無損檢測(NDT)專業(yè)英語課件

1、Quality Control and NDT 1.1 NDT in Industry 1.2 NDT in Everyday Life 1.3 History of NDT 1.4 Understand the NDT Choices 1.5 Reliability of NDT 質(zhì)量控制常用術(shù)語的中英雙解ExercisesKnowledge of grammarQuality Control and NDT This is known variously as nondestructive testing (NDT), nondestructive evaluation (NDE), no

2、ndestructive characterization, or nondestructive inspection. Quality control(QC), quality technology, and noncontact measurements are related subjects that include or use NDT techniques. There is concern for the most minute detail that may affect the future performance of the object in service, so t

3、hat all properties need to be under control and all factors understood that may lead to breakdown1. The established test methods include radiography(RT), ultrasonics inspection(UT), magnetic particle inspection(MPI,MT), liquid penetrant inspection(PT), thermography , electrical and magnetic methods,

4、 and visual-optical testing（VT). Quality Control and NDT In the case of radiography, X-ray and -ray are well established, but neutron, proton, and Compton scattering are also used and there have been recent important advances in tomography. neutronProtonelectronPhoton-graphyBecause NDT is all-encomp

5、assing, it is most useful to have a library of as many examples or case studies as possible, all concerned with practical situations.2 Comparison of some NDT methods Method Characteristics detected Advantages Limitations Example of use Ultrasonics Changes in acoustic impedance caused by cracks,nonbo

6、nds，inclusions, or interfaces Can penetrate thick materials; excellent for crack detection; can be automated Normally requirescoupling to material either by contact to surface or immersion in a fluid such as water. Surface needs to be smooth. Normally requirescoupling to material either by contact t

7、o surface or immersion in a fluid such as water. Surface needs to be smooth. Radiography Changes in density from voids,inclusions, material variations; placement of internal part Can be used to inspect wide range of materials and thicknesses;Versatile;film provides record of inspection Radiation saf

8、ety requires precautions; expensive;detectionof cracks can be difficult unless perpendicular to X-ray film. Pipeline welds for penetration. inclusion,voids. internal defects in castings Visual-optical Surface characteristicssuch as finish, scratches,cracks, or color; strain intransparent materials;c

9、orrosionOften convenient; can be automated Can he applied only to surface, through surface openings, or to transparent materialPaper. wood, or metal for surface finish and uniformity Comparison of some NDT methods Method Characteristics detected Advantages Limitations Example of use Eddy current Cha

10、nges in electricalconductivity caused by material variations,cracks, voids, or inclusions Readily automated;moderate cost Limited to electrically conducting materials; limited penetration depth Heat exchanger tubes for wall thinning and cracks Liquid penetrant Surface openings due to crack, porosity

11、, seams, or folds Inexpensive, easy to use, readily portable sensitive to small surface flaws Flaw must be open to surface. Not useful on porous materials or rough surfaces Turbine blades for surface cracks or porosity; grinding cracks Magnetic particles Leakage magnetic flux caused by surface or ne

12、ar-surface cracks, Voids, inclusions, material or geometry changesInexpensive or moderate cost, sensitive both to surface and near-surface flaws Limited to ferromagnetic material; surfacepreparation and post-inspectiondemagnetization may be required Railroad wheels for cracks; large castings Quality

13、 Control and NDT 長句：Neutron activation analysis has been used in geological studies in situ to determine the chemical composition at depths within the earths crust by lowering a radioactive source spectrometer system down a drill hole of diameter only 4 in.Moire :法，云紋，波紋Approx.=approximationApproxim

14、ation of 1stdegreeApproximation of 2nd degreeApproximation by least squaresChronology of early key events in NDT BC (approx.) Visual testing becomes the first NDT method when God creates the heavens and earth and sees that it is good! 1800 First thermography observations by Sir William Herschel 1831

