電視廣播大學(xué)藝術(shù)學(xué)概論形成性考核冊(cè)參考答案(精編

1、電大藝術(shù)學(xué)概論復(fù)習(xí)參考（選擇填空綜合訓(xùn)練與參考答案）1作為一門(mén)獨(dú)立學(xué)科的藝術(shù)學(xué)誕生于。A17世紀(jì)末B18世紀(jì)末C19世紀(jì)末D.20世紀(jì)末2德國(guó)的首先將美學(xué)與藝術(shù)學(xué)區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)，被稱(chēng)為“藝術(shù)學(xué)之父”.A康拉德費(fèi)德勒B黑格爾C格羅賽D狄索瓦3.藝術(shù)活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生于人類(lèi)的時(shí)期。A原始社會(huì)B奴隸制前期C奴隸制后期D文明4清明上河圖是我國(guó)_朝的繪畫(huà)作品。A唐B宋C元D明5亞威農(nóng)少女、格爾尼卡是_繪畫(huà)的代表作品。A印象主義B達(dá)達(dá)主義C抽象主義D野獸派6蒙娜麗莎是意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期_的作品。A達(dá)芬奇B羅丹C丹納D但丁7埃斯庫(kù)羅斯的代表作普羅米修斯取材于_。A圣經(jīng)B希臘神話(huà)C原始壁畫(huà)D社會(huì)生活8登幽州臺(tái)歌是我國(guó)_代詩(shī)人

2、陳子昂的蘊(yùn)含深刻人生哲理的作品。A漢B晉C唐D宋9達(dá)利的油畫(huà)記憶的永恒和布努艾爾導(dǎo)演的電影一條安達(dá)魯狗等是_流派的代表作品。A表現(xiàn)主義B存在主義C超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義D荒誕派10人間喜劇是_的重要作品。A狄更斯B托爾斯泰C薩克雷D巴爾扎克11未來(lái)世界、超人是_國(guó)的影片。A美B英C法D中12在我國(guó)，提出“以美育代宗教”這一思想的是_。A王國(guó)維B蔡元培C魯迅D胡適13最早提出“寓教于樂(lè)”的美學(xué)家是_。A柏拉圖B亞里士多德C賀拉斯D普洛丁14亞里士多德最重要的美學(xué)著作是_。A詩(shī)學(xué)B.詩(shī)藝C詩(shī)品D論崇高15“三一律”是歐洲_戲劇的創(chuàng)作法則。A文藝復(fù)興B古典主義C.浪漫主義D現(xiàn)實(shí)主義16西斯廷圣母是著名畫(huà)家_代表

3、作之一。A達(dá)芬奇B拉斐爾C.米開(kāi)朗基羅D歐里庇德斯17畢加索是_著名畫(huà)家。A荷蘭B法國(guó)C德國(guó)D西班牙18徐渭是我國(guó)明代藝術(shù)成就最高的_之一。A小說(shuō)家B音樂(lè)家C畫(huà)家D雕塑家1917、18世紀(jì)，歐洲繪畫(huà)進(jìn)一步擺脫了宗教的束縛，肖像畫(huà)、風(fēng)景畫(huà)、風(fēng)俗畫(huà)、靜物畫(huà)、動(dòng)物畫(huà)都獲得了極大的發(fā)展，涌現(xiàn)出一批杰出的畫(huà)家，其中_的戰(zhàn)艦歸航是當(dāng)時(shí)的代表作之一。A魯本斯B倫勃朗C透納D夏爾丹20法國(guó)浪漫主義繪畫(huà)的代表作品梅杜薩之筏是_的作品oA.籍里柯B庫(kù)爾貝C米勒D雷諾阿21莫奈的作品日出印象、草垛等是法國(guó)_的代表作品oA后印象主義B新古典主義C浪漫主義D印象主義22法國(guó)后印象主義的代表作品塔希提的婦女的作者是_。A

