云南財經(jīng)大學(xué)-英語思辨-復(fù)習(xí)資料.doc

1、Unit1Part 11. Critical thinking involves thinking about thinking2. The availability heuristic involves unconsciously assigning a probability to a type of event based on how often one thinks of events of that type. 3. An issue simply raises a question.4. The part of an argument that provides a reason

2、 for accepting the other part is called the premise. 5. A general rule we unconsciously follow in estimating probabilities is called a heuristic.Part 21. The conclusion of an argument is what the premise supposedly supports or demonstrates. 2. The tendency to weigh negative evidence more heavily tha

3、n positive evidence is called a negativity bias. 3. A(n) argument presents a consideration for accepting a claim. 4. Assuming that society in general shares the views held by us and the people we know is the falseconsensus effect.Part 31. “President Lincoln was the finest U. S. President in history”

4、 is an objective claim. (F)2. Whether an objective claim is true or false depends on whether people think it is true or false. (F)3. Critical thinking should include biases or emotions. (F) 4. Experienced philosophers or other specialists in their fields rarely make mistakes in reasoning. (F)Part 41

5、. Educated guesses or rules of thumb are often called heuristics2. Emotion, greed, and bias are all factors that can undermine critical thinking. 3. What are the ultimate objectives of thinking critically? (Check all that apply.) (C, D)A. To make vise decisions B. To come to correct conclusions C. T

6、o make hasty generalization D. To develop adversary thinking 4. All Dobermans are dogs. Some dogs like to bark. Therefore some Dobermans like to bark. The tendency to accept this argument at first glance may be due to. (D) A. self-serving bias B. negativity bias C. confirmation bias D. belief bias5.

7、 This bias is present when most members of a group think they are better at something than most other members of the group. (A)A. Better-than-average illusion B. Fundamental attribution error C. Belief bias D. Bandwagon effect6. What bias is in effect when you assume that the candidate whose name yo

8、u see the most often is probably the most popular candidate? (B)A. Obedience to authority B. Availability heuristic C. Majority rules D. Bandwagon effectPart 51. An argument consists of, at minimum, _B_. A. a conclusion B. one premise and a conclusion C. two or more premises and conclusion D. a prem

9、ise2. What are the ultimate objectives of thinking critically? (Check all that apply.) (A, D)A. To come to correct conclusions B. To develop adversary thinking C. To make hasty generalizations D. To make wise decisions3. Suzanne is 99% certain most of her test answers are correct. In reality, most o

10、f her answers are not correct. What type of bias might Suzanne be demonstrating? (A)A. Overconfidence effect B. Poor estimation C. Belief bias4. Charles and his colleague Mikes children attend classes at the same school. Charles believes that his childrens exceptional performance at school is due to

11、 their superior intelligence. He always attributes their occasional failures to bad luck. On the other hand, he believes that Mikes children achieve high test scores due to sheer luck and tends to attribute their failures to a possible lack of hard work and dedication. Which of the following is illu

12、strated in this scenario? (A) A. In-group bias B. Availability heuristic C. Bandwagon effect D. Selection bias 5. A critical thinker tries to _B_. A. overstate conclusions B. evaluate arguments C. understate conclusions D. persuade an audience6. After seeing a number of reports concerning shark atta

13、cks, you decide not to visit the beach for spring break. Which cognitive bias is at play? (C) A. In-group bias B. Bandwagon effect C. Availability heuristicPart 61. This is the tendency to carry out orders from a superior without question. A. Negativity Bias B. Bandwagon effect C. Fundamental attrib

14、ution error D. Obedience to authority2. The method used to come to correct conclusions is to evaluate our thinking by standards of _B_. A. informational theory B. logic and common sense C. statistics, history, and research 3. What types of arguments should you avoid? (A)A. Weak, invalid and irreleva

15、nt B. Strong, invalid, and relevant C. Weak, valid, and relevant D. Strong, valid, and relevant 4._C_ is the idea that if a person thinks something is morally wrong, then it is morally wrong for that person and he/she does not need to consider any further truth. A. Moral absolutism B. Moral objectiv