15、First observation of electromagnetic induction by Michael Farraday1840 First infrared image produced by Herschels son. John 1868First reference to magnetic particle testing reported by S. H. Saxby. by observing how magnetized gun barrels affect a compass 1879Early use of eddy currents to detect diff

16、erences in conductivity, magnetic permeability, and temperature initiated by E. Hughes 1880-1920 Oil and whiting technique, forerunner of present-day penetrant used for railroad axles and boilerplates 1895 X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen 1898 Radium discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie

17、1922 Industrial Radiography for metals developed by Dr. H. H. L.ester Chronology of early key events in NDT 1927-1928Electric current innduction/magnetic field detection system developed by Dr. Elmer Sperry and H. C. Drake for the inspection of railroad track 1929 Magnetic particle tests/equipment p

18、ioneered by A. V. deForest and F. B. Doane 1929 First experiments using quartz transducers to create ultrasonic vibrations in materials were conducted by S. Y. Sokolov in Russia 1930 Practical uses for gamma radiography using radium were demonstrated by Dr. Robert F. Mehl 1935-1940 Penetrant techniq

19、ues developed by Betz, Doane. and DeForest 1935-1940s Eddy current instrument developments by H. C. Knerr. C. Farrow, Theo Zuschlag and Dr. F. Foerster 940-1944 Ultrasonic test method developed in United States by Dr. Floyd Firestone 1942 First ultrasonic flaw detector using pulse-echo introduced by

20、 D. O. Sproule(United Kingdom) 1946 First portable ultrasonic thickness measuring instrument, the Audigage. was introduced by Branson 1950Acoustic emission introduced as an NDT method by J. Kaiser Mid 1950s First ultrasonic testing immersion B and C scan instruments developed by Donald C. Erdman Qua

21、lity Control and NDT This chronology will continue to grow as exciting new challenges present themselves through technology expansion and unique material developments. The quest to detect and identify smaller discontinuities will not end until catastrophic failures can no longer be related to the ex

22、istence of material flaws.31.4conductivity, permittivity, or magnetic permeability interrogating field, interrogating pulseserviceability.有用性, 適用性 compatibility.相容性,通用性，互換性 reliability可靠性 Portability便攜性Quality Control and NDT Even though a qualified inspector must possess these competencies, they ca

23、n be diminished or subverted by fatigue, unreliable vision (e.g. persistence of vision in fluorescent particle testing), adaptation to light, and general distractions from the inspections.4 Such an inspection environment would control outside influences such as lighting and cleanliness, allow for ef

24、ficient handling of parts, use equipment not limited by portability or power, provide a controlled environment for the comfort of the operator, and allow the operator to go home at the end of the shift. 5 International Organizations of Standardization, Quality Control, and NDTNo. organization Abbr.

25、1International Organization for Standardization Switzerland Committee on Nondestructive Testing(ISO/TCI35) 國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織ISO 2International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements 國際輻射單位與測量委員會(huì)ICRU 3International Commission on Radiological Protection 國際輻射防護(hù)委員會(huì)ICRP 4International Institute of Welding

26、國際焊接學(xué)會(huì)IIW 5European Organization for Quality Control 歐洲質(zhì)量控制組織 EOQC 6USA National Commission on Radiation Protection 美國國家輻射防護(hù)委員會(huì)N/A7American Society for Testing and Materials(Special Technical Publications cover many aspects of NDT)美國材料與試驗(yàn)協(xié)會(huì) ASTM 8American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Special Pub

27、lications cover many NDT practices)美國機(jī)械工程師協(xié)會(huì) ASME 9American Welding Society 美國焊接學(xué)會(huì)AWS 10American Society for Nondestructive Testing 美國無損檢測學(xué)會(huì)ASNT International Organizations of Standardization, Quality Control, and NDTNo. organization Abbr. 11Canadian Institute for NDE加拿大無損檢測學(xué)會(huì) CINDE12The Australian

