放各種植被類型的一些固定參數(shù)。./Source/global 控制文件在 global 控制文件中包含了運行 VIC 模式所

17、需的三個參數(shù)文件： 1、植被參數(shù)文件 2、土壤參數(shù)文件 3、植被參數(shù)庫文件 統(tǒng)計結(jié)果如下：植被參數(shù)文件的結(jié)構(gòu)./Source/global 控制文件在 global 控制文件中包含了運行 VIC 模式所需的三個參數(shù)文件： 1、植被參數(shù)文件 2、土壤參數(shù)文件 3、植被參數(shù)庫文件 統(tǒng)計結(jié)果如下：土壤參數(shù)文件的結(jié)構(gòu)./Source/global 控制文件在 global 控制文件中包含了運行 VIC 模式所需的三個參數(shù)文件： 1、植被參數(shù)文件 2、土壤參數(shù)文件 3、植被參數(shù)庫文件 ./Parameter/參數(shù)文件將生成的參數(shù)文件放在 ./Parameter/ 目錄下，然后在global控制文件中指定

18、它們所在的目錄即可：SOIL ./Parameter/土壤參數(shù)文件VEGPARAM ./Parameter/植被參數(shù)文件VEGLIB ./Parameter/植被參數(shù)庫文件./Forcing/forcing data數(shù)據(jù)Forcing data 文件中存放一定時間范圍內(nèi)，每個網(wǎng)格內(nèi)的日降水量、最高及最低氣溫。在生成forcing data 數(shù)據(jù)時，選取全國700多個站點數(shù)據(jù)，通過距離權(quán)重法，確定每個網(wǎng)格所需的數(shù)據(jù)。最后將生成的文件放在./Forcing/目錄下即可。Regional Parameter Estimation of the VIC Land Surface Model: Meth

19、odology and Application to River Basins in ChinaZhenghui Xie, Fei YuanInstitute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ChinaQingyun DuanUniversity of California/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,Livermore, CA 94550, USAJing Zheng, Miaoling Liang, Feng Chenaccepted by

20、 Journal of HydrometeorologyModel and DataCalibration and transferSimulationConclusions Model and DataLiang et al. (1994) developed the VIC-2L model which includes two different time scales (fast and slow) for runoff to capture the dynamics of runoff generation. To better represent quick bare soil e

21、vaporation following small summer rainfall events, a thin soil layer is included in VIC-2L, and VIC-2L becomes VIC-3L. Liang and Xie (2001) developed a new parameterization to represent the Horton runoff mechanism in VIC-3L and combined it effectively with the original representation of the Dunne ru

22、noff mechanism(Xie et al., 2003). WR101Fraction of studied area Soil moisture capacity Li=i m1-(1-A)1/bi m R2y01Fraction of the area (1-As)f = f m1-(1-C)1/Bf m f Potential infiltration rate L/TPR2 /tW/tCiAswpWtAi 0(a)(b)Runoff and drainage R=R1(y)+R2(y)Saturation excess runoff R1(y)where i0 - the po

23、int soil moisture capacity im - maximum soil moisture capacity b - shape parameter(soil moisture capacity) P -precipitationwhere fmm - the average potential infiltration rate fm the maximum potential infiltration rate B - shape parameter(potential infiltration rate) P -precipitation t-time stepInfil

24、tration excess runoff R2(y)Precitation PP+i0imW00As1Fraction of AreaSsoil moisture Capacityi0 +PPimSolve YInfiltration excess runoff R1Saturation excess runoff R2W0R10As1Fraction of Areai0 PimR1YR2YWWStopBeginyesnoi0 +Pi0Last time step ?YesNoiiR2NSRM計算示意圖Ssoil moisture Capacity How to estimate fm Fr

25、om We get tf, then fmm 0Time (hour) Infiltration Rate (mm/h) f(t)f0ttfW0 Example: Philip Infiltration Curvewhere f(t) - the infiltration capacityL/T Kp- the final capacityL/T Sp- an empirical constant Coupling of VIC and NSRMVICNSRMVICPrecipitationUpper layer soil moistureSurface runoff Next stepDat

26、a and model parameters Vegetation data Soil dataForcing data50 50 km2 resolution 長江流域黃河流域淮河流域海河流域 Vegetation related parameters Soil classification is based on global 5-min soil data provided by the NOAA hydrology office Soil parameters are derived based on the work of Cosby et al. (1993) and Rawls

