2015年6月六級考試答案解析（一）

1、2015 年 6 月大學(xué)英語六級考試真題(一)答案與詳解Part I Writing結(jié)構(gòu)框圖：The Importance of Practice “Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it” is a proverb vividly showing therelationship between knowledge and practice. Apparently, this saying delivers the message that ifwe want to truly acquire the knowledge,

2、we ought not to stop practicing what weve learned. As for us college students, practice is of great importance. There are two reasons for thisstatement. To begin with, it is by practice that we can apply the knowledge we have obtained fromour textbooks to solving practical problems. By doing so, we

3、can get more experience. Whatsmore, knowledge has become so growingly complicated that if we dont ponder over it again andagain，we cannot genuinely grasp the essence of it. Oral English learning is a good case in point.Even if one is extremely familiar with the grammar of the language, he will never

4、 be a fluentspeaker if he doesnt open his mouth to speak. To sum up, practice is of great importance for those who are determined to truly graspknowledge. Practice not only assists us in getting more social experience, but also enables us tocapture the essence of knowledge.話題詞匯：reward 回報，獎賞 consiste

5、nt 持續(xù)不變的genius 天才 hardship 艱苦refinement 改進，改善 Practice makes perfect熟能生巧。Part Listening ComprehensionSection A1. W Can you come to the concert with me thisweekend? Or do you have to prepare forexams?M: I still have a lot to do, but maybe a breakwould do me good.Q: What will the man probably do?c)【精析

6、】行動計劃題。女士問男士周末是否可以陪著她去聽音樂會，男士說他的確是有很多事情要做，但或許休息一下對自己有好處。因此，男士很有可能會放下手頭的事情，陪女士去音樂會。2. W: What does the paper say about the horri bleincident that happened this morning onFlight 870 to Hong Kong?M: It ended with the arrest of the three hijackers. They had forced the plane to fly to Japan,butall the pa

7、ssengers and crew members landed safely.O: What do we learn from the conversation?D)【精析】推理判斷題。女士問男士報紙上是怎樣報道飛往香港的 870 次航班上的可怕事件的，男士說一共抓捕了三個劫機犯，他們試圖迫使飛機飛往 E 本，不過所有的乘客和機組人員都安全著陸。由此可知，乘客沒有受到傷害。3. M: Hello. This is the most fascinating article Ive ever come across. I think you shouldspare some time to re

8、ad it.W: Oh, really? I thought that anything about th election would be tedious.Q: What are the speakers talking about?A)【精析】綜合理解題。對話中男士對女士說他看到了一篇精彩的文章，女士也應(yīng)該讀一讀，而女士則說她本以為所有關(guān)于選舉的報道都是十分無趣的。由此可知，對話圍繞一篇報道選舉的文章展開。4. Im not going to trust the restaurant critic from that magazine again. The food here doesn

9、ttaste anything like what we had in Chinatown.M: It definitely wasnt worth the wait.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?A)【精析】語義理解題。對話中女士說她再也不會相信那本雜志里的餐館評論員了，這家餐館的食物根本比不上他們在唐人街吃到的食物。男士對此表示贊同，并說根本就不值得排隊等候。由此可見，這家餐館沒有達到講話者的期望。c)選項的干擾性較大，但是對話中并沒有直接指出評論員高度評價這家中餐館，因此排除。5. W. Do you know whats wrong

10、 with Mark? Hesbeen acting very strangely lately.M： Come on. With his mother hospitalized rightafter hes taken on a new job, hes just got a lot on his mind.Q: What do we learn from the conversation about Mark?C)【精析】綜合理解題。對話中女士問男士知不知道 Mark 怎么了，他這陣子表現(xiàn)得怪怪的：男士回答說 Mark 剛開始一份新工作，而這時候他的媽媽住院了，他腦子里的事兒很多。由此可知