16、ism C. Moral subjectivism 5. What is the result of expressing a belief, judgment, or opinion in a declarative sentence? (A)A. A claim B. A question C. An exclamation Unit 2Part11. Every argument must have at least one premise and a conclusion2. When there is an unstated premise, you should use the c

17、ontext and content to clarify if the argument is deductive or inductive. 3. When the premises of a valid argument are true, then the argument is sound. 4. The more support the premise provides to the conclusion of an inductive argument, the stronger the argument. Part21. Which of these is an argumen

18、t? (B)A. I am a great thinker. B. I think. Therefore I am. C. I believe that I exist2. What are the two parts of an argument? (B)A. Statement and conclusion B. Premise and conclusion C. Premise and reasoning D. Premise and statement3. “1)She was out late last night which led to 2)her being overly ti

19、red this morning. 3) So, she wont show up for class.” How would you map this? A. 1-2-3 B. 2-1-3 C. 3-2-1 4. True or false: Common sense and background knowledge are important components of critical thinking. (B)A. False B. TruePart 3 1. “The financial cost of the death penalty is less that of life i

20、nprison. Also, it does not deter crime.” What is needed to makethis into an argument? (A)A. A conclusion B. A premise2. Which word or words indicate a conclusion is about to follow? (C)A. However B. The reason is C. Consequently3. Which of these words indicates a premise? (B)A. Therefore B. Since C.

21、 Consequently D. Hence4. Which type of persuasion relies on information or arguments? (A)A. Logos B. Pathos C. Ethos 5. “I have to vote for him. He is from my home town.” This is an example of (A)A. Ethos B. Pathos C. Logos Part 41. The conclusion of an argument is also called the _A_.A. thesis B. a

22、nswer C. argument D. premise2. “Harold is a twin. Therefore, Harold has a sibling.” What isthe unstated premise? (A)A. All twins have siblings. B. Harold is not an only child.3. In a deductive argument, the premises _B_ the conclusion.A. support B. demonstrate 4. What type of reasoning involves weig

23、hing considerations for or against making a certain decision? (D)A. Rational Adjudication B. Inference to the Best Explanation C. Common Sense D. Balance of considerations 5. This type of reasoning compares alternative hypotheses to find the one with the best predictive accuracy. (B)A. Common Sense

24、Explanation B. Inference to the Best Explanation C. Balance of Considerations Part51. The first and essential step in understanding an argument is to _A_. A. spot the conclusion B. identify the premise C. determine whether it is true D. determine whether it is valid 2. A movie can be considered as a

25、/an: (A)A. none of the options B. conclusion C. argument D. premise 3. Identify a true statement about premises. (A)A. They are absent in a piece of pure rhetoric. B. All the premises being used to justify a conclusion must be stated explicitly. C. All the premises being used to justify a conclusion

26、 must be commonly known truths. D. They are absent in an argument4. True or false: An ifthen phrase can be considered an argument. A. True B. False 5. In an inductive argument, when the premises do not adequately support the conclusion, the argument is _C_. A. invalid B. unsound C. weakPart 61. An a

27、rgument is sound _B_ the argument is valid and the premises are true. A. generally when B. if and only if2. A deductive argument (B)A. tries to support the conclusion.B. proves or demonstrates the conclusion.3. When thinking critically, “argument” means (B)A. a violent conflict B. attempt to support

28、 or prove something. C. a heated exchange4. Which list of words indicate a conclusion will follow? (A)A. Accordingly, consequently, therefore B. Given that, because, since C. Accordingly, because, therefore D. Hence, given that, because5. “I have an allergic reaction to nuts so I couldnt eat the cak

29、e. Further, I dont like chocolate. Hence, I skipped dessert.” What word indicated the conclusion? (B)A. So B. Hence C. FurtherUnit3Part11. A word or phrase that has multiple meanings is ambiguous2. Syntactic ambiguity results when there is a structural problem in the claim. 3. A(n) analytical defini

30、tion specifies the features a thing must have in order for the term being defined to apply to it. 4. A definition by example is also called a (n) ostensive definition. 5. Semantic ambiguity arises when a word or phrase has more than one meaning. Part21. When writing an essay, you should strive to be

