基因相關(guān)詞匯專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯

1、基因相關(guān)詞匯專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯A activation domain 活化結(jié)構(gòu)域 adapters 連接物 adenine 腺嘌呤 adenosine 腺 ADP (adenosine diphosphate) 腺二磷酸 affinity column 親和柱 AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphisms) 增值性斷片長(zhǎng)度多態(tài)現(xiàn)象 agrobacterium 農(nóng)桿菌屬 alanine 丙氨酸 allele 等位基因 amber mutation 琥珀型突變 AMP (adenosine monophosphate) 腺一磷酸 ampicillin 氨青霉

2、素 anchor primer 錨狀引物 annealing 退火 annealing temperature 退火溫度 anticodon 反密碼子 AP-PCR (arbitrarily primed PCR) 任意引物聚合鏈反應(yīng) arbitrary primer 任意引物 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) 腺三磷酸 autosome 常染色體 B baculovirus 桿狀病毒 base pair 基對(duì) base sequence 基順序 beta-galactosidase -半乳糖 beta-glucuronidase -葡糖醛酸糖 bioluminesce

3、nce 生物發(fā)光 bioremediation 生物降解 biotechnology 生物技術(shù) blotting 印跡法 blue-white selection 藍(lán)白斑篩選 blunt end 平(整末)端 C catalyst 催化劑 cDNA library 反向轉(zhuǎn)錄DNA庫(kù) centromere 著絲體 centrosome 中心體 chemiluminescence 化學(xué)發(fā)光 chiasma 交叉 chromomere 染色粒 chromoplast 有色體 chromosomal aberration 染色體畸變 chromosomal duplication 染色體復(fù)制 chro

4、mosomal fibre 染色體牽絲 chromosome 染色體 chromosome complement 染色體組 chromosome map 染色體圖 chromosome mutation 染色體突變 clone 克隆 cloning 無(wú)性繁殖系化 codon 密碼子 codon degeneracy 密碼簡(jiǎn)并 codon usage 密碼子選擇 cohesive end 黏性末端 complementary DNA (cDNA) 反向轉(zhuǎn)錄DNA complementary gene 互補(bǔ)基因 consensus sequence 共有序列 construct 組成 cosmid

5、s 黏性質(zhì)粒 crossing over 互換 cyclic AMP (cAMP) 環(huán)腺酸 cytosine 胞嘧啶 D dark band 暗帶 deamination 脫氨基作用 decarboxylation 脫羧基作用 degenerate code 簡(jiǎn)并密碼 degenerate PCR 退化性聚合鏈反應(yīng) dehydrogenase 脫氫 denaturation 變性 deoxyribonucleoside diphospahte 脫氧核糖核一磷酸 deoxyribonucleoside monophospahte 脫氧核糖核二磷酸 deoxyribonucleoside trip

6、hospahte 脫氧核糖核三磷酸 deoxyribose 去(脫)氧核糖 dicarboxylic acid 二羧酸 digoxigenin 洋地黃毒 diploid 二倍體 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 去(脫)氧核糖核酸 DNA binding domain DNA結(jié)合性結(jié)構(gòu)域 DNA fingerprinting DNA指紋圖譜 DNA helicase DNA解螺旋 DNA kinase DNA激 DNA ligase DNA連接 DNA polymer DNA聚合物 DNA polymerase DNA聚合 double helix 雙螺旋 double-

7、strand 雙鏈 E electroporation 電穿孔 endonuclease 內(nèi)切核酸 enhancer 增強(qiáng)子 enterokinase 腸激 episome 游離基因 ethidium bromide 溴乙錠 eukaryotic 真核生物的 euploid 整倍體 exonuclease 外切核酸 expressed-sequence tags 表達(dá)的序列標(biāo)記片段 extron 外含子 F F factor F因子 FAD (flavine adenine dinucleotide) 黃素腺嘌呤二(雙)核酸 feedback control 反饋控制 feedback inh

8、ibition 反饋抑制 feedback mechanism 反饋機(jī)制 first filial (F1) generation 第一子代 FISH (fluoresence in situ hybridization) 熒光原位雜交 forward mutation 正向突變 F-pilus F纖毛 functional complementation 功能性互補(bǔ)作用 fusion protein 融合蛋白 G gel electrophoresis 凝膠電泳 gene 基因 gene cloning 基因克隆 gene conversion 基因轉(zhuǎn)變 gene duplication 基