11、，Mark 近期需要做的事情太多了。6. W: There were only 20 students at last nightsmeeting, so nothing could be voted on.M. Thats too bad. Theyll have to turn up in greater numbers if they want a voice o campusissues.Q: What does the man mean?D)【精析】弦外之音題。對話中女士說昨天的會議儀有 20 名學(xué)生到場，因此什么事情也解決不了。男士表示這太糟糕了，想要在校園問題上產(chǎn)生影響，需要更多

12、的學(xué)生參與。由此可知，如果學(xué)生想要讓自己的聲音被人們聽到，需要更多人的共同參與和努力。7. M. I try to watch TV as little as possible, but its so hard.W: I didnt watch TV at all before I retired, but now I can hardly tear myself away from it.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?B)【精析】綜合理解題。對話中男士說他想要少看電視，但感覺很難做到，而女士說她退休之前根本不看電視，但現(xiàn)在卻離不開電視了。

13、由此可知，對話中的兩個人都很喜歡看電視。8. W：Im having a problem registering for theclasses I want.M： Thats too bad, but Im pretty sure youll be able to work everything out before this semester starts.Q. What does the man mean?D)【精析】語義理解題。對話中女士對男士說她無法注冊自己喜歡的課程，但男士卻安慰女士說他相信女士一定可以在新學(xué)期開始之前把一切搞定。由此可知，男士認為女士可以完成注冊，參加自己喜歡的課程

14、。Conversation OneW: Jack, sit down and listen. This is important. (9)Well have to tackle the problems of the exporting step by step. And the first move is to get an up-to-date picture of where we standnow.M: Why dont we just concentrate on expanding here at home?W: Of course, we should hold on to ou

15、r position here. But you must admit the market here islimited.M: Yes, but its safe. (10)The government keeps out foreigners with import controls. So Imust admit I feel sure (9)we could hold our own against foreign bikes,W: I agree. (9)Thats why I am suggesting exporting. Because I feel we canpete wi

16、th the bestof them.M: What you are really saying is that wed make more profit by selling bikes abroad, wherewe have,a cost advantage and can charge high prices.W: Exactly.M: But, wait a minute. (11)Packaging, shipping, finaetc. will push up our cost and we couldend up no better off, maybe worse off.

17、W. OK. Now there are extra costs involved. But if we do it right, they can be built into theprice of the bike and we can still be competitive.M. How sure are you about our chances of success in the foreign market?W. Well, thats the sticky one. (12)Its going to need a lot of research. Im hoping to ge

18、t yourhelp. Well, come on, Jack. Is it worth it, or not?M: There will be a lot of problems.W. Nothing we cant handle.M. Um. Im not that hopeful. But, yes, (12)1 think we should go ahead with the feasibilitystudy.W: Marvelous, Jack. I was hoping you be on my side.答案詳解9what does the woman intend to do

19、?C. 對話中提到“國外的自行車”，在對話中間部分女士 c)【精析】推理判斷題。對話開始部分女士提到想與 f 又提到“這就是我建議出口的原因”。綜上可知，女男士一起來逐步解決出口中遇到的問題，之后男 士想出口自行車。10. Why does the man think its safe to focus on the home market?B)【精析】目的原因題。本題問男士為什么認為聚焦國內(nèi)市場是安全的，對話中男士明確表示政府通過控制進口將外國人擋在國門之外，也就是說政府控制自行車進口。11. What is the mans concern about selling bikes abro

20、ad?A)【精析】細節(jié)推斷題。對話中女士認為出口自行車可以獲取更多的利潤，因為他們不僅具有成本優(yōu)勢，而且可以把自行車賣高價，而男士卻擔(dān)心包裝、運輸?shù)葧岣叱杀?，影響利潤?12. What dothe speakers agree to do?c)【精析】細節(jié)推斷題。對話結(jié)尾部分，女士說要想確定是否可以在國外市場成功，需要大量的調(diào)查，而男士也同意他們可以先進行可行性調(diào)查，因此，兩人都同意先進行可行性調(diào)查。Conversation Twow: What does the term alternative energy source mean?M: (13)When we think of ene

