非謂語動詞v-ed_form

1、Grammar The Past Participle 1. 過去分詞具有動詞的性質(zhì)，同時兼有形容詞或副詞的性質(zhì)，可以擁有自己的邏輯主語，在句中可以作表語、定語、狀語和補足語。Explanation2. v-ed表示動作已經(jīng)完成或被動意義eg: fallen leaves落葉(已落下的葉子)eg: I heard the door closed.我聽見門被關(guān)上了。3. 否定式：not + v-edeg: He escaped, not seen by anyone.過去分詞所充當?shù)某煞郑阂?、作表語 (predicative)1. 過去分詞作表語，表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態(tài)，其用法相當于ad

2、j.，放在系動詞后面。eg: The door remained locked till 7 oclock.eg: I am pleased with the result of the experiment.(許多v-ed形式已經(jīng)被當作adj.使用, 如: excited, disappointed, moved, puzzled,lost等)注意區(qū)別：2. v-ed作表語時，與系動詞一起構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu)與普通的被動語態(tài)在形式上相似。系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的v-ed表示：被動語態(tài)中的v-ed表示：主語所處的狀態(tài)一個被動的動作eg: The cup is broken. The cup was broken

3、 by Tom.系表結(jié)構(gòu)表狀態(tài)被動語態(tài)表動作注意比較：3. 過去分詞v-ed和v-ing作表語的區(qū)別：過去分詞v-ed:現(xiàn)在分詞v-ing:表主語(人)所處的心理狀態(tài)，個人的感受. “(人)感到.”表主語(物或人)所具有的特征. “(物或人)令人.”eg: surprised/ surprising; encouraged/ encouraging; moved/ moving.二、作定語 (attribute)1. 前置定語：單個的v-ed作定語，一般放在被修飾的n.之前；后置定語：v-ed短語作定語時，常被放在被修飾的n.之后，相當于一個定語從句。eg: an honored guest

4、一位受尊敬的客人eg: The injured bird lay on the ground.eg: The boy named Tom is my brother.eg: a letter written in blue ink注意:如果被修飾的詞是復(fù)合不定代詞或指示代詞those等時，即使是一個單一的分詞作定語也要放在被修飾的詞之后。eg: There was nobody invited here.2. v-ed作定語與定語從句的互換:(1) 若是vt.的過去分詞作定語表示已經(jīng)完成的動作，且含有被動意義，可改成v.用被動形式的定語從句。eg: The letter posted toda

5、y will reach you in a week. =The letter which was posted today will.(2) 若是vi.的過去分詞作定語只表示動作的完成，不表被動，可改成v.用完成時態(tài)的定語從句。eg: a retired teacher = a teacher who has retiredeg: the fallen leaves=the leaves which have fallen注意：分詞的完成式一般不作定語，若要表達完成意義常用定語從句。我們一般不說 The girl having won the race is my friend.而常說：Th

6、e girl who has won the race is my friend.3. v-ed形式與其他非謂語動詞作定語時區(qū)別：（1）doing作定語- 主動，動作正在進行（3）done作定語- 被動，動作已完成（2）being done作定語- 被動，動作正在進行（4）to do作定語- 將來要發(fā)生的動作（5）having done- 不能作定語，用定語從句代替注意比較：eg: a broken cup ; some singing birdsExercise:1. Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than s

7、tore prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buyingB2. With a lot of different problems _, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settledC3. Dont use words, expressions or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge. A. being kn

8、own B. having been known C. to be known D. knownD4. When I got back, I saw a message _ to the door_ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.” A. pin, read B. pinning, reading C. pinned, reading D. pinned, read C. pinned, reading5. Ex:書P13/1三、作賓補 (Object Complement)v-ed作賓補，表示被動意義或已完成意義，或兩者兼而有之。作賓語補足語的過去分

9、詞與賓語有邏輯上的被動關(guān)系。v-ed作賓補的幾大類型的v. :1. 在make, get, have, keep, leave等使役動詞后面作賓補：eg: Please keep us informed of the latest news. 請隨時把最新消息告訴我們。eg: When you speak, you have to make yourself understood.說話時要讓人聽得懂。注意：在have + n./ pron. + 過去分詞，即have sth. done這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，have通常有三種意義。eg: I usually have my clothes washed

