國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)雙語教程unit-01

1、國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)雙語教程（第四版）(INTERNATIONAL Business Practice)清華大學(xué)出版社Chapter 1 A brief introduction to international trade International trade, also called world trade, foreign trade or overseas trade, is the fair and deliberate exchange ofgoods and / or services across national boundaries.Definition (P1)Section

2、One Reasons for international trade (從事國際貿(mào)易的動(dòng)機(jī)) 1 Resource Acquisition (尋求資源) 2 Benefits Acquisition (追求利潤) 3 Diversification (多種經(jīng)營) 4 Expand sales（擴(kuò)大銷售） 5.International balance of payments (國際收支平衡) 6. Other reasonsResource Acquisition (尋求資源 P2) Resource distribution around the world is uneven. No n

3、ation has all the economic resources it needs. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy them from other countries . Natural resources : mineral, water, weather, soil, forest, etc.Social resources: labor force, skills technology, equipments etc.What are resource

4、s?2. Benefits Acquisition (追求利潤 P2) A country can benefits more by producing goods it can make most cheaply and buying those goods that other countries can make at a lower cost .Question: Why can trade create benefits? Theory of Comparative Advantage 比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論 Or: Comparative Cost Theory比較成本理論 （by Adam

5、 Smith, David Ricardo, John Stuart and other economists in the 19th century）Question: Do you think every country can produce the same type of product at the same cost?1. Which country has an absolute advantage in producing cloth?2. Which country has an absolute advantage in producing wine?3.What sho

6、uld they specialize in respectively?Hours of Labor required to produceCountry Cloth (100 bolts)Wine (100 barrels)Scotland 30 120Portugal 100 20Example 1 Fact: Some countries has no absolute advantage in producing any products. Question: Can these countries make profits by doing business with those w

7、ho has absolute advantage?1) In which product does U.S.A have an absolute advantage? 2) In which product does Brazil have a comparative advantage? 3) What should the two countries specialize in?units of PR (productive resource)productU.S.ABrazil100 cars 2 41000 computers 3 4Example 2Americans have a

8、n absolute advantage in producing both cars and computers. Using three units of PR (productive resource) to produce 1,000 computers in the United States requires sacrificing the production of 150 cars. Using four units of PR to produce 1,000 computers in Brazil requires sacrificing only 100 cars. Co

9、nclusion: Brazilians have a comparative advantage in producing computers. Conclusion for point 2 (P3) As long as there is minor differences in the efficiency of producing a commodity, even the poor countries have a comparative advantage in producing it. Therefore, the country can specialize in the p

10、articular products and mass-produce. 3. Diversification 多樣經(jīng)營(P3)4.Sales Expansion 擴(kuò)大銷售(P4) Sales are limited by 1) the number of consumers 2) the capacity of purchase of consumer5. International balance of payments 國際收支平衡 (P4) BOP- balance of payment BOP account 收支平衡賬戶 BOP sheet 收支平衡表Balance of paym

11、entThe international balance of payment is the difference between money coming into a country and money going out of the country.A favorable balance of payment (國際收支順 差) means more money is flowing into a country.An unfavorable balance of payment（國際收支逆差） means more money is flowing out of a country.

12、Balance of trade A favorable balance of trade (貿(mào)易順差) or trade surplus (貿(mào)易出超) occurs when the value of a nations export exceeds that of its import. When the value of a nations import exceeds that of its export, an unfavorable balance of trade （貿(mào)易逆差）or trade deficit(貿(mào)易入超) occurs. 6. Other reasons (P4)

13、 1)Satisfying a large domestic demand 滿足國內(nèi)大量需求 2)Preference for innovation and style 對(duì)創(chuàng)新和款式的追求 3) For political reasons 政治原因 Term translation自給自足 2. 經(jīng)濟(jì)資源 3. 直接投資國際收支 5. 商品交換 6. 傾銷7. 貿(mào)易順差 8. 貿(mào)易逆差 9. 歐盟10. 國際收支順差 11. 國際收支逆差12. 有形貿(mào)易 13. 無形貿(mào)易 14. 貨物貿(mào)易 15. 服務(wù)貿(mào)易Exercisesself-sufficient 2. economic resourc