21、rgy or fuel for our homes and cars, we think of petroleum, afossil fuel processedfrom oil removed from the ground, of which there is a limited supply. Butalternative fuels can be many things. Wind, sun and water can all be used to create fuel.W: Is the threat of running out of petroleum real?M: It h

22、as taken thousands of years to create the natural stores of petroleum we have availableat a much faster rate than it is being produced over time. The real controversy surrounding theamount of petroleum we have is how much we need to keep in reserve for future use.(14)Most experts agree that by aroun

23、d 2025, the amount of petroleum we use will reach apeak. Then production and availability will begin to seriously decline. This is not to say therewill be no petroleum at this point. But itll become very difficult and therefore expcasive toextract.W: Is that the most reason to develdp alternative fu

24、el and energy sources?M: There are two-vy clear reasons to do so. (15)One is that whether we have 60 or 600 yearsof fossil fuels left, we have to find other fuel sources eventually. So the sooner we start, thebetter off we will be. The other big argument is that when long time, which leads to somelo

25、ng-term negative efects, like global warming and the greenhouse effect.13. What do we usually refer to whenwe talk about energy according to the man?C)【精析】事實細節(jié)題。對話中男士說一提到能量或燃料，人們通常會想到汽油，這是一種從地下石油中提取的能源。14. What do most experts agree on according to the man?D)【精析】細節(jié)辨認題。對話中男士說大多數(shù)專家都同意，到 2025 年左右石油使用量將

26、達到頂點，此后產(chǎn)量和可用量將開始大幅下降。15. What does the man hink we should do now?B)【精析】細節(jié)推斷題。對話末尾部分，男士說不論是 60 年，還是 600 年，早晚需要其他能源。因此，越早開始行動，對人類越好。也就是說男士認為現(xiàn)在我們應(yīng)該開始開發(fā)替代燃料。Section BPassage One Karen Smith is a buyer for a department store in New York: Department store buyerspurchase the goods that their stores sell. (

27、16)They not only have to know what is fashionableat the moment, but also have to guess what will become fashionable next season or next year.Most buyers work for just one department in a store.But the goods that Karen finds may be displayed and sold in several different sections of thestore. (17)Her

28、 job involves buying handicrafts from all over the world. Last year, she made atrip to Morocco and returned with rugs, pots, dishes and pans. The year before, she visitedMexico and bought back hand-made table cloths, mirrors with frames of tin and paper flowers.The paper flowers are bright and color

29、ful, so they were used to decorate the whole store. Thisyear Karen is travelling in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. Many of the countries thatKaren visits have government offices that promote handicrafts. The officials are glad tocooperate with her by showing her the products that are available. K

30、aren especially likes tovisit markets in small towns and villages whenever she can arrange for it. She is alwayslooking for interesting and unusual items. (18)Karen thinks she has the best job she couldhave found. She loves all the travelling that she has to do because she often visits markets andsm

31、all out-of-the-way places. She sees much more of the country she visits than an ordinarytourist would. As soon as she gets back to New York from one trip, Karen begins to plananother.答案詳解16. What is said to make a good department store buyer?A)【精析】細節(jié)辨認題。短文開頭提到，Karen Smith 是一位百貨公司的采購員，作為優(yōu)秀的采購人員，不僅要了解

32、當時的時尚，還要能夠預(yù)測將來的時尚趨勢。17. What does Karens job involve?D)【精析】細節(jié)辨認題。短文中提到，Karen Smith 的工作是到世界各地去購買手工藝品。18. Why does Karen think she has got the best job? B)【精析】目的原因題。短文中明確提到 Karen 覺得她已經(jīng)找到了最好的工作，因為她喜歡去世界各地出差，她可以借出差的機會去市場和那些人們不常去的小地方。Passage Two (19)Mark felt that it was time for him to take part in his