10、on Sundays, but I dont wash my clothes myself.(1) 表示“讓某人做某事”，v-ed動作的執(zhí)行者通常不是句子的主語。eg: The museum had everything robbed of in the war.eg: I have had my bike repaired.(2) 表示“遭遇到某種不幸，受到打擊”，v-ed動作的執(zhí)行者不是句子的主語，而是主語受到這種動作的影響。eg: The old man had his leg broken in the accident.(3) 表示通常意義的“有”。eg: We had a lot

11、of books left in the classroom.2. 在see, hear, watch, notice, feel, find, think等感官動詞或表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞后面作賓補：eg: I saw the thief caught by the policeman.eg: We can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain drops. 3. 在would like, want, like, wish, order, expect, request等表示“希望，想要、要求”的v.后面作賓補：eg: The boss wouldn

12、t like the problem discussed at the moment.eg: We wished the problem settled at once.4. 在介詞with/ without + n./ pron. + v-ed結(jié)構(gòu)中。賓語賓補(賓語和賓補之間有被動關(guān)系)eg: The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.eg: They left without a plate untouched.他們走了，沒有一盤菜沒動過。注意： with/ without + n./ pron. + v-ed

13、這一結(jié)構(gòu)在整句話中是作狀語的，表原因，結(jié)果，方式或伴隨情況。注意比較：v-ed, v-ing和to do作賓補的不同：v. + 賓 + v-ed:v. + 賓 + v-ing:v. + 賓 + (to) do:表動作已完成，與賓語之間是被動關(guān)系。表動作正在進行或持續(xù)動作，與賓語之間是主動關(guān)系。表動作將要發(fā)生或表動作全過程，與賓語之間是主動關(guān)系。1. We found the trees _(plant) already.We found many people _ trees there.plantedplantingExercise:2. Mrs. White found her husba

14、nd _ by letters and papers and _ very worried. A. surrounding; looking B. surrounded; looked C. surrounding; looked D. surrounded; looking四、作狀語 (Adverbial)v-ed作狀語，它與主句的主語構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，表示被動的或已完成的動作。此時可以表示原因、時間、條件、讓步、伴隨情況等，相當于一個狀語從句。v-ed作狀語的幾大類型:(1) 作原因狀語，相當于as, since, because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句.eg: Deeply moved by th

15、e film, we all cried. =As we were deeply moved by the film, we all cried.(2) 作時間狀語，相當于when, while, before, after引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句.Asked how he broke into the room, he made no answer.=When he was asked how he broke into the room, he made no answer.(3) 作條件狀語，相當于if, unless, once引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句.eg: Given more time, w

16、e would do the work better.=eg: If we were given more time, we would do the work better(4) 作方式或伴隨狀語，可位于句首或句末，可擴充為并列句。eg: The actress came in, followed by her fans.=The actress came in, and was followed by her fans.(5) 作讓步狀語，有時可以與although, though, even if, even though等連用eg: Much tired, my parents sti

17、ll kept on working.=Although they were much tired, my parents still kept on working.eg: Though beaten by them, we were not discouraged.=eg: Though we were beaten by them, we were not discouraged.注意： 過去分詞作狀語，有時無被動意味，只表示狀態(tài), 或是固定搭配。1. _ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. A. Dr

18、essed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed解析：be dressed in sth. 穿著.，表狀態(tài)2. _ with a bill for $10,000, he has taken an extra job. A. Facing B. Having faced C. To face D. Faced解析：be faced with sth. 面對.，是固定搭配比較： v-ed, v-ing, to do作狀語的用法(1) v-ed作狀語表示:被動的或已完成的動作(2) v-ing作狀語表示:主動的和正在進行的動作，即動作由句子的主語發(fā)出，并和謂v.的動作同時發(fā)生(3) to do作狀語表示:主動的動作，常作“目的，原