9、因復(fù)制 gene flow 基因流動(dòng) gene gun 基因槍 gene interaction 基因相互作用 gene locus 基因位點(diǎn) gene mutation 基因突變 gene regulation 基因調(diào)節(jié) gene segregation 基因分離 gene therapy 基因治療 geneome 基因組 / 染色體組 genetic map 基因圖 genetic modified foods (GM foods) 基因食物 genetics 遺傳學(xué) genetypic ratio 基因型比 / 基因型比值 genome 基因組 / 染色體組 genomic librar

10、y 基因組文庫(kù) genotype 基因型 giant chromosome 巨染色體 globulin 球蛋白 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 6-磷酸葡萄糖脫氫 GP (glycerate phosphate) 磷酸甘油酸脂 GTP (guanine triphosphate) 鳥三磷酸 guanine 鳥嘌呤 H haploid 單倍體 haploid generation 單倍世代 heredity 遺傳 heterochromatin 異染色質(zhì) Hfr strain 高頻重組菌株 holoenzyme 全 homologous 同源的 houseke

11、eping gene 家務(wù)基因 hybridization 雜交 I immunoglobulin 免疫球蛋白 in vitro 在體外 / 在試管內(nèi) in vivio 在體內(nèi) independent assortment 獨(dú)立分配 induced mutation 誘發(fā)性突變 induction 誘導(dǎo) initiation codon 起始密碼子 inosine 次黃 insert 插入片段 insertional inactivation 插入失活 interference 干擾 intergenic 基因間的 interphase 間期 intragenic 基因內(nèi)的 intron 內(nèi)含

12、子 inversion 倒位 isocaudarner 同尾酸 isoschizomer 同切點(diǎn) J K kanamycin 卡那毒素 klenow fragment 克列諾夫片段 L lac operon 乳糖操縱子 ligase 連接 ligation 連接作用 light band 明帶 linker 連接體 liposome 脂質(zhì)體 locus 位點(diǎn) M map distance 圖距離 map unit 圖距單位 mature transcript 成熟轉(zhuǎn)錄物 metaphase 中期 methylase 甲基化 methylation 甲基化作用 microarray 微列 mic

13、roinjection 微注射 missense mutation 錯(cuò)差突變 molecular genetics 分子遺傳學(xué) monoploid 單倍體 monosome 單染色體 messenger RNA (mRNA) 信使RNA multiple alleles 復(fù)(多)等位基因 mutagen 誘變劑 mutagenesis 誘變 mutant 突變體 mutant gene 突變基因 mutant strain 突變株 mutation 突變 mutation rate 突變率 muton 突變子 N NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

14、煙醯胺腺嘌呤二核酸 NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) 煙醯胺腺嘌呤二核酸磷酸 nicking activity 切割活性 nonsense codon 無(wú)意義密碼子 nonsense mutation 無(wú)意義突變 Northern blot Northern印跡法 nuclear DNA 核DNA nuclear gene 核基因 nuclease 核酸 nucleic acid 核酸 nucleoside 核 nucleoside triphosphate 核三磷酸 nucleotidase 核酸 nucleotide 核酸

15、 nucleotide sequence 核酸序列 O oligonucleotide 寡核酸 one gene one polypeptide hypothesis 一個(gè)基因一種學(xué)說(shuō) operon 操縱子 oxidative decarboxylation 氧化脫羧作用 oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化作用 P PCR (polymerase chain reaction) 聚合鏈反應(yīng) peptide peptide bond 鍵 phagemids 噬菌粒 phosphorylation 磷酸化作用 physical map 物理圖譜 plasmid 質(zhì)粒 p

16、oint mutation 點(diǎn)突變 poly(A) tail poly(A)尾 polymerase 聚合 polyploid 多倍體 positional cloning 位置性無(wú)性繁殖系化 primary transcript 初級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)錄物 primer 引物 probe 探針 prokaryotic 原核的 promoter 啟動(dòng)子 protease 蛋白 purine 嘌呤 pyrimidine 嘧啶 Q R random segregation 隨機(jī)分離 RAPD (rapid amplified polymorphic DNA) 快速擴(kuò)增多態(tài)DNA reading frame 閱讀碼

