儀表等級(jí)飛行員理論培訓(xùn)stage4-203ENROUTECHARTS課件

1、ENROUTEEnroute and Area ChartsEnroute ChartsLow Altitude Enroute ChartsBelow 18,000MSLVictor AirwaysLarger Scale / Smaller AreaHigh Altitude Enroute Charts18,000MSL up to FL450Jet RoutesSmaller Scale / Larger AreaLow Altitude vs. Sectional ChartsAn IFR enroute chart does not showtopography featuresc

2、ontour linesobstruction heightsroads, cities, townsHas airports, large bodies of water, and airway information necessary for IFR navigation you navigate by reference to instruments not pilotage.IFR Low Altitude En Route Chart “L-Charts”Effective dates, and Scale are printed on map.The en route chart

3、s are revised every 56 days.Chart ScaleEffective dates, and Scale are printed on map.The en route charts are revised every 56 days.Chart Location PanelFront PanelCitiesin black when an area chart exists otherwise, green(Exception: Phoenix has area chart, but FAA has not updated the front panel of th

4、e enroute chart to reflect the change)Time ZonesChart LegendsUse them!NAVAID BlocksNow well look at some selected NAVAID symbols and identify some of the characteristics of each NAVAID selected.Compass Rose oriented to magnetic NorthVHF/UHF in Black LF/MF in BrownVOR VORTACVOR/DMETACANLow / Medium f

5、requency NDBUltra High Frequency NDBNDB/DMECompass Locator BeaconFlight Service Station / (RCO)Localizer Symbol, if X-hatch left, backcourseL-28, Panel ELow / Medium frequency NDBLocalizer used for an en-route navigation fixCompass Locator Beacon (LOM)VOR VORTACComparison of Jepp & NACONACOVictor Ai

6、rwaysVictor Airways include the airspace extending from 1,200 feet AGL up to, but not including 18,000 feet MSL.Courses are magnetic, distances are in NM.“V” stands for VHFconnects VOR, VORTAC, VOR/DMENumberingEven is east/westOdd is north/southShared airways: all numbers shown8 nm width EXCEPT . wi

7、dens to 4.5 degrees when airway segment is more than 102 NM ( more than 51 NM to nearest VOR)V287-495-500 Confluence of airwaysV520 (even) oriented east/westVictor Airway V23V165 (odd) oriented north/southReporting PointsCompulsory Reporting Points are reporting points which must be reported to ATC.

8、 Designated on charts by solid triangles or filed in a flight plan as fixes selected to define direct routes. These points are defined as geographical locations which are defined by navigation aids/fixes.Reporting Points are geographical locations in relation to which the position of an aircraft is

9、reported.L-1, Panel DCompulsory reporting pointNon-compulsory reporting pointHolding PatternNavAid radials and bearingsTotal Mileagein boxLeg Mileage(not in box)DME Fixopen arrowComputer Nav Fix/mileage break indicates a change in courseDME MileageOverall Mileage (Military)Direction of flight (Canad

10、a only)VOR Changeover point - COPDME distance from NavAid to fixCOPTotal MileageLeg MileageL-28, Panels E, FAirway SymbologySegment mileage / Navaid mileageMileage break pointmarked by a small “x”course changes directionno intersection is designatedIntersections and DMEIntersectionstriangle5 letter

11、namesAn intersection defined by DME is shown by an open arrow with bordered “D”if its the first intersection, then just an arrow -same as leg distance Jepp vs NacoMEAL-28, Panel FMinimum Enroute Altitude (MEA)Lowest published altitude between radio fixes that guarantees: 1) obstruction clearance:2,0

12、00 for mountainous1,000 for non-mountainous2) adequate navigation signal reception MEA Gap can be up to 65 nmOnly guarantees obstruction clearanceMOCAOROCAMinimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude (MOCA)Asterisk precedes the altitudeEnsures reliable navigational signal coverage only within 22nm of faci