28、Institute for Non Destructive Testing 澳大利亞無損檢測學(xué)會(huì) AINDT13Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing 印度無損檢測學(xué)會(huì) ISNDT14The Japanese Society for Non-Destructive Inspection日本無損檢測協(xié)會(huì) JSNDI15The Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing 韓國非破壞檢查學(xué)會(huì) KSNT16European Federation for Non-destructive Testing 歐洲無損檢測聯(lián)合

29、會(huì) EFNDT17The International Foundation for the Advancement of Nondestructive Testing國際無損檢測發(fā)展基金會(huì) IFNDT18International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures國際材料與結(jié)構(gòu)研究實(shí)驗(yàn)聯(lián)合會(huì) RILEM Commission， Committee， Society， Institute， Organization的比較Commission ： 委員會(huì)（Atomic Energy Com

30、mission )；Committee：委員（會(huì)）（standing committee常務(wù)委員）Society ：社會(huì)團(tuán)體，協(xié)（學(xué)）會(huì)、學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體；Institute :學(xué)會(huì)，協(xié)會(huì)，學(xué)院，?？茖W(xué)校 Organization：組織，機(jī)構(gòu)，團(tuán)體，協(xié)會(huì)質(zhì)量控制常用術(shù)語的中英雙解 product產(chǎn)品 Result of a process(there are four generic product categories, as follows;services ;software ;hardware;processed materials ）quality 質(zhì)量 Degree to which a

31、set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements quality control質(zhì)量控制 Part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirementsquality assurance質(zhì)量保證 Part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled.inspection檢驗(yàn) Conformity evaluatio

32、n by observation andjudgment accompanied as appropriate by measurement, testing or gaugingQuality Control and NDT test試驗(yàn) Determination of one or more characteristics verification驗(yàn)證 confirmation, through the provision of objective evidence , that specified requirements have been fulfilledconformity合格

33、 Fulfillment of a requirement nonconformity不合格 Non-fulfillment of a requirement defect缺陷 Any discontinuity that interferes with the usefulness or service of a part.flaw缺陷 A discontinuity in a material that prohibits the use of that material for a specific purpose.Quality Control and NDT About “defec

34、t “& “flaw”The term flaw and defect have been used interchangeably and neither has been taken to signify either an acceptable or an unacceptable condition. More neutral terms such as discontinuity, imperfection, or inhomogeneity are too cumbersome for general use, and the term flaw sensitivity and d

35、efect delectability are so widespread in NDT, and have been used for so many years, that it seems unnecessary to propose anything different. It is understood however, that for legal purposes the EEC has ruled that the term defect signifies that the material, fabrication, etc. is defective. i.e. unse

36、rviceable. The term flaw should therefore be used for any imperfections which are not considered to be rejectable. Thus, on this interpretation of the words, there is no such thing as an acceptable detect. EEC：Electronic Equipment Committee（電子設(shè)備委員會(huì)）,European Economic CommunityIEC: International Elec

37、trotechnical Commission國際電工委員會(huì)ISO & IECIEE: Institute of Electrical Engineers美國電氣工程師協(xié)會(huì) IEEE : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers美國電氣和電子工程師協(xié)會(huì) IE: Industrial engineering工業(yè)工程IC：Quality Control and NDT discontinuity不連續(xù) Any interruption in the physical configuration or composition of a par

38、t.It may or may not be a defect.evaluation評價(jià) Determination of whether an indication will be detrimental to the service of a part.rework返工 Action on a nonconforming product to make it conform to the requirements regrade 降級Alteration of the grade of a nonconforming product in order to make it conform

39、to requirements differing from the initial onesrepair 返修 Action on a nonconforming product to make it acceptable for the intended use .(Repair includes remedial action taken on a previously conforming product to restore it for use, for example as part of maintenance).scrap報(bào)廢 Action on a nonconformin