33、community, so he went to theneighborhood meeting after work. (20)The areas city councilwoman was leading a discussionabout how the quality of life was on the decline. The neighborhood faced many problems.Mark looked at the charts: taped to the walls.There were charts for parking problems, crime, and

34、 for problems in vacant buildings. Markread from the charts, police patrols cut back, illegal parking up 20%. People were supposed tosuggest solutions to the councilwoman. It was too much for Mark. (21)The problems are toobig, he thought. He turned to the man next to him and said, I think this is a

35、waste of my time.Nothing I could do would make a difference here. As he neared the bus stop on his wayhome, Mark saw a woman carrying a grocery bag and a baby. As Mark got closer, her otherchild, a little boy, suddenly darted into the street. The woman tried to reach for him, but asshe moved, her ba

36、g shifted and the groceries started to fall out. Mark ran to take the boys armand led him back to his mother. You gotta stay with morn, he said. Then he picked up thestreet groceries while the woman smiled in relief. Thanks! She said. Youve got greattiming! Just being neighborly, Mark said.As he rod

37、e home, he glanced at the poster near his seat in the bus. (22)Small acts of kindnessadd up. Mark smiled and thought, Maybe that s a good place to start.，答案詳解19What did Mark think he should start doing?人來說 24 小時不睡覺應(yīng)該會讓人不舒服，一般來講，每個人都需要保證 8 小時睡眠。盡管人們的 B)【精析】事實細節(jié)題。短文開頭提到，對于大多數(shù)睡眠時間和需求會有差異，但人們總是需要睡覺的，因為睡

38、眠是人們基本的需求。由此可知，人們想當然地認為每個人都需要睡覺才能生存。20. What was being discussed when Mark arrived at the neighborhood meeting?A)【精析】事實細節(jié)題。對于一般人來說，睡眠是基本的生存需要，但 Al Herpin 卻與眾不同，因為他從來不睡覺。醫(yī)生在研究了他的情況后，認為這的確是個例外。21. What did Mark think of the communitysproblems?D)【精析】細節(jié)辨認題。短文提到一些醫(yī)生對 AHerpin 不用睡覺的現(xiàn)象感到吃驚，但他們找不出原因。AI Herpi

39、n 說出了一個唯一可能的原因：母親在生他之前曾經(jīng)受過創(chuàng)傷。22. Why did Mark smile on his ride home?c)【精析】推理判斷題。短文提到一些醫(yī)生對 A Herpin 不用睡覺的現(xiàn)象感到吃驚，但他們找不出原因。Al Herpin 說出了一個唯一可能的原因：母親在生他之前曾經(jīng)受過創(chuàng)傷。Passage Three And a stressing childhood can lead to heart disease, what about current stressors-longerwork hours, threats of layoffs, collapsi

40、ng pension funds? A study last year in The Lancetexamined more than 11000 heart- attack sufferers from 52 countries. It found that in the yearbefore their heart attacks, patients had been under significantly more strains than some 13000healthy control subjects. Those strains came from work, family,

41、financial troubles, depressionand other causes. Each of these factors individually was associated with increased risk, saysDr. Salim Yusuf, professor of medicine at Canadas McMaster University and seniorinvestigator on the study Together, they accounted for 30% of overall heart-attack risk.But peopl

42、e respond differently to high-pressure work situations. Whether it produces heartproblems seems to depend on whether you have a sense of control over life, or live at themercy of circumstances and superiors. (24)That was the experience of John OConnell, aRockford , Ill., laboratory manager, who suff

43、ered his first heart attack in 1996, at the age of56. In the two years before, his mother and two of his children had suffered serious illnesses,and his job had been changed in the reorganization. My life seemed completely out ofcontrol, he says. I had no idea where I would end up. He ended up in ho

