漢英語(yǔ)言對(duì)比八心理課件

1、漢英語(yǔ)言對(duì)比心理對(duì)比 漢英對(duì)比的三個(gè)層次：a. 語(yǔ)音及語(yǔ)法表層上的對(duì)比b. 語(yǔ)言表現(xiàn)法的對(duì)比c. 語(yǔ)言心理的對(duì)比其中語(yǔ)音及語(yǔ)法表層上的對(duì)比是當(dāng)今需對(duì)漢英對(duì)比語(yǔ)法著作的所研究的角度。語(yǔ)言表現(xiàn)法則是把注意力放在英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的轉(zhuǎn)換的角度上。語(yǔ)言心理上的對(duì)比涉及到了哲學(xué)的范疇，是一種加深層次的探討，從文化背景與心理上進(jìn)行原因的探討。第一節(jié) 理性與悟性中國(guó)人“悟性教育”的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是儒家、道家、佛教孔子：“舉一隅不以三隅反，則不復(fù)也?！鼻f子：“言外之意”禪宗：“頓悟”悟性的表現(xiàn)1、中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的繪畫(huà)中的“留白”“潑墨寫(xiě)意”2、歇后語(yǔ)中的前段與后段 阿斗的江山白送阿斗式的人物沒(méi)能耐阿二吹笙濫竽充數(shù)阿二當(dāng)郎中沒(méi)人

2、敢請(qǐng)阿二滿街串吊兒郎當(dāng)阿哥吃面瞎抓阿婆留胡子反常阿慶嫂倒茶滴水不漏；點(diǎn)滴不漏挨鞭子不挨棍子吃軟不吃硬挨打的狗去咬雞拿別人出氣 挨打的烏龜縮脖子啦挨刀的鴨子亂竄挨了巴掌賠不是奴顏媚骨挨了棒的狗氣急敗壞挨了打的鴨子亂竄挨了刀的肥豬不怕開(kāi)水燙挨了刀的皮球癟了挨了霜的狗尾巴草蔫了挨著火爐吃海椒（辣椒里外發(fā)燒矮梯子上高房搭不上言（檐）3、表達(dá)方式上以間接方式為主，比如 死 逝世、壽終、犧牲、駕鶴西游、百年、仙去、咽氣、翹辮子、蹬腿、見(jiàn)閻王、上西天。4、送禮的時(shí)候強(qiáng)調(diào)吉利。特別注意一些諧音的情況 送傘、送鐘、四、八、六、英語(yǔ)的哲學(xué)背景是亞里士多德的形式邏輯學(xué)。強(qiáng)調(diào)科學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn)，注重形式的論證。比如在漢英譯的

3、過(guò)程中，詩(shī)歌 送友人 李白Farewell to a Friend Li Bai青山橫北郭，白水繞東城。With verdant mountain against the northern city wall aright,In the west, the city is girdled by river white.此地一為別，孤蓬萬(wàn)里征。After this time we part here, You alone go, from me no longer near.浮云游子意，落日故人情。You wander like a sailing cloud, And the sunset e

4、vokes my sadness as if to cry loud.揮手自茲去，蕭蕭班馬鳴。As you wave a hand and vanishes your face,My heart is broken for still hearing your horses sad voice!第二節(jié) 主體意識(shí)與客體意識(shí)主體意識(shí)是指以“人”為出發(fā)點(diǎn)?？腕w意識(shí)是保持物我之間的距離這兩種意識(shí)的差異性，表現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)言上1、以人稱為主的語(yǔ)言與物稱為主的語(yǔ)言。2、以主動(dòng)句為主的語(yǔ)言與以被動(dòng)句為主的語(yǔ)言/ec/C333/Course/Index.htmAll rights reserved oceanlim,

5、 JGSU.Foreign Language School, JGSU Questions: How are such Chinese sentences said in English?/ec/C333/Course/Index.htmAll rights reserved oceanlim, JGSU.Foreign Language School, JGSU 我花了一年的時(shí)間才學(xué)會(huì)在五分鐘內(nèi)畫(huà)好一匹馬。 It takes me a year to learn to draw a horse in five minutes. 我從來(lái)沒(méi)有想過(guò)她居然是個(gè)騙子。 It never occurre

6、d to me that shes a liarEnglish Impersonal Tendency C: (人)怎么了？ Focus: MAN E: What happened（to you）? Focus: WHAT English focuses on the existence as it is. Chinese tend to look everything with men perspective/ec/C333/Course/Index.htmAll rights reserved oceanlim, JGSU.Foreign Language School, JGSU Eng

7、lish Expressed in Impersonal wayFormal written language often goes with an impersonal style, i.e., one in which the speaker doesnt refer directly to himself or his readers, but avoids the pronouns I, you, we. Some of the common features of impersonal language are passives, sentences beginning with i

8、ntroductory it, and abstract nouns.正式的書(shū)面語(yǔ)經(jīng)常是伴隨著非人稱文體的。通常物稱文體中，作者不會(huì)直接提及自己或向讀者說(shuō)話，避免使用我、你、我們等代詞。物稱語(yǔ)言的共同點(diǎn)是具有被動(dòng)意味，句子經(jīng)常以先行詞it 和抽象名詞開(kāi)頭REGULAR ENGLISH COLLOCATIONS IMPERSONAL SUBJECTANIMATE VERBOTHER PARTSMy luckbrings youto me.The year 2008sees an eventful China.The resultsays that he is injured.The thick

9、carpetkilled the sound of my footsteps/ec/C333/Course/Index.htmAll rights reserved oceanlim, JGSU.Foreign Language School, JGSU /ec/C333/Course/Index.htmAll rights reserved oceanlim, JGSU.Foreign Language School, JGSU TYPES OF INPERSONAL SUBJECTSNouns that has no concrete are called abstract nouns.