40、g product to preclude its originally intended use (example: recycling, destruction).concession讓步 Permission to use or release a product that does not conform to specified requirements. Quality Control and NDT reliability 可靠性Reliability is the extent to which an experiment, test, or any measuring pro

41、cedure yields the same result on repeated trials. Nondestructive testing(NDT)無損檢測It is a method to locate and characterize material conditions and flaws, and be performed in a manner that does not affect the future usefulness of the object or material. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE)無損評價(jià)It is a meth

42、od to analyze material properties, and locate and characterize flaws within materials, fabricated parts and assemblies. Eddy current Testing （ET）渦流檢測 It is a electromagnetic NDT method based on the process of inducing electrical currents into a conductive material by magnetic induction and observing

43、 the interaction between the currents and the material; in France it is known as the Foucault currents method.Quality Control and NDT Magnetic Particle Inspection(MPI)磁粉檢測 It is a method that can be used to find surface and near surface flaws in ferromagnetic materials by using the principle that ma

44、gnetic lines of force (flux) will be distorted by the presence of a flaw in a manner that will reveal its presence. Penetrant Testing (PT)滲透檢測It is a method that is used to reveal surface breaking flaws by bleedout of a coloured or fluorescent dye from the flaw.Ultrasonic Testing (UT)超聲檢測It is a met

45、hod that uses sound waves of short wavelength and high frequency to detect flaws or measure material thickness. Radiographic Testing (RT)射線檢測It is a method that uses penetrating gamma- or X-radiation on materials and products to look for defects or examine internal or hidden features. ExercisesTrans

46、late the following sentences into Chinese1.Nor is it appropriate to rely on general statements because each study and each example needs to be treated individually, proceeding by the use of all known properties and information about the component.2.The established test methods include radiography, u

47、ltrasonics inspection, magnetic particle inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, thermography , electrical and magnetic methods, and visual-optical testing.3. Neutron activation analysis has been used in geological studies in situ to determine the chemical composition at depths within the earths cr

48、ust by lowering a radioactive source spectrometer system down a drill hole of diameter only 4 in.4.The sonic or ringing method , as well as some archaic gamma radiographic techniques using radium as the source of radiation, were both used with limited success.5.For example, an inspector may be highl

49、y qualified and motivated but the reliability of the results may be subverted in the reporting process, particularly if costs or production schedules are affected. ExercisesReading and comprehensionSection 1Regarding the comparison and evaluation of NDT methods, there have been several published pap

50、ers purporting to compare the performance of different NDT techniques and methods. Nearly all these reports have taken a particular type of defect or specimen, collected or fabricated a set of specimens with different sizes or severities of the defect, inspected them non-destructively, and then anal

51、yzed the results statistically. Few of these trials have contained enough specimens to be statistically significant when there may be problems of reliability and measurement accuracy as well as defect detestability. More importantly, the results obtained, although valuable, depend almost entirely on

52、 the nature of the particular defect used. Thus, in a trial involving small fatigue cracks at section-changes on a light-alloy panel, it is not surprising that eddy current and penetrate testing were superior to ultrasonic testing and radiography. On corroded surfaces, penetrate inspection was found

53、 to be inferior to the eddy current technique, in reliability if not in sensitivity. A comparison of ultrasonic and radiographic methods will produce very different conclusions if the defect chosen is porosity rather than cracks.ExercisesSection 2.The use of a minimum detectable defect size in any s

54、pecific application is not an efficient assessment of either a technique or an operator. Probabilities and confidence levels are also needed, and laboratory trials cannot necessarily be extrapolated to field results. Most NDT techniques have a wide range of applications and comparison data is valid