44、spital due to ablock in his artery. Two months later, he had a triple bypass surgery. (25)A second heartattack when he was 58 left his doctor shaking his head. Theres nothing more we can do foryou, doctors told him.23. What does the passage mainly discuss?B)【精析】推理判斷題。短文開篇即提到了 stress 和 heart disease，

45、接下來，短文提到有研究表明，大多數(shù)心臟病患者的發(fā)病都與壓力相關(guān)。在短文后半部分，以 John0Connell 的個人經(jīng)歷說明，他所經(jīng)受的壓力對他的心臟產(chǎn)生了嚴重的影響。24. What do we learn about John OConnells family?A)【精析】推理判斷題。短文中提到，John 0Connell 在 1996 年首次心臟病發(fā)作，此前兩年內(nèi)，他的媽媽和兩個孩子都患上了嚴重的疾病，他所工作的單位也經(jīng)歷了重組。因此，可以說在他發(fā)病前，他的家庭經(jīng)歷了一系列的不幸事件。25. What did John OConnells doctors tell him whenhe

46、had a second heart attack?C)【精析】事實細節(jié)題。短文最后指出，當 John0Connell 第二次病發(fā)時，醫(yī)生們都搖頭表示他們已經(jīng)無能為力了。Part Reading ComprehensionSection A【文章來源】本文選自 2014 年 1 月 18 日刊登在 The Economist(經(jīng)濟學(xué)人)上的一篇標題為“Coming to anOffice Near You”(近在咫尺的威脅)的文章。【結(jié)構(gòu)框圖】創(chuàng)新是發(fā)展進步的靈丹妙藥，經(jīng)常導(dǎo)致人們失業(yè)。工業(yè)革命時期，機械織布機使手工紡織工人被掃地出門。在過去的三十年里，數(shù)碼革命讓很多中級技能工種消失了，而正是

47、這些工作支撐了 20 世紀中產(chǎn)階級的生活。打字員、票務(wù)代理、銀行柜員還有很多生產(chǎn)線上的崗位都被摒棄了，就像紡織工人被摒棄了一樣。對于那些相信技術(shù)進步使世界更美好的人們，這種混亂是新興利益的正常組成部分。雖然創(chuàng)新使一些工作消失，但也創(chuàng)造出新的及更好的工作，因為一個更高產(chǎn)的社會變得更加富裕，更加富裕的居民將會要求得到更多的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。一百年前，三分之一的美國工人受雇于農(nóng)場工作?，F(xiàn)在不到 2的美國工人卻能生產(chǎn)出更多的糧食。這并沒有導(dǎo)致從土地上解脫出來的數(shù)以百萬計的人們失業(yè)，他們隨著經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的愈加復(fù)雜化找到了薪水更高的工作。今天，秘書職位的數(shù)量減少了，但出現(xiàn)了更多的計算機程序員和網(wǎng)站設(shè)計師。樂觀仍然是

48、正確的起點，但對工人來講，技術(shù)的混亂效應(yīng)可能比它的節(jié)奏明顯更快。即使出現(xiàn)了新工作和極好的產(chǎn)品，短時期內(nèi)收入差距還會加大，這將會造成巨大的社會混亂，甚至可能造成政治變革。技術(shù)的影響力就像一陣旋風(fēng)，先吹過富國，最終也會掠過較為貧窮的國家。沒有一個政府為之作好了準備。36【考點】動詞辨析題。N)【語法判斷】空格位于系動詞 were 之后，副詞 aside 之前，據(jù)此推斷應(yīng)填入動詞的過去分詞，且該動詞應(yīng)可與 aside 構(gòu)成固定搭配，所填入的詞與 were 一起構(gòu)成句子的謂語。【語義判斷】根據(jù)首句可知，創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)致很多人失業(yè)。本句意思為“機械織布機使手工紡織工人失業(yè)”，故答案為 swept“掃除，清除”，