4、.塞尚B高更C德拉克洛瓦D米勒23俄國(guó)“巡回畫(huà)派”中最著名的作品有近衛(wèi)軍臨刑的早晨、女貴族莫洛佐娃，其作者是_。A列賓B蘇里柯夫C委拉斯貴支D喬托24向日葵是后期印象派畫(huà)家_的靜物油畫(huà)。A米勒B莫奈C凡高D高更25大衛(wèi)像是意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期_的重要作品。A.達(dá)芬奇B拉斐爾C.羅丹D米開(kāi)朗基羅26_世紀(jì)下半葉出現(xiàn)了羅丹的名作思想者、巴爾扎克像等。A19B18C。17D1627我國(guó)著名的青銅器雕塑作品人面鼎產(chǎn)生于_時(shí)期。A殷商B戰(zhàn)國(guó)C。東漢D西漢28我國(guó)著名的雕塑作品青銅器物架產(chǎn)生于_時(shí)期。A殷商B戰(zhàn)國(guó)C.東漢D西漢29秦始皇陵的兵馬俑塑造于約_年。A公元前200B公元前100C公元200D公元1

5、0030我國(guó)的彩塑到盛唐達(dá)到了頂峰，此時(shí)的代表作品是_。A云崗石窟像B麥積山石窟像C山西晉祠像D敦煌塑像31書(shū)法藝術(shù)產(chǎn)生于_。A日本B朝鮮C中國(guó)D古羅馬32蘇、黃、米、蔡“四大家”是我國(guó)_代的著名書(shū)法家。A漢B晉C唐D宋33祭侄文稿的作者是_。A王羲之B顏真卿C柳公權(quán)D張旭34離騷的作者是_.A孔子B屈原C司馬遷D蔡文姬35老人與海的作者是_。A海明威B杰克倫敦C馬克吐溫D司湯達(dá)36悲愴交響曲是_的代表作之一.A貝多芬B巴赫C柴可夫斯基D肖邦37何占豪、陳鋼創(chuàng)作的梁山伯與祝英臺(tái)是一首。A.小提琴獨(dú)奏曲B二胡獨(dú)奏曲C小提琴協(xié)奏曲D交響曲38提出“外師造化，中得心源”創(chuàng)作理論的唐代著名畫(huà)家是。A吳

6、道子B張擇端C周防D張?jiān)?9二泉映月是華彥鈞創(chuàng)作的一首獨(dú)奏曲。A京胡B板胡C二胡D古箏40明代戲曲家湯顯祖的代表作之一是。A牡丹亭B三國(guó)演義C水滸D竇娥冤41國(guó)著名小說(shuō)家福樓拜創(chuàng)作了名著包法利夫人。A德B法C英D。美42我國(guó)現(xiàn)代小說(shuō)家創(chuàng)作了阿Q正傳、狂人日記、祝福等一系列反映五四前后社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的優(yōu)秀作品。A老舍B茅盾C巴金D魯迅43我國(guó)著名作家楊沫的青春之歌是一部。A長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)B中篇小說(shuō)C短篇小說(shuō)D抒情詩(shī)44木蘭詩(shī)是我國(guó)北朝時(shí)期的一首。A五言絕句B散文C抒情詩(shī)D敘事詩(shī)45古希臘著名劇作家索?？死账沟亩淼灼炙雇跏且徊?。A，喜劇B命運(yùn)悲劇C性格悲劇D社會(huì)悲劇46喜劇欽差大臣的作者是。A雨果B莫里哀C博

7、馬舍D果戈理47西廂記是我國(guó)元代作家_創(chuàng)作的。A關(guān)漢卿B湯顯祖C王實(shí)甫D蒲松齡48電影藝術(shù)誕生于_。A1921年B1895年C1905年D1915年49農(nóng)夫的鞋的作者是_。A凡高B高更C塞尚D羅丹50小說(shuō)紅樓夢(mèng)的作者是-。A羅貫中B曹雪芹C施耐庵D吳承恩51小說(shuō)小二黑結(jié)婚是_以真人真事為素材寫(xiě)出的作品。A趙樹(shù)理B馬峰巳西戎D浩然52玩偶之家是19世紀(jì)著名戲劇藝術(shù)家_的作品。A易卜生B曹禺C老舍D莎士比亞53._是西方高度技術(shù)派建筑的杰作之一。A巴黎圣母院B圣彼得教堂C巴黎蓬皮杜藝術(shù)中心D朗香教堂54列寧稱(chēng)贊的熱情奏鳴曲作者貝多芬是_的音樂(lè)家。A.英國(guó)B德國(guó)C匈牙利D法國(guó)55岳陽(yáng)樓記是我國(guó)北宋文