13、litygenerally is used as an emergency altitude but ATC may assign if within 22 NMmeets obstacle clearance requirements for the entire route segmentOff-Airway NavigationYou are responsible for own minimum altitude (14 CFR Part 91.177)1,000 above highest obstacle within 4nm of your intended course2,00

14、0 for mountainous areas (see AIM 5-6-5)Consider standard service volumesOROCA (Off Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude)- similar to MEFs (max elevation figures) except safe altitude includes standard IFR obstruction clearanceGrid AltitudesMaximum Authorized Altitude - MAAA published altitude repres

15、enting the maximum usable altitude for a route segment. At higher altitudes it might be possible to receive two or more VORs simultaneously on the same frequency, making the signals unreliable for navigation. The MAA is the highest altitude that can be flown that guarantees that only one signal at a

16、 time will be received on a given frequency.Quiz # 6What are the takeoff minimums for aircraft with one engineWhat is RVRWhat is a DP, if we do not want to do a DP what should we do?What is the standard DP?What is TERPS, and what do they do?Can we use feet per nautical mile in our aircraft? If not h

17、ow can we convert it?How often are IFR enroute charts updated?What are the dimensions of a victor airway?What is the difference between a MEA, and MOCA?Identify the following featuresABCDQuiz # 7What is a clearance void time?What is a LAHSO clearance, and do we have to accept it?What indications wil

18、l you see on the pitot static instruments when using the alternate static source?What are the required equipments for IFR flight?What causes precession?What is CFIT?What is the purpose of a circle to land approach?What are the standard takeoff minimums?What is the difference between the MEA, MOCA, a

19、nd OROCA?How often are IFR enroute charts updated?MAAMinimum Reception AltitudeMRAThe lowest altitude at which the off-airway navaid for an intersection can be received.L-28, Panel GMRAMinimum Crossing Altitude (MCA)The lowest altitude at certain fixes at which an aircraft must cross when proceeding

20、 in the direction of a higher minimum en route IFR altitude (MEA).Directional MCANormally begin climb to new MEA at fix.-Sufficient with normal IFR climb gradient (changes with altitude)-In some places there is a need for MCA due to fast rising terrain or obstructions in the direction of travelL-1,

21、Panel BMCAChangeover Point (COP)Three situations to change VOR frequencies:1) at changeover point (COP)2) where a course change occurs (mileage breakpoint)3) midpoint of airway leg Navigation reception limits may cause COP to be located other than midpointShows distance in nm to each VORAltitude Des

22、ignatorsNote T bar across airway to denote change in MEAHere well look at some selected communications data that are depicted on the En Route Low Altitude Chart Communications Section.Communication Boxes NAVAID Communication Box -Underlined frequency No VoiceFrequency protection indicator Identifies

23、 it as a TVORTACAN channels not underlinedOverprint check NOTAMsTWEBAutomated weather codes i.e. A, H, T in communications boxStar indicates part-time or on requestPaired DME channel and LF navaidWaypoint symbolL-28, Panel FCRRIS WaypointShadow Boxes on communication NAVAIDs indicate a Flight Servic

24、e Station. Frequencies 122.2, 255.4 and emergency freq. 121.5 and 243.0 are normally available and are not shown.Certain FSSs provide Local Airport Advisory on 123.6.“R” Means the FSS Receives on that freq., pilot listens on NAVAID frequencyFSSs not associated with a NAVAID have no internal info exc

25、ept name and idFSS Frequencies above boxControlling FSS name below communication box.Airport official name and three letter identifierAutomatic Terminal Information Service - ATIS - If Asterisk preceding frequency less than continuous operationChart Panel identification letterTower FrequenciesBWI Ap

26、proach Control frequenciesGround Control frequencyClearance Delivery frequencyDeparture Control frequenciesDesignated sector operationsDesignated sector operationsClass C airspace with continuous operationClearance Delivery frequencyDeparture Control frequenciesRichmond Intl Approach Control frequen