17、框 recessive gene 隱性基因 recombinant 重組體 recombinant DNA technology 重組DNA技術(shù) recombination 重組 regulator (gene) 調(diào)控基因 replica 復(fù)制物 / 印模 replica plating 復(fù)制平皿(板)培養(yǎng)法 replication 復(fù)制 replication origin 復(fù)制起點(diǎn) reporter gene 報(bào)道基因 repression 阻遏 repressor 阻遏物 repressor gene 阻遏基因 resistance strain 抗藥性菌株 restriction 限制

18、作用 restriction enzyme 限制性內(nèi)切 restriction mapping 限制性內(nèi)切圖譜 retrovirus 反轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒 reverse transcription 反轉(zhuǎn)錄作用 RFLP (restricted fragment length polymorphisms) 限制性斷片長(zhǎng)度多態(tài)現(xiàn)象 ribonucleotide 核糖核酸 ribose 核糖 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 核糖體RNA ribosome 核糖體 RNA (ribonucleic acid) 核糖核酸 RNA polymerase I RNA聚合I RNA polymerase I

19、I RNA聚合II RNA polymerase III RNA聚合III R-plasmid R質(zhì)粒 / 抗藥性質(zhì)粒 S second filial (F2) generation 第二子代 self-ligation 自我連接作用 shuttle vectors 穿梭載體 sigma factor 因子 single nucleotide polymorphism 單核酸多態(tài)性 single-stranded DNA 單鏈DNA sister chromatid 姊妹染色單體 sister chromosome 姊妹染色體 site-directed mutagenesis 定點(diǎn)誘變 so

20、matic cell 體細(xì)胞 Southern blot Southern印跡法 splice 拼接 star activity 星號(hào)活性 stationary phase 靜止生長(zhǎng)期 sticky end 黏性末端 stop codon 終止密碼子 structural gene 結(jié)構(gòu)基因 supernatant 上層清液 supressor 抑制基因 T telophase 末期 template 模板 terminator 終止子 tetracycline 四環(huán)素 thymine 胸腺嘧啶 tissue culture 組織培養(yǎng) transcription 轉(zhuǎn)錄作用 transfer R

21、NA (tRNA) 轉(zhuǎn)移RNA transformation 轉(zhuǎn)化作用 transgene 轉(zhuǎn)基因 translation 翻譯 / 平移 transmembrane 跨膜 triplet 三聯(lián)體 triplet code 三聯(lián)體密碼 triploid 三倍體 U V vector 載體 W Western blot Western印跡法 A alternative splicing - Eukaryotic genes are composed of exons and introns, the latter being removed by RNA splicing before tran

22、scribed mRNA leaves the nucleus. Commonly, a single gene can encode several different mRNA transcripts, caused by cell- or tissue-specific combination of different exons. This is known as alternative splicing. Annealing - The time- and temperature-dependent process by which two complementary single-

23、stranded polynucleotides associate to form a double helix (see also hybridization) Antisense strand - the DNA strand of a gene which, during transcription, is used as a template by RNA polymerase to synthesize a complementary RNA strand. 反股 - 意指一股DN*段為基因之所在，因此可用來(lái)當(dāng)做模版使得RNA反轉(zhuǎn)錄脢在轉(zhuǎn)錄RNA時(shí)，可以合成和此DN*段完全結(jié)合的R

24、N*段。 B Bifurcation - The graphical representation in a phylogenetic tree of an evolutionary speciation event whereby an ancestral taxon splits into two. 分歧點(diǎn) - 在演化的種形成事件中，物種由相同來(lái)源一分為二，其在種系發(fā)生樹中的圖示點(diǎn)。 blotting - General term for the transfer of protein, RNA or DNA molecules from a relatively thick acryla

25、mide or agarose gel to a paper-like membrane (usually nylon or nitrocellulose) by capillarity or an electric field, preserving the spatial arrangment. Once on the membrane, the molecules are immobilized, typically by baking or by ultraviolet irradiation, and can then be detected at high sensitivity