8、學(xué)家_的散文名篇。A歐陽(yáng)修B柳宗元C韓愈D范仲淹56泰坦尼克號(hào)是_的影片。A美國(guó)B英國(guó)C法國(guó)D加拿大57創(chuàng)作著名鋼琴曲一分鐘圓舞曲的肖邦是_的音樂(lè)家。A奧地利B德國(guó)C匈牙利D波蘭58意大利佛羅倫薩美蒂奇教堂內(nèi)的四件大理石雕刻晨、暮、晝、夜是_的作品。A米開(kāi)朗基羅B羅丹C米隆D烏桐59岡察洛夫在長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)_中塑造了懶惰成性、不可救藥的“多余人”的典型形象。A誰(shuí)之罪B奧勃洛摩夫C靜靜的頓河D罪與罰60_在小說(shuō)阿Q正傳中塑造了代表中國(guó)國(guó)民劣根性的典型人物阿Q形象。A魯迅B.茅盾C葉圣陶D老舍61荷花水鳥(niǎo)圖是清初著名畫(huà)家_(別號(hào)“八大山人”)的代表作之一。A鄭板橋B朱耷C任伯年D吳昌碩62_在文心雕龍里

9、把文學(xué)風(fēng)格分為典雅、遠(yuǎn)奧、精約、顯附、繁縟、壯麗、新奇、輕靡等八種。A鐘嶸B曹丕C劉勰D許慎63我國(guó)京劇史上的“四大名旦”是_、程硯秋、荀慧生、尚小云。A白玉霜B梅葆玖C張君秋D梅蘭芳64藝術(shù)接受的主體是藝術(shù)作品的_。A傳播主體B傳播媒介C藝術(shù)信息D傳播受眾65藝術(shù)傳播的對(duì)象是_。A藝術(shù)信息B藝術(shù)展覽會(huì)C書(shū)店D藝術(shù)經(jīng)紀(jì)人66審美的客體是_.A鑒賞者B藝術(shù)家C.藝術(shù)作品D觀眾67童年、在人間、我的大學(xué)三部小說(shuō)的作者是_。A莫泊桑B高爾基C托爾斯泰D雨果68福樓拜是_著名作家。A英國(guó)B俄國(guó)C美國(guó)D.法國(guó)69中國(guó)魏晉時(shí)期的_哲學(xué)流派對(duì)這個(gè)時(shí)期的詩(shī)歌、書(shū)法等作品創(chuàng)作中深層的意蘊(yùn)具有重要影響.A禪學(xué)B玄

10、學(xué)C儒學(xué)D實(shí)用主義70徐冰的生命潭是一幅_作品。A油畫(huà)B攝影C.水彩畫(huà)D版畫(huà)71農(nóng)民暴動(dòng)(農(nóng)民戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng))是德國(guó)藝術(shù)家柯勒惠支的_作品.A銅版畫(huà)B油畫(huà)C水粉畫(huà)D水彩畫(huà)72“在真正有才能的作家的筆下，每個(gè)人物都是典型；對(duì)于瀆者，每個(gè)典型都是一個(gè)熟悉的陌生人”是文藝?yán)碚摷襙的著名淪斷。A別林斯墓B恩格斯C歌德1)魯迅73大理石雕像沉思是_的作品。A錢(qián)紹武B羅丹C羅中立D.米隆74琵琶行是我國(guó)唐朝著名詩(shī)人_的作品。A李白B白居易c杜甫D李商隱75在水中塑造了一位西雙版納的傣族婦女的優(yōu)美形象的著名舞蹈藝術(shù)家是_。A馬蘭B陳愛(ài)蓮C楊麗萍D刀美蘭76莎士比亞的“四大悲劇”是指哈姆雷特、奧賽羅、李爾王和 。A麥克

11、白B欽差大臣C費(fèi)加羅的婚禮D溫莎的風(fēng)流娘兒們77._的游魂是一幅具有象征意義的作品。A畢加索B莫奈C高更D凡高78典論論文是_的著名藝術(shù)批評(píng)理論著作。A鐘嶸B曹丕C孔子D司空?qǐng)D79清明上河圖是我國(guó)_朝的繪畫(huà)作品。A唐B宋C元D明80格爾尼卡是_的代表作品。A畢加索B高更C塞尚D莫奈81貝多芬的歡樂(lè)頌是他的_交響曲中的一段大合唱。A第三B第五C第六D第九82.二泉映月是華彥鈞(阿炳)演奏的一首_獨(dú)奏曲。A.京胡B板胡C二胡D.箏83阿細(xì)跳月是我國(guó)_族的民間舞蹈。A彝B傣C苗D白84等待戈多、禿頭歌女是_戲劇的代表作品。A表現(xiàn)主義B存在主義C象征主義D荒誕派85影片戰(zhàn)艦波將金號(hào)是20世紀(jì)20年代_