27、cyAsterisk preceding frequency less than continuous operationCommunicationFSS Frequenciesalways in 120 MHz rangeNACO shows entire frequencyHeavy lined box for 122.2: other frequencies listed above the boxEmergency frequency 121.5 not shownHIWAS (Hazardous InFlight Weather Advisory Service)Current sy

28、mbol: circle Hsmall black box: -OLD QUESTION!Name and identifier of an FSS not associated with a NAVAID Identified on chart by a heavy shadowControlling FSS nameControlling FSS nameL-28, Panel EGround Communication OutletA Ground Communication Outlet (GCO) is an unstaffed, remotely controlled, groun

29、d communications facility.Pilots at uncontrolled airports may contact ATC and FSS via VHF radio to a telephone connection to obtain an instrument clearance or close a VFR or IFR flight plan.They may also get an updated weather briefing. Pilots will use four “key clicks” on the VHF radio to contact t

30、he appropriate ATC facility or six “key clicks” to contact the FSS. The A/FD reference: (GCO) indicates that a ground communication outlet is available.Ground Communications Outlet (GCO)CommunicationTWEB (Transcribed Weather Broadcast)circled “T” in upper right hand cornerBoundaries between ARTCCsRe

31、mote Communication Outlet (RCO)provides adequate comm. coverage throughout the area served by AFSS.Extend FSS area of coverageRemote Communications Outlet(RCO) is an unmanned air/ground communications facility, remotely controlled and providing UHF or VHF communications capability to extend the serv

32、ice range of an FSS. These frequencies provide direct radio communication with the associated FSS, (not ATC), rather than making an automated telephone connection as is the case with the GCO.The A/FD reference: (RCO) indicates that a remote communication outlet is available.Remote Communications Out

33、let (RCO)AirportsThose with IAPsprinted in blue or greenThose without IAPsprinted in brownLegends give most code information about an airportAirport Data Block Legends PanelAirport SymbolsAirport ClassificationsAirport ColorsOfficial Airport NameClass of AirspaceAirport Elevation (MSL)Airport Lighti

34、ngLength of the Longest RunwayAutomatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS)L-28, Panel EMilitaryDouble CircleCivilian with no military charts publishedCivilian, but with military “FLIP Charts” publishedCivilian with no instrument approach proceduresVOR Airways are designated as Victor AirwaysLF/MF r

35、outes are brown and are identified by name and numberUncontrolled Airways are noted by dashed linesOceanic Routes are identified by letters in boxesUnusable routes are over- written by a zig-zagAlternate, or Substitute routes are seen as a series of circlesOverprint Check NotamsUnusable RouteAlterna

36、te RouteL-28, Panel FHIWASWilliamsport FSSDME DistanceNon-Compulsory reporting pointAirspaceControlled airspace is white.Uncontrolled is brown (NACO).Class B - solid blue lines filled with light blue shadingClass C - Blue shading with a broken blue outlineLetter “C” or “D” in a box following airport

37、 nameMore AirspaceNO SVFR above airport nameProhibited and restricted areas:blue hatching around the edges of all special use airspace except MOAs.MOAs have brown hatched edgesMilitary Training Routes depictedInformation listed by shading, and in tabular form on chart panel.Special Use Airspace/Mili

38、tary Operations Area ListingLocated on inside of the appropriate chart, normally starting on Panel A. It includes an index and the definitions for all of the Special Use Airspace and Military Operations Areas within the chart area.L-28, Panel FRestricted Area R-4001AMilitary Operations AreaL-28, Pan

39、el EAirspace Symbols/BoundariesWhile VFR airspace boundaries are somewhat less meaningful in a practical sense to the IFR pilot, there are numerous IFR-specific symbols and boundaries depicted on the En route Low Altitude charts that are very important.We can see descriptions of many of those depicted on the En route Low Altitude Chart Boundaries LegendARTCC BoundaryARTCC FrequenciesADIZIn Addition To The Terminal Radar Found At Class B And C Airports, There Are 20 Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC, Or Just “Centers” For Short)A