49、sweep aside 為固定搭配，意思為“把移到一邊”。37【考點】動詞辨析題。B)【語法判斷】空格位于 has 之后，名詞詞組 many ofthe midskill jobs 之前，故應(yīng)填入動詞過去分詞，構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時?！菊Z義判斷】根據(jù)句意，在過去的三十年里，數(shù)碼革命使很多中級技能工種_。下一句講到，就像紡織工人被摒棄了一樣，打字員、票務(wù)代理、銀行柜員和很多生產(chǎn)線上的崗位都被摒棄了。由此推斷，空格處應(yīng)填入一個詞表示中級技能工種消失。由此可知答案為 displaced“取消”。38【考點】名詞辨析題。A)【語法判斷】空格位于形容詞 risin9 之后，應(yīng)填入名詞?！菊Z義判斷】第二段闡述了創(chuàng)

50、新能創(chuàng)造新的工作崗位，這可以被看作是一種由創(chuàng)新帶來的利益，故答案為benefits“利益；福利”。39【考點】形容詞辨析題。H)【語法判斷】空格位于 a more 和 society 之間，故應(yīng)填入形容詞構(gòu)成形容詞比較級結(jié)構(gòu)?！菊Z義判斷】根據(jù)句意，因為一個_更社會變得更加富裕，更加富裕的居民將會要求得到更多的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。接下來作者舉例指出，現(xiàn)在不到 2的美國工人卻生產(chǎn)出更多糧食，由此推斷這是一個“高產(chǎn)的”社會，故答案為 productive“多產(chǎn)的”。40【考點】動詞辨析題。C)【語法判斷】空格位于系動詞 was 之后，介詞短語 on a farm 之前，應(yīng)填入及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。

51、【語義判斷】根據(jù)句意，三分之一的美國工人被_在農(nóng)場里干活。選項提供的五個動詞中，只剩下 employed“雇用”，shrunk“萎縮”和withdrawn“退出；取消”還沒有選，結(jié)合上下文語境可知答案為 employed“雇用”。41【考點】形容詞辨析題。F)【語法判斷】空格位于動詞 rendered 之后，本題實際上是對 render 用法的考查。render 后面加形容詞，有“使怎么樣”的含義?！菊Z義判斷】前半句指出，這并沒有導(dǎo)致從土地上解脫出來的數(shù)以百萬計的人們_，后半旬接著指出這些人找到了薪水更高的工作。由此可知，這些人沒有失業(yè)，故答案為 jobless“失業(yè)的”。42【考點】動詞辨析

52、題。M)【語法判斷】空格位于助動詞 has 之后，據(jù)此判斷應(yīng)填入動詞過去分詞，構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時?！菊Z義判斷】根據(jù)句意，秘書職位的數(shù)量_了，但出現(xiàn)了更多其他職位。由轉(zhuǎn)折詞 but 可知，前后兩個分句是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，其他職位增多，與之相反的是秘書職位的減少。由此可知答案為 shrunk “萎縮”，“萎縮”這一概念可以表示數(shù)量的減少。43【考點】名詞辨析題。K)【語法判斷】該空格位于形容詞性物主代詞 its 之后，應(yīng)填入名詞?！菊Z義判斷】根據(jù)句意，對工人來講，技術(shù)的混亂效應(yīng)比技術(shù)的節(jié)奏明顯要快，由此可知答案為rhythm“節(jié)奏”。44【考點】名詞辨析題。E)【語法判斷】該空格位于名詞所有格之后，謂語動詞之