26、by hybridization (in the case of DNA and RNA), or antibody labelling (in the case of protein). RNA blots are called Northern blots; DNA blots, Southern; protein blots, Western. Blunt ends - Descriptive of the structure of double-stranded DNA in which neither strand of the duplex extends further from

27、 the end than the other; often the product of cleavage by a restriction endonuclease. (see also sticky ended) Branch - The graphical representation of an evolutionary relationship in a phylogenetic tree. 分枝 - 在種系發(fā)生樹中，物種演化相互關(guān)系的圖示。 C Cancer Genome Anatomy Project - The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (C

28、GAP) is an interdisciplinary program established and administered by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to generate the information and technological tools needed to decipher the molecular anatomy of the cancer cell. 癌癥基因體解剖計(jì)劃 - 癌癥基因體解剖計(jì)劃（CGAP）已經(jīng)由國(guó)際癌癥學(xué)會(huì)（NCI）建立并經(jīng)營(yíng)于于各個(gè)學(xué)科間，主要是產(chǎn)生信息及技術(shù)工具以便解決癌癥細(xì)胞的分子解剖的各項(xiàng)

29、秘密 Cap - a specialized chemical group that is naturally added to the 5 end of mRNA. 帽子 - 一個(gè)特殊群，在自然下會(huì)加到5端的mRNA上 CASP - Critical Assessment of techniques for protein Structure Prediction CASP - 于蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的預(yù)測(cè)上作一關(guān)鍵性的技術(shù)評(píng)估 cDNA - Complementary DNA; DNA that is synthesized, by reverse transcriptase, from an mR

30、NA template, and therefore has no introns. (see also genomic DNA) cDNA library - A collection of cells, usually E. coli, transformed by DNA vectors each of which contains a different cDNA insert synthesized from a collection of mRNA species. (see also genomic library) Cis-element - a regulatory DNA

31、sequence that serves as a protein binding site and controls the transcription of adjacent genes. Clade - A complete group of organisms derived from a common ancestor. 進(jìn)化枝，分化枝 - 生物體的全部族群源自于共同始祖 Cloning vector - A technique for obtaining the desired gene that involves chopping up the entire genetic co

32、mplement of a cell using restriction enzymes, then attaching each (resultant) DNA fragment to a vector and transferring it into a bacterium, and finally screening those (engineered) bacteria to locate the bacteria that are producing the desired product (e.g., a protein). Codon - a nucleotide triplet

33、 which specifies an amino acid or a signal for terminating the synthesis of a polypeptide. 密碼子 - 對(duì)應(yīng)到特定胺基酸的核甘酸三聯(lián)體或使多月太鏈合成中止的訊號(hào) Consensus tree - A branching diagram produced using a method for combining the grouping information contained in a set of cladograms for the same taxa into a single topology.

34、 共同樹 - 利用分枝圖分群方式合并分群訊息, 使相同之taxa包含在進(jìn)化枝的集合中 Convergence - The independent evolution of similar genetic or phenotypic traits. 收斂 - 具相似基因或表現(xiàn)型特征的獨(dú)立演化 CpG islands - short stretch of DNA, often 1 kb, containing CpG dinucleotides which are unmethylated and present at the expected frequency. CpG islands oft

35、en occur at transcriptionally active DNA. CpG island - 長(zhǎng)度小于 1000 個(gè)堿基的脫氧核糖核酸 , 其中包含未甲基化的CpG 雙核甘酸序列 , 并以特定的頻率出現(xiàn) . CpG island 通常出現(xiàn)在隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備好轉(zhuǎn)錄或轉(zhuǎn)譯的脫氧核糖核酸中可以觀察到 D dbEST - dbEST is a division of GenBank that contains sequence data and other information on single-pass cDNA sequences, or Expressed Sequence Tags

36、, from a number of organisms. 表現(xiàn)序列標(biāo)幟數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) - 表現(xiàn)序列標(biāo)幟數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)是基因庫(kù)內(nèi)的一部份，內(nèi)含序列數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和”只有單股定序”的互補(bǔ)DNA(cDNA)序列信息或一些生物體的表現(xiàn)序列標(biāo)幟 Denaturation - The destruction of the ordered folding of a protein or nucleic acid that is required for its normal function. Protein denaturation often involves a change from a specific globula