55、only for a particular application, a specific type of defect, and a particular material. Knowledge of grammar-語法知識(shí)一、科技英語語法特點(diǎn)有關(guān)科學(xué)著作、論文、研究與實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告和方案、各類科技情報(bào)和文字資料、科技實(shí)用手段（包括儀器、儀表、機(jī)械、工具等）的結(jié)構(gòu)說明和操作說明等方面的資料均屬科技文體。此類文體不同于文學(xué)類或其它類型的文體，具有自身規(guī)律和特點(diǎn)。1.第三人稱句多科技文體的一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)就是很少有第一，二人稱句，這是由于科技文體的主要目的在于闡述科學(xué)事實(shí)、科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)、實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果等。需要說明

56、的是，在科技文體中有時(shí)由于行文的需要，也會(huì)使用一些第一、二人稱。但與其它文體相比要少得多。2.被動(dòng)語態(tài)多科技英語的主要目的是表述科學(xué)發(fā)展觀、科學(xué)事實(shí)、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告和各類說明等，以客觀陳述為主，而不是以描述活動(dòng)的完成者為主，因此科技英語大量使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。科技英語語法特點(diǎn)3.專業(yè)名詞、術(shù)語多科技英語專業(yè)性強(qiáng)，文體正式，使用大量的專業(yè)名詞和術(shù)語4.非謂語動(dòng)詞多科技英語力求簡潔明了，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，大量使用非謂語動(dòng)詞包括過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式。5.長句子多在科技文體中經(jīng)常使用長句子。這主要是因?yàn)樵陉U述科學(xué)事實(shí)、科學(xué)現(xiàn)象等事務(wù)的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系、邏輯關(guān)系和解釋一些科技術(shù)語和名詞時(shí)，需要大量使用各種從句（尤

57、其是定語從句）以及介詞短語、形容詞短語、分詞短語或副詞等作后置定語，分詞短語表示伴隨情況等。二、翻譯的一般方法1.直譯與意譯直譯Physics studies force, motion, heat, light, sound, electricity, magnetism, radiation, and atomic structure物理學(xué)研究力、運(yùn)動(dòng)、熱、光、聲、電、磁、輻射和原子結(jié)構(gòu)The outcome of a test is not always predictate.試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果并不總是可以預(yù)料的。意譯We can get more current from cells conn

58、ected in parallel.電池并聯(lián)時(shí)提供的電流更大The law of reflection holds good for all surfaces.反射定律對一切表面都適用。翻譯的一般方法2.合譯與分譯合譯：就是把原文兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句或復(fù)合句，在譯文中用一個(gè)單句來表達(dá)。There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized.某些金屬具有導(dǎo)電和被磁化的能力分譯就是把原文的一個(gè)簡單句中的一個(gè)詞、詞組或短語譯成漢語的一個(gè)句子，這樣原文的一個(gè)簡單

59、句就被譯成漢語的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子。漢語習(xí)慣用短句表達(dá)，而英語使用長句較多。在科技英語翻譯過程中要把原文句子中復(fù)雜的邏輯關(guān)系表達(dá)清楚，經(jīng)常采用分譯法。With the same number of protons, all nuclei (nucleus的復(fù)數(shù)) of a given element may have different numbers of neutrons.雖然某個(gè)元素的所有原子核都含有相同數(shù)目的質(zhì)子，但它們含有的中子數(shù)可以不同 。翻譯的一般方法3.增譯與省譯增譯就是在譯文中增加英語原文省略、或原文中無其詞而有其意的詞語。The amount of cell respir

60、ation depends upon the degree of activity of the organism.細(xì)胞呼吸量的大小由生物體活動(dòng)的程度來決定省譯嚴(yán)格來說，翻譯時(shí)不允許對原文的內(nèi)容有任何刪略。由于英漢兩種語言表達(dá)方式的不同，英文句子有些詞語如果硬是譯成漢語，反而會(huì)使譯文難懂。為使譯文通順、準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)原文的思想內(nèi)容，有時(shí)需要將一些詞語省略不譯。4.順譯與倒譯順譯就是按照原文相同或相似的語序進(jìn)行翻譯。The nut must not protrude above the metal surface.螺母不應(yīng)高出金屬表面。Space programs demand tremendous