53、前，因此應(yīng)填入名詞作句子主語?！菊Z義判斷】根據(jù)句意，此處是指技術(shù)的影響力就像一陣旋風(fēng)。由此可知答案為 impact“影響力”。45【考點】副詞辨析題。D)【語法判斷】該空格位于轉(zhuǎn)折連詞 but 之后，現(xiàn)在分詞sweepin9 之前，應(yīng)填入副詞。【語義判斷】根據(jù)句意，此處是指技術(shù)的影響力就像一陣旋風(fēng)，先吹過富國，最終也會掠過較為貧窮的國家，填入的副詞應(yīng)顯示出時間發(fā)展的先后順序。由此可知答案為 eventually“最后”。Section B【文章來源】本文選自 Intelligent L 咖(智慧生活)雜志，2014 年 56 月刊，標題為“Why the Mona Lisa Stands Ou

54、t”(為什么(蒙娜麗莎能脫穎而出)。【結(jié)構(gòu)框圖】參考譯文為什么蒙娜麗莎能脫穎而出A) 你是否曾癡迷于某部小說，卻驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書沒有被列為名著?或者你是否曾在被譽為經(jīng)典的雕塑旁徘徊不定，努力想看出它有什么名堂?如果是這樣的話，你可能已經(jīng)在仔細考慮心理學(xué)家詹姆斯卡廷曾問過自己的問題：一件藝術(shù)作品是如何被認為偉大的?B) 出于直覺的答案是一些藝術(shù)作品確實偉大：就其本身而言是質(zhì)量上乘的。隨著時間的推移，那些能夠占據(jù)畫廊的主要展區(qū)，能夠在學(xué)校被教授，并在各種書籍中重現(xiàn)再版的繪畫已經(jīng)證明了它們的藝術(shù)價值。如果你看不到它們的獨到之處，那就是你自己的問題了。這樣解釋令人不安，也很高明。(47)但是，一些社會

55、科學(xué)家對該解釋提出了一些令人尷尬的問題，他們提出了這種可能性經(jīng)典的藝術(shù)作品比僵化的歷史事件強不了多少。C) 康奈爾大學(xué)的卡廷教授想知道被稱為“單純曝光效應(yīng)”的心理機制在判斷哪些作品是文化瑰寶方面是否發(fā)揮了作用。卡廷設(shè)計了一個實驗來檢驗他的直覺。在講課的過程中，他定期地給本科生看一些印象派的作品，每次看兩秒鐘。有些繪畫是收錄于藝術(shù)史書籍的經(jīng)典之作，有些作品卻沒有這么出名，但質(zhì)量可與那些經(jīng)典之作媲美。第二類作品向?qū)W生展示的次數(shù)是第一類作品的四倍。(49)結(jié)果，這些學(xué)生更喜歡第二類作品，而對照組的學(xué)生則最喜歡經(jīng)典之作?？ㄍ⒌膶W(xué)生之所以變得喜歡第二類作品僅僅是因為他們看到這些作品的次數(shù)更多。D) 卡廷

56、認為他的實驗為經(jīng)典作品是如何產(chǎn)生的提供了線索。他指出，當今翻印最多的印象派作品大多在 19 世紀末被五六名富裕并有影響力的收藏家購買。這些人的喜好使某些作品享有盛譽，從而使這些作品更有可能掛在畫廊里并作為收藏品被印刷。這種名氣流傳數(shù)年后，隨著曝光率越來越高，名氣勢不可擋。人們看這些作品看得越多，就越喜歡這些作品，這些作品就會更多地出現(xiàn)在書籍、海報和大型展覽上。同時，學(xué)者和評論家為這些作品的卓越創(chuàng)造了精準正當?shù)睦碛?。畢竟，不僅普通群眾傾向于對那些曝光率高的作品評價更高。正如當代藝術(shù)家沃霍爾和達明赫斯特所理解的那樣，(51)評論家的贊譽和宣傳息息相關(guān)?？ㄍ⒎Q：“從單純的曝光效果來看，學(xué)者和民眾的作