14、es3. direct investment 4. Balance of payment5. Commodity exchange6. dumping 7. favorable balance of trade8. unfavorable balance of tradeKeys 9. European Union 10. favorable balance of payment 11. unfavorable balance of payment 12. visible (tangible) trade 13. invisible (intangible) trade 14. trade i

15、n goods 15. trade in serviceKeysProblemsCulture Differences文化差異Monetary Conversion貨幣兌換Trade Barriers貿(mào)易壁壘Section Two Problems Concerning International Trade1. Cultural differences 文化差異問題(P5) In international trade, business people must pay close attention to different local customs and Business norms

16、 (商業(yè)準(zhǔn)則). 2. Money Conversion 貨幣兌換問題 (fluctuation in exchange rate)French francs(法郎) US dollars(美元)British pounds(英鎊) Deutsche Mark(馬克)Japanese yen(日元) Danish krone(克朗)Euro (歐元) 3. Trade Barriers （貿(mào)易壁壘P6） Is there a completely free trading system in any country?Trade policies come in many forms -tari

17、ffs or subsidies, quantitative restriction or encouragements on imported or exported goods, services and assets.Trade Barriers （貿(mào)易壁壘）1)To correct a balance-of payment deficit;2) In view of national security;3) To protect their industries against the competition of foreign goods.Reasons for trade bar

18、riers P6Trade Barriers （貿(mào)易壁壘）1）Tariff barriers 關(guān)稅壁壘2）Non-tariff Barriers - NTBs 非關(guān)稅壁壘1) Tariff barriers 關(guān)稅壁壘 Tariffs or import tariffs(進(jìn)口關(guān)稅)are taxes levied on goods or services being imported into the country. These tariffs can be of two types: 1) Protective Tariff 保護(hù)關(guān)稅 2) Revenue Tariff 財(cái)政關(guān)稅 Diffe

19、rent rates of customs duties are applied to different categories of goods. 1) Specific Duty 從量稅 2) Ad valorem Duty 從價(jià)稅 (P7) 3) Compound Duty 混合稅2) Non-tariff barriersA non-tariff barrier is any policy used by the government to reduce imports, rather than a simple tariff. NTBs can take many forms, in

20、cluding import quotas, productstandards, buy-at-home rules forGovernment purchases, and so on.2) Non-tariff barriers (1) Import quota 進(jìn)口配額 A quantitative restriction （數(shù)量限制）or upper limit on the total quantity of import of a product allowed into a country during a period of time. A quantitative restr

21、iction is expressed in terms of physical quantity or value. A quota requires low or no duties below the limit but high duties or penalty above the limit.(2) Voluntary Export Restraints （VER）自愿出口約束/限制 VER enables one country to force onto another country a low rate of increase in exportvolume through

22、 bilateral agreement-voluntary restraint agreement（VRA, 自愿約束協(xié)定）出口國在進(jìn)口國同意不訴諸配額、關(guān)稅或其他進(jìn)口管制的條件下，同意減少或限制出口的雙邊協(xié)定。 Its a measure to avoid punitive pju:ntiv actions (反對(duì)行動(dòng)) taken by the importing country. (3) Import License 進(jìn)口許可證 (4) Product standard 產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn) TBT- Technical Barriers to Trade 貿(mào)易技術(shù)壁壘 exhaust emiss

23、ion standards Health standards Safety standards sanitary standards national security standards(5) Government Procurement Policy 政府采購政策Example Buy American Act (購買美國產(chǎn)品法案1933) stipulates that the US government must buy American products unless the domestic price is on average 25% higher than foreign p