12、重要作品。A意大利B法國(guó)C美國(guó)D蘇聯(lián)86一江春水向東流是_導(dǎo)演的影片。A謝添B謝晉C謝鐵驪D蔡楚生87老人與海是美國(guó)著名作家_20世紀(jì)50年代的重要作品。A海明威B?？思{C杰克倫敦D海勒188在我國(guó)，提出“以美育代宗教”這一思想的是_。A.王國(guó)維B蔡元培C魯迅D胡適89灰姑娘是德國(guó)著名童話(huà)作家_的作品。A安徒生B夏爾貝洛C金斯萊D格林兄弟90把藝術(shù)作品的風(fēng)格劃分為“典雅”、“遠(yuǎn)奧”、“精約”、“顯附”、“繁縟”、“壯麗”、“新奇”、“輕靡”八種類(lèi)型的文藝?yán)碚摷沂莀。A.陸機(jī)B鐘嶸C劉勰D謝赫91最早明確提出“寓教于樂(lè)”的美學(xué)家是_。A柏拉圖B亞里士多德C賀拉斯D普洛丁92亞里士多德最重要的美學(xué)

13、著作是_。A詩(shī)學(xué)B詩(shī)藝C詩(shī)品D論崇高19319世紀(jì)西方最有影響的、以莫奈為代表人物的畫(huà)派是_。A.巡回展覽流派B印象派C野獸派D抽象派94聊齋志異是我國(guó)_朝的小說(shuō)作品.A清B宋C元D明95朗香教堂是建于_的現(xiàn)代建筑之一。A英國(guó)B荷蘭C德國(guó)D法國(guó)96最后的晚餐是意大利畫(huà)家的_作品。A拉斐爾B達(dá)芬奇C魯本斯D喬爾喬涅97._的游春圖是我國(guó)早期山水畫(huà)的代表。A董源B王維C展子虔D范寬98祭侄文稿是我國(guó)唐代著名書(shū)法家_的行書(shū)作品，被人譽(yù)為“天下第二行書(shū)”。A顏真卿B柳公權(quán)C黃庭堅(jiān)D王羲之99雀之靈是我國(guó)白族舞蹈家楊麗萍創(chuàng)作的_。A獨(dú)舞B雙人舞C三人舞D群舞100話(huà)劇玩偶之家是_創(chuàng)作的。A易卜生B曹禺C

14、莎士比亞D老舍101獅身人面像是_的雕塑作品。A泰國(guó)B法國(guó)C南非D埃及102祝福是我國(guó)現(xiàn)代小說(shuō)家_的代表作之一。A茅盾B巴金C蕭紅D魯迅103小二黑結(jié)婚是我國(guó)文學(xué)史上_的代表作之一。A新月派B山藥蛋派C鴛鴦蝴蝶派D創(chuàng)造社104我國(guó)當(dāng)代畫(huà)家_的父親畫(huà)出了我國(guó)農(nóng)村千萬(wàn)個(gè)父親的典型形象。A齊白石B李可染C范曾D羅中立105清初畫(huà)家_的荷花水鳥(niǎo)圖創(chuàng)造出了物我合一、悲涼慘淡的意境.A石濤B朱耷C鄭板橋D任伯年11106._在中國(guó)古代文論詩(shī)品二十四則中把藝術(shù)風(fēng)格概括為24種類(lèi)型。A曹丕B劉勰C鐘嶸D司空?qǐng)D107揚(yáng)州八怪之一的_早年畫(huà)竹、中年畫(huà)馬，且繪畫(huà)風(fēng)格因生活境況的變遷與人生體驗(yàn)的變化而幾度發(fā)生較大改變