57、用是一樣的?！盓) (46)卡廷描述的過程啟發(fā)社會學(xué)家鄧肯沃茨提出了一個原則，即“累積優(yōu)勢”：一旦某件事流行起來，這件事往往會變得更受歡迎?，F(xiàn)在受聘于微軟公司的沃茨研究社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)的動力。幾年前，他在巴黎的另外一家博物館中也有過與卡廷類似的經(jīng)歷。他排隊觀看陳列在盧浮宮博物館里控制溫度的防彈箱中的蒙娜麗莎后，總是感到很困惑：(46)似乎沒有人注意到達芬奇還有另外三幅畫陳列在上一個展廳，人們?yōu)槭裁凑J為蒙娜麗莎比那三幅畫好呢?F) (53)沃茨研究了“有史以來最偉大的油畫”的歷史后發(fā)現(xiàn)，蒙娜麗莎在大部分時期都相對來說沒有名氣。在 19 世紀 50 年代，人們認為達芬奇趕不上文藝復(fù)興時期提香和拉斐爾這樣的

58、藝術(shù)巨匠，他們作品的價值幾乎是蒙娜麗莎的十倍。直到 20 世紀，達芬奇所畫的贊助人的妻子的畫像才飆升至首要位置。造成這一現(xiàn)象的并不是學(xué)者的重新評估，而是一次盜竊。G) 1911 年，盧浮宮的一個維護人員把蒙娜麗莎藏在工作服下面離開了博物館。巴黎人得知這幅畫失竊之后感到非常震驚，而在此之前，他們很少關(guān)注這幅畫。博物館重新開放時，人們排隊去看蒙娜麗莎曾經(jīng)懸掛的地方，而這幅畫從沒得到過這種禮遇。從那時起，蒙娜麗莎本身就代表了西方文化。H)盡管許多人作過嘗試，這幅畫能擁有如此殊榮似乎并不完全是因為其繪畫技巧精湛。有人說畫中人物的眼睛會跟著觀賞人在房間里走。但正如該作品的傳記作者唐納德薩松冷冷地指出：“

59、在現(xiàn)實生活中，任何一幅肖像畫都會產(chǎn)生這樣的效果?！编嚳衔执奶岢?，蒙娜麗莎僅是一般規(guī)則的一個極端例子。(48)繪畫、詩詞和流行歌曲會因一些產(chǎn)生影響的隨機事件或人們的偏好載沉載浮，世代傳承。I) 布萊恩伊諾曾經(jīng)寫道：“說文物有價值，就像是在說電話能交談?！?55)幾乎我們所欣賞的所有文物都打著前人的觀點烙印；在一定程度上，我們的喜好都是別人的喜好。去觀賞蒙娜麗莎的游客知道他們將要欣賞到最偉大的藝術(shù)作品，離開時要么為之傾倒，要么失望。觀看哈姆雷特演出的觀眾知道它被奉為天才的作品，他們大部分也會這么認為。沃茨甚至把莎士比亞的卓越也稱為“偶然的歷史事件”。J) (54)雖然 20 世紀 60 年代就沒有

60、嚴格的等級區(qū)分了，人們?nèi)匀粫梦幕瘉硐笳魃矸荨８鐐惐葋喆髮W(xué)心理學(xué)家夏姆斯汗認為，如今流行的折中主義“我愛巴赫、阿巴樂隊以及 Jay Z(美國最佳說唱歌手，譯者注)是中產(chǎn)階級用來區(qū)分自己不同于那些他們認為品位單一的社會等級在他們之下的人的一種新手段。K) (50)藝術(shù)作品的內(nèi)在價值似乎正在變成最不重要的一個屬性。但或許其重要性要高于社會科學(xué)家所認為的。首先，某個作品需要有一定的質(zhì)量才能脫穎而出。蒙娜麗莎也許并不能世界頂級作品，但它是盧浮宮首屈一指的珍品，而這并不是偶然。其次，有些作品就是比其他作品更好。讀過莎士比亞同時代作家的最偉大的著作之后，再閱讀哈姆雷特，孰高孰低顯而易見，無可爭辯。L)英國