24、rices. 1. 按商品移動(dòng)的方向 1）Export 2) ImportSection Three Forms of International Trade (國際貿(mào)易形式)2. 按商品的形態(tài) 1) Tangible (visible) trade Merchandise Exports and Imports ( 商品進(jìn)出口) 2) Intangible (invisible) trade service, knowledge and skills, invisible assets, such as patent, trade mark, copyright etc. 3. 按貿(mào)易內(nèi)容可

25、分為: 1) General trade 一般貿(mào)易 2) Processing trade 加工貿(mào)易 3) Compensation trade 補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易 三來一補(bǔ)Processing with supplied materials 來料加工Processing according to supplied samples來樣加工Assembling with supplied parts來件裝配Compensation trade 補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易1.產(chǎn)品返銷 回購貿(mào)易或返銷 在補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易中,用進(jìn)口的設(shè)備或其他物資生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品,通稱為直接產(chǎn)品,用直接產(chǎn)品支付的,叫產(chǎn)品返銷。一般適用于設(shè)備和技術(shù)貿(mào)易,在國際

26、上稱為“工業(yè)補(bǔ)償”。在我國,一般稱為 “直接補(bǔ)償”。補(bǔ)充知識(shí)：Compensation trade 補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易2.商品換購 買方不用生產(chǎn)出來產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行還款，而是用雙方商定的其他產(chǎn)品或勞務(wù)來償付貨款，統(tǒng)稱互購。首次進(jìn)口的一方用于支付進(jìn)口貨款的商品,不是由進(jìn)口物質(zhì)直接生產(chǎn)出來的產(chǎn)品,而是雙方商定的其他商品,即間接產(chǎn)品。由于這種貿(mào)易有時(shí)候并不直接與其他生產(chǎn)相聯(lián)系,故在發(fā)達(dá)資本主義國家有人稱之為“商業(yè)性”補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易。由于這種補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易用間接產(chǎn)品償還,在我國一般稱之為間接補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易。3.多邊補(bǔ)償或叫轉(zhuǎn)手補(bǔ)償 這種形式的補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易形式比較復(fù)雜。由第三國替代首次進(jìn)口的一方承擔(dān)或提供補(bǔ)償產(chǎn)品的義務(wù)。 4. 按交易雙方的關(guān)

27、系1) Licensing (許可證貿(mào)易) 2) Franchising (特許經(jīng)營)3) Joint Ventures (合資企業(yè))4) Sole distribution (獨(dú)家代理) Sole agent5) Consignment (寄售) 在進(jìn)出口業(yè)務(wù)中，采用獨(dú)家代理方式時(shí)，作為委托人的出口商即給予國外的代理人在規(guī)定的地區(qū)和期限內(nèi)推銷指定商品的專營權(quán)。按照慣例，委托人在代理區(qū)域內(nèi)達(dá)成的交易，凡屬獨(dú)家代理人專營的商品，不論其是否通過該獨(dú)家代理人，委托人都要向他支付約定比例的傭金。 補(bǔ)充知識(shí)： Sole agent (獨(dú)家代理)Term translation關(guān)稅壁壘 2. 非關(guān)稅壁壘

28、3. 從量稅 4. 配額 5. 保護(hù)性關(guān)稅 6. 幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)7. 許可證制度 8. 財(cái)政關(guān)稅 9. 政府采購 10. 貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義 11. 從價(jià)稅 12. 出口補(bǔ)貼13. 寄售 Exercises1.Tariff barriers 2. non-tariff barriers3. Specific duties 4. quota5. Protective tariff 6. infant industry7. Licensing system 8. Revenue tariff9. government procurement10. Trade protectionism11. Ad valorem Duties 12. Export subsidies13. Consignment KeysForeign exchange control is a tariff barrier that can restrict imports effectively. FWhen nations export more than they import, they have an unfavorable balance of trade. Wh