15、。A金農(nóng)B黃慎C鄭板橋D朱耷108黃河大合唱的詞作者是_。A冼星海B田漢C光未然D聶耳-參考答案1.C 2A 3A 4.B 5C 6A 7.B 8C 9C 10D 11A 12B 13C 14A 15B 16B 17D 18C 19C 20A 21D 22B 23B 24C 25D 26.A27A 28B 29A 30D 31C 32D 33.B 34B 35A 36C 37C 38D 39C 40A 41B 42D 43A 44D 45B 46D 47C 48B49A 50B 51A 52A 53C 54B 55D 56A 57D 58A 59B 60A 61B 62C 63D 64.D 6

16、5A 66C 67B 68D 69B 70D 71A72A 73B 74B 75D 76A 77C 78B79B 80A 81D 82C 83A 84D 85D 86D 87A88B 89D 90C 91C 92A 93B 94A 95D 96B 97C 98A 99A 100A 101D 102D 103B 104D 105B 106D 107A 108.C economic belt請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！2016年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from

17、 nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell

18、body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a s

19、hower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the effector cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed betw

20、een nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. This process is termed chemical neurotransmission and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. Acetylcholine acts as

21、a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a seq

22、uence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in aro

23、und 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structur

24、e of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells

25、; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings abou

26、t a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react

27、 specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the complex of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in sk

28、eletal muscle is known as nicotinic; in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are muscarinic; and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita mu

29、scaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle

30、 and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-boundvesicles. Afte

31、r the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into thesynaptic cleft. For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate

32、areceptorprotein. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions in

33、to and out of the neuron, directly resulting indepolarizationof the neuron. Muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. For a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine

34、 must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. This will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. Low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme

35、 hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. If acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. If this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchi

36、al constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. Although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some peo

37、ple with Alzheimers disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action painting and the New York school. It was the first important school in Am

38、erican painting to declare its independence from European styles and to influence the development of art abroad. Arshile Gorky first gave impetus to the movement. His paintings, derived at first from the art of Picasso, Mir, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. Jackson Pollocks turbule

39、nt yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. Willem de Koonings first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His intensely complicated abstract pai

40、ntings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. Painters such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original

41、stylesthe former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. Other important artists involved with the movement included Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell, and Mark Rothko; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as Clyfford Still, Theodoros Stamos, Adolph Go

42、ttlieb, Helen Frankenthaler, Lee Krasner, and Esteban Vicente. Abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversity within its largely, though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. For example, the expressive violence and activity in paintings by de Kooning or Pollock mark

43、ed the opposite end of the pole from the simple, quiescent images of Mark Rothko. Basic to most abstract expressionist painting were the attention paid to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts

44、of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting; the glorification of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. The movement

45、had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. Its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the American art scene. Science and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything fr

46、om studying the stars and the planets to studying molecules and viruses. Beginning with the Greeks and Hipparchus, continuing through Ptolemy, Copernicus and Galileo, and today with our work on the International Space Station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. From here, we loo

47、k inward to biochemistry and biology. To truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen bystudying the chemistry of biological processes. This science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work from how we turn food into energy to how nerve im

48、pulses transmit. Chemistry is a science that explains how salt, something on every table in the world, can be made from sodium and chlorine, two elements that are poisonous to humans. From its beginnings, when Aristotle defined the existence of the atom, to modern chemistry, which combines atomic th

49、eory and organic chemistry, this field continues to advance our lives. In technology, youll find many of the things that make life easier today. This includes medical advances like MRI machines, fuel-efficient transportation, portable computing devices, and flat screen televisions. Advances in the f

50、ield of technology continue to amaze and astound. Modern computing technology is able to communicate wirelessly to the Internet and to other devices advances that have freed computers from desks and made technology and information available to more and more people. Enrico Carusos ascendancy coincide

51、d with the dawn of the twentieth century, when the world of opera was moving away from the contrivedbel canto(“beautiful singing”) style, with its emphasis on artifice and vibrato, to averismo(“realism”) approach. The warmth and sincerity of his voiceand personalityshone in this more natural style a

52、nd set the standard for contemporary greats like Luciano Pavarotti, Placido Domingo, and JosCarreras. Through his exploitation of the nascent phonograph industry, Caruso is also largely responsible for the sweeping interest in opera of the 1910s and20s. And for this, Stanley Jackson wrote in his bookCaruso,he may never be rivaled, for later tenors could not hope to find themselves in a similarly fortuitous position and thus would most certainly“find it more difficult to win such universal affection as t