31、 _A_ in your treatment of the topic. A. complete B. biased C. haphazard2. Identify the principles of persuasive writing. (Check all that apply.) A. Personal considerations should be included in the discussion. B. Strongest arguments should be presented first. C. Every last criticism of ones position

32、 should be refuted, even if space or time is limited. D. If an opponents argument is good, one should concede that it is good.3. What principle is involved when ensuring that all points in an essay pertain to the issue under discussion? (C)A. Outlining the essay B. Logical sequencing C. Sticking to

33、the issue4. Which of the following is a component of an argumentative essay? A. Rhetorical flourishes to add interest B. Rebuttal of arguments that support contrary positions5. “Secretaries make more money than physicians.” Does this claim suffer from grouping ambiguity? (A)A. Yes B. No6. A good def

34、inition strives to be _C_. A. Persuasive B. Convincing C. NeutralPart 31. Which of the following is not a vague term? (D)A. Spicy B. Passionate C. Hot D. 1002. What are some of the emotions that can arise due to a vague claim? A. Annoyance B. Frustration C. Anger D. All of the above3. The secret to

35、good writing is _C_. A. persuasion B. verbosity C. revision D. ambiguity4. When an issue is buried within a historical or descriptive discussion, what type of error is committed? (A)A. Glancing blow B. Knee jerk reaction5. When writing your introduction, what should you try to avoid? (B)A. A thesis

36、statement B. A windy preamble C. A thorough statement of the topic6. What principle requires that all points in an essay are clarified in an orderly fashion? (A)A. Logical sequencing B. Sticking to the issuePart41. “Aaron saw Ben after his Bar Mitzvah.” What type of ambiguity isthis? (A)A. Pronoun r

37、eference B. No ambiguity2. A _D_ definition is what is usually found in a dictionary. A. precising B. persuasive C. stipulative D. lexical3. In the case, the “defendant” will refer to Professor Plum. What type of definition is this? (C)A. Rhetorical B. Legal C. Stipulative4. What is the purpose of r

38、hetorical definitions? (A)A. Persuade B. Define C. Stipulate 5. A(n) _C_ refers to giving another word or phrase that means the same as the term being defined. A. analytical definition B. lexical definition C. definition by synonym D. definition by example 6. “When I speak of animals, Im referring t

39、o non-human animals.” What type of definition is this? (C) A. Lexical B. Analytical C. Precising Part 51. When an author fails to organize thoughts in the essay, what type of problem can arise? (C)A. Burden of proof B. Lengthy preamble C. Stream of consciousness 2. What is not a component of an argu

40、mentative essay? (A)A. Emotionally charged claims. B. A rebuttal of counterclaims. C. A statement of the issue. 3. What are possible explanations as to why a passage might be unclear? (D)A. Incorrect word use B. Vague language C. Intentionally abstruse D. All of the above4. True or false: Taking a b

41、reak from an essay is often a good way to catch proofreading errors. (A)A. True B. False 5. “The parents scolded the children and they screamed a lot.” What type of ambiguity is this? (B)A. Grouping B. Pronoun reference C. Modify ambiguity 6. Which is more general? (A)A. Sue lives in a large blue ho

42、use B. Sue lives in a threestory blue house.Unit4Part11. Sometimes powerful hopes and desires influence our judgment when we engage in wishful thinking.2. Conditions that may undermine our ability to trust our own observations as a source of truth can be physical or mental. 3. A claim that comes fro

43、m the most authoritative source may still be wrong.4. Background knowledge is a crucial part of becoming a critical thinker.Part21. A sources expertise should be directly related to the issue.2. A sources accomplishments are relevant to his or her expertiseif they are related to the question at hand

44、. 3. It is too easy to lose objectivity when ones interests and concerns are at stake. 4.Because our hopes and expectations can affect our perceptions, we must monitor their ability to affect the accuracy of our observations.Part31. Simply being taller, speaking louder, or seeming more assertive can

45、 often make a person appear more credible. (T)2. Credibility is an all-or-nothing feature; a claim either has it or it doesnt. (F)3. A claim that “fits” with our background information is likely to be assigned a lower degree of initial plausibility than one that does not fit as well. (F)4. The conte

46、nt of a claim can be judged independently of where it came from. (F)Part 41. Identify the irrelevant features that are sometimes used to judge a persons credibility. (Check all that apply.) (C,D,E,F,G)A. Educational qualifications B. Experience C. Age D. Accent E. Ethnicity F. Gender G. Mannerisms2.