37、r or fibrous conformation to a random coil; nucleic acid denaturation often involves the dissociation of a duplex into single strands. (see also native structure) Digital Differential Display - Survey sequencing of mRNA gene products provides an indirect means of generating gene expression fingerpri

38、nts for cancer cells and their normal counterparts. Digital Differential Display (DDD) is a computer method for comparing these fingerprints. Using a statistical test, genes whose expression levels differ significantly from one tissue to the next are identified and shown to the user. 數(shù)字差異陳列 - 觀察mRNA

39、基因的序列產(chǎn)生提供一間接方法為了癌癥細(xì)胞及與癌癥細(xì)胞極為相似但是正常的細(xì)胞能夠產(chǎn)生基因表現(xiàn)指紋。數(shù)字差異陳列（DDD）是利用計(jì)算機(jī)統(tǒng)計(jì)的方法來(lái)比較各個(gè)組織不同層級(jí)的基因表現(xiàn)。 Distance (evolutionary distance) - A measure of the number of nucleotide substitutions per nucleotide site between two homologous DNA sequences that have accumulated since the divergence between the sequences. 距離

40、（演化遠(yuǎn)近）- 從兩條相似DNA序列間發(fā)生相異處收集每個(gè)核甘酸位置發(fā)生替換個(gè)數(shù)的量度 Divergence - The splitting of a taxonomic unit into two. DNA cloning - The production of a lineage of cells all of which contain one kind of DNA fragment of interest derived from a population of many kinds of DNA fragments. Operationally by: inserting (reco

41、mbining) a population of DNA molecules, known to contain the DNA of interest, into a population of vector DNA molecules in such a way that each vector molecule contains only a single DNA molecule from the original population; transforming a population of host cells with the vector DNA recombinants s

42、uch that each host cell takes up only one vector; growing single host cells separately (cloning) by plating at low density to form a collection of separate colonies; screening the colonies (clones) formed for the presence of the DNA of interest. DNA library - A library composed of complementary copi

43、es of cellular messenger RNAs. DNA microarray - Initially developed by Patrick Brown during the 1980s, these microarrays enable analysis of the levels of expression of genes in an organism, or comparison of gene expression levels (e.g., between diseased and non-diseased tissues) via hybridization of

44、 messenger RNA (mRNA) to its counterpart DNA sequence. when biological samples containing DNA (e.g., in liquid) are passed-over the array surface. DNA polymerase - An enzyme that can synthesize new DNA strands using a DNA template; several such enzymes exist. One of several classes of enzymes that p

45、olymerize DNA nucleotides using single or double-stranded DNA as a template. dot blot - Method for detecting a specific protein or message. A spot of solution is dotted onto nitrocellulose paper, a specific antibody or probe is allowed to bind and the presence of bound antibody/probe then shown by u

46、sing a peroxidase-coupled second antibody, as in Western blot or by other visualization methods. 點(diǎn)印 - 偵測(cè)特殊蛋白質(zhì)或遺傳訊息的方法. 在硝化纖維紙上點(diǎn)上特殊的點(diǎn)狀溶液, 其中含有特殊的抗體或探針,在這些抗體或探針上再使用過(guò)氧化反應(yīng)連結(jié)上二次抗體,用以提供呈色反應(yīng), 就類似西方轉(zhuǎn)漬反應(yīng)或者其它類似的方法. E Ectopic (illegitimate) transcription - low-level transcription in many cell types of genes wh

47、ich are predominantly expressed in certain types of cell 易位(不合規(guī)則)轉(zhuǎn)錄 - 在許多形式細(xì)胞低量轉(zhuǎn)錄某些特定細(xì)胞顯著表現(xiàn)的基因 exon - The sequences of the RNA primary transcript (or the DNA that encodes them) that exit the nucleus as part of a messenger RNA molecule. In the primary transcript neighbouring exons are separated by in

48、trons. 表現(xiàn)子 - 離開原子核成為訊息核糖核酸分子的核糖核酸主要轉(zhuǎn)錄序列。 在主要轉(zhuǎn)錄過(guò)程附近，表現(xiàn)子會(huì)被介入子所分開。 F G gene - Originally defined as the physical unit of heredity but the meaning has changed with increasing knowledge. It is probably best defined as the unit of inheritance that occupies a specific locus on a chromosome, the existence o