27、et al. (1993). Three depths of three soil layersThe exponent of the VIC-3L soil moisture capacity curve BThe parameters in the ARNO subsurface flow parameterizationModel parameters of VIC-3L to be calibrated Forcing data are based on 740 meteorological stations in China, which contain 11 years of da

28、ily precipitation and air temperature data from 1980 to 1990. Such station information is mapped to the resolution of 50 50 km2 grids by combining interpolation methods Calibration and transferClassification of climate zones Kppen Classification Climatic characteristics for the transfer of calibrate

29、d parameters under the premise that hydrological processes and the parameters used to describe them are similar within than between different climate zonesMethodGrouping of Kppen climate zones into parameter transfer zones The climate zones of China according to Kppen classificationLocations of the

30、selected basins in China for calibration and verifications Schematic representation of the parameter regionalization scheme Selected river basinsParameter calibration Calibration was performed and focused on matching the total annual flow volume and the shape of the monthly hydrograph according to t

31、he following procedures:Set the estimated values for the depths of the three soil layers, with deeper depths for arid and semi-arid regions and lower depths for humid regions;Calibrate the ARNO model parameters to fit the low flow;Calibrate the infiltration parameter to match the observed flow peaks

32、, with a higher value to increase the peak and a lower value to lower the peak; Make a fine adjustment on these parameters to get best simulation results. Parameter transfer scheme Parameters to be transferred Transfer scheme Transferred from the primary to the secondary catchments based on climate

33、zoneThree depths of three soil layersThe exponent of the VIC-3L soil moisture capacity curve BThe parameters in the ARNO subsurface flow parameterizationModel parameters of VIC-3L to be transferredParameter transfer (1) Those for two catchments in the Yellow River Basin are calibrated, the parameter

34、s for the two catchments are averaged respectively as the corresponding parameters for the zone of continental climate with cool summer. (2) Those for two catchments in the Haihe River Basin are calibrated, and the parameters for the two catchments are averaged respectively as the corresponding para

35、meters for the zone of continental climate with hot summer. (3) Those for one catchment in the Heihe River Basin are calibrated, and the parameters for the catchment are set to those corresponding parameters for the zone of continental climate with short cool summer. (4) Most of area in the Huaihe R

36、iver Basin and the Yangtze River Basin belongs to the zone of rainy, mid latitude climate. The parameters for two catchments in the Huaihe River Basin are calibrated, and those for the two catchments are averaged respectively as the corresponding parameters for the zone of rainy and mid latitude cli

37、mate located in the Huaihe River Basin. Those for two catchments in the Yangtze River Basin are calibrated, and the parameters for the two catchments are averaged respectively as the corresponding parameters for the zone of rainy and mid latitude climate located in the Yangtze River Basin. Parameter

38、s for the rainy and mid latitude climate zone north of the Huaihe River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin are set to that for the Huaihe River Basin; parameter values for the climate zone south of these two river basins are equivalent to that for the Yangtze River Basin. (5) The zone of tropical cli

39、mate has similar climatic characteristics as those in rainy and mid latitude climate zone. Therefore, the parameters for the zone of tropical climate are set to be the corresponding parameters for the Yangtze River Basin. (6) Since streamflow data for the zone of dry and cold climate is not availabl

40、e, default values of B, D1, D2, Dm, Ds and Ws for the area are set to be 0.3, 0.1, 0.5, 2.0, 0.02, 8.0, and 0.8 respectively. SimulationPrimary Catchments The VIC model also provides a default parameter set, namely the parameter set for base case.Comparisons were made between the results for the bas

41、e case and calibration. Mean monthly hydrographs of observed and simulated flow for the primary basinsMonthly hydrographs of observed and simulated flow for the primary basinMean monthly hydrographs of observed and simulated flow for the primary basinsPrimary CatchmentsThe model performance was cons

42、iderably better for the calibrated parameters than those without calibration. In general, calibration improve the results in all instances compared those with no calibration.Secondary CatchmentsThe parameters were transferred to secondary catchments and runoff simulation with the transferred paramet

43、ers was performed.Runoff simulation with the recalibrated parameters was performed. Results were compared for the base case, the transferred case and the recalibration case.Mean monthly hydrographs of observed and simulated flow for the secondary basinsMonthly hydrographs of observed and simulated flow for the secondary