47、 Beliefs based on our observations are only as good as our_B_ A. Ability to interpret our observations. B. Memory. C. Ability to articulate our observations3. There are two grounds for suspicion when credibility is the issue. What are they? (D)A. The claim and your own intuition B. The claim and you

48、r reaction C. Common sense and the media D. The claim itself and its source4. Which of these is not usually an important factor in a sources credibility? (A)A. Appearance B. Reputation C. Position D. Education5. Which is generally true of talk radio hosts? (D)A. They often lie B. They do not documen

49、t asserted facts C. They dont present interesting new D. They often reflect a political ideologyPart51. The large body of justified beliefs we have accumulated from our observations and from information received from others is our _C_. A. expertise B. foundational information C. background knowledge

50、 D. intellectual heritage2. We should be skeptical of a claim itself when a credibility problem is presented by its _C_. A. vagueness B. forceful language C. content3. Which of these is the most important factor in considering a web sites credibility? (A) A. Who are the sources behind its informatio

51、n B. How many people access it daily C. How long it has been in existence D. What companies support it with their money4. Which of these sources is dedicated to fact checking? (C)A. The Economist B. CNN C. S D. Wall Street Journal5. Which is true? (B)A. The major metropolitan newspapers are teeming

52、with factual errors. B. The major metropolitan newspapers sometimes make mistake in reporting. C. The major metropolitan newspapers never make mistake in reporting.Part61. According to the text, a claim lacks inherent credibility when it conflicts with any of three things. Which of these is not one

53、of those three things? (D)A. Other credible claims B. What we have ourselves observed C. Our background information D. The beliefs of people we like and admire2. Which of these would probably NOT negatively influence our observations and recollections of an event? (B)A. Tiredness B. Attention C. Dis

54、traction D. Emotions3. Which one of these professions often carries a negative bias due to an unkempt appearance? (B)A. Politician B. ArtistC. Lawyer D. Doctor 4. Which one of these is not a good reason for stereotypes to be ignored when judging a person? (A) A. They provide background information B

55、. They create an initial bias C. They create false reputations D. They cloud possible good judgment 5. Conservatives accuse the news media of having what kind of a slant? A. Moderate B. Liberal C. Atheist D. Religious6. What percent of the comments from professional website evaluators are focused on

56、 a websites visual design? (B)A. More than 80% B. Less than 20% C. More than 50% Unit5Part11. A euphemism is a neutral or positive expression used in place of an expression that usually has negative associations. 2. A(n) innuendo is a subtle or indirect derogatory remark that is oftenmasked with pos

57、itive phrasing. 3.A stereotype is a cultural belief or idea, usually simplified or exaggerated, about a social groups attributes. 4.A proofs urrogate suggests there is evidence for a claim but does not actually cite the evidence. Part2 1. A dysphemism is a negative expression used in place of an exp

58、ression that usually carries positive associations. 2. Hyperbole is overstatement or exaggeration 3. A rhetorical analogy likens one thing to another in order to make one of them appear better or worse than the other. 4. An explanation used to express and influence attitudes is a (n) rhetorical expl

59、anation. Part3 1. A slanter is a rhetorical device that gives a claim a positive or negative connotation. 2. The technique of repetition makes the same point, over and over again, to drive home a point.3. A demagogue uses extreme rhetoric and propaganda to argue for false ideas and preposterous theo

60、ries. 4. Rhetoric is used to persuade while logic is used to demonstrate a claim or support a claim. Part41. Which of the following fallacies is a rhetorical device? (C)A. False dichotomy B. Argumentum ad Baculum C. Hyperbole D. Slippery Slope 2. “Capital punishment is the just punishment of a heino