49、f which can be confirmed by the occurrence of different allelic forms. Given the occurrence of split genes, it might be re-defined as the set of DNA sequences (exons) that are required to produce a single polypeptide. 基因 - 原本是定義遺傳上的物質(zhì)單位，但隨著知識(shí)的增加意義也隨之改變。也許現(xiàn)在最好定義它是遺傳上的單位，占有染色體上一個(gè)特別的區(qū)域，可被證實(shí)有不同的對(duì)偶型式。對(duì)分離

50、的基因來(lái)說(shuō)，它可被定義成一組需要用來(lái)產(chǎn)生蛋白質(zhì)的脫氧核糖核酸序列，即外子。 genomic DNA - DNA that has been isolated from a cell and therefore contains introns, as opposed to cDNA Genomic library - A collection of transformed cells, each of which contains DNA fragments; the entire population represents the total genome of an organism, e

51、.g. a rat library containing DNA fragments which together comprise the entire rat genome. Appropriate screening methods can select a single transformed cell that contains a specific gene. (see also cDNA library) Glycosylation - the addition of carbohydrates to proteins. 醣化作用 - 在蛋白質(zhì)上連接碳水化合物。 H Helica

52、se - A protein that unwinds DNA at replication forks. HGI - HGI, the Human Gene Index, replaced the Human cDNA Database(HCD) in April of 1997. HGI contains human EST sequences sequenced at TIGR as well as human ESTs from GenBanks dbEST database. There are a set of 29 non-human gene indices at TIGR.

53、All the information contained in these databases is free, no password or contract is required as it was with HCD. In addition to the Indices, TIGR offers the TIGR Microbial Database, the TIGR Parasites Database, the Expressed Gene Anatomy Database, and the BAC End Sequence Database. HGI - 全名為Human G

54、ene Index。是人類基因的參考索引，在1997年4月時(shí)候取代了HCD(Human cDNA Database)的功能。HGI包含NCBI(GeneBank)中db EST數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)及TIGER機(jī)構(gòu)所定序出來(lái)的人類表現(xiàn)序列標(biāo)志(EST)序列信息。此外，在TIGER機(jī)構(gòu)中也有29個(gè)非人類的基因參考索引(non- human gene indices)，而且所有信息都是免費(fèi)的;像HCD一般，不需簽合約與通關(guān)密碼就可取得信息。除了基因的參考索引，TIGER機(jī)構(gòu)也提供微生物數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) (TIGER Microbial Database)、寄生蟲數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(TIGER Parasites Databases)、

55、表現(xiàn)基因之解剖學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(Expressed Gene Anatomy Database)以及BAC載體端序列數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(BAC End Sequence Database)。 Housekeeping genes - Tissue-specific gene expression 持家基因 - 屬于特定組織才有的基因表現(xiàn) Hybridization - (of nucleic acids) Technique in which single-stranded nucleic acids are allowed to interact so that complexes, or hybrids, a

56、re formed by molecules with sufficiently similar, complementary sequences. By this means the degree of sequence identity can be assessed and specific sequences detected. The hybridization can be carried out in solution or with one component immobilized on a gel or, most commonly, nitrocellulose pape

57、r. Hybrids are detected by various means: visualization in the electron microscope; by radioactively labelling one component and removing non-complexed DNA; or by washing or digestion with an enzyme that attacks single-stranded nucleic acids and finally estimating the radioactivity bound. Hybridizat

58、ions are done in all combinations: DNA-DNA (DNA can be rendered single-stranded by heat denaturation), DNA-RNA or RNA-RNA. In situ hybridizations involve hybridizing a labelled nucleic acid (often labelled with a fluorescent dye) to suitably prepared cells or histological sections. This is used part

59、icularly to look for specific transcription or localization of genes to specific chromosomes (FISH analysis).The time- and temperature-dependent process by which two complementary single-stranded polynucleotides associate to form a double helix = annealing (hybridization) Homology - Similarity by co

60、mmon ancestry or genetic relatedness. I I.M.A.G.E. Consortium Goals - The I.M.A.G.E. Consortium was initiated in 1993 by four academic groups on a collaborative basis after informal discussions led to a common vision of how to achieve an important goal in the study of the human genome: the Integrate