10、Or we can say they are what we can experience beyond the sense of sight, touch, hearing, taste or smell. For example: sight (眼光），love(愛(ài)）, truth( 真理），development( 發(fā)展），economy( 經(jīng)濟(jì)） ABSTRACT NOUNS Animate verbs( 有靈動(dòng)詞）are those used for description of the acts, activities and states of human or social g

11、roups, such as see find bring give escape surround kill deprived Seize tell experience Witness undergo invite know show ANIMATE VERBS /ec/C333/Course/Index.htmAll rights reserved oceanlim, JGSU.Foreign Language School, JGSU Foreground of central ideas （中心信息突出，最重要的部分可以放在句首） Facilitation of simple str

12、ucture （使句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單） Freedom in selection of subjects （根據(jù)需要靈活選擇主語(yǔ)） Benefit in end weight and emphasis （有利于尾重原則和強(qiáng)調(diào)） ADVANTAGES OF IMPERSONAL SUBJECT 人要是太驕傲了，就不太容易進(jìn)步。 A man who is too arrogant will be difficult to make progress. Too much arrogance keeps one from progress. 他疼得緩不過(guò)勁來(lái). He was so ached that he

13、 was almost exhausted. His pain almost exhausted him. FOREGROUND OF CENTRAL IDEAS FACILIATION OF SIMPLER STRUCUTRE /ec/C333/Course/Index.htmAll rights reserved oceanlim, JGSU.Foreign Language School, JGSU 一看見(jiàn)那個(gè)孤兒，我總想起他的父母。 Every time I see the orphan I think of his parents. The sight of the orphan a

14、lways reminds me of his parents. 人要是太驕傲了，就不太容易進(jìn)步。 A man who is too arrogant will be difficulty to make progress.Too much arrogance keeps one from progress. 民族地區(qū)(1) 的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)(2) 不斷發(fā)展(3)。 民族地區(qū)(1) The minority national regions have experienced constant social and economic developments. 民族地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)(2) The soc

15、iety and economy of minority national regions have undergone constant development. 經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)不斷發(fā)展(3) Constant social and economic developments have been taking place in minority national regions. FREEDOM IN SELECTION OF SUBJECTS /ec/C333/Course/Index.htmAll rights reserved oceanlim, JGSU.Foreign Language

16、School, JGSU It is a great honor for me to have this opportunity to attend the party. 我很榮幸有機(jī)會(huì)參加這個(gè)聚會(huì)。 The fact brings us great courage that our enemy who had claimed to defeat us in three months could not move one step forward. 敵人吹噓可以在三個(gè)月打敗我們，如今卻沒(méi)能前進(jìn)一步，這一事實(shí)給了我們巨大的勇氣。 BENEFIT IN END WEIGHT BENEFIT IN

17、END WEIGHT AND EMPHASIS /ec/C333/Course/Index.htmAll rights reserved oceanlim, JGSU.Foreign Language School, JGSU /ec/C333/Course/Index.htmAll rights reserved oceanlim, JGSU.Foreign Language School, JGSU 我們（1）昨天（2）在學(xué)校（3）碰巧（4）遇到了王教授 （5） 。 We met professor Wang by chance in the school yesterday. It is

18、 we that met professor Wang by chance in the school yesterday. It is yesterday that we met professor Wang by chance in the school. It is in the school that we met professor Wang by chance yesterday. It is by chance that we met professor Wang in the school yesterday. It is professor Wang that we met

19、by chance in the school yesterday啟示：在漢譯英時(shí)，要盡量避免太多從主體出發(fā)的詞語(yǔ)，如：我，你，他，你們等。要盡量選擇抽象的名詞、it 、there等開(kāi)頭。 例如：1、我們必須每天做一些運(yùn)動(dòng) Its necessary for us to have some exercise every day. 2、他取得了完全的勝利。 His triumph was complete.在英譯漢時(shí)，遇到英語(yǔ)中以物為主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作句要進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)化，從指人的詞為開(kāi)頭。例如：Astonishment, apprehension, and even horror oppressed h

20、er她感到心情抑郁，甚至驚恐不安。An idea suddenly struck me.我突然想到了一個(gè)主意。Not a sound reached our ears.我們什么也沒(méi)聽(tīng)到Alarm began to take entire possession of him.他開(kāi)始變得驚恐萬(wàn)狀。The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.我走在厚厚的地毯上，一點(diǎn)腳步聲也沒(méi)有。主動(dòng)與被動(dòng) Questions How to express the ideas idiomatically in English? 1、我想要的只是愛(ài)別人，別人也愛(ài)我

21、 What I want is to love and to be loved? 2、在單位，他教的手下，在家里，老婆教育他 In the office he gives lesson to his man,while at home he is given to by his wife. 英語(yǔ)常用被動(dòng)句的原因：一、行事從上下文中不言自明或未知而難以言明或需強(qiáng)調(diào)受事或不便指明。Unnecessary: During Bills visit to his uncles family, he was given a birthday party. 比爾去叔叔家玩的時(shí)候，叔叔一家給他開(kāi)了個(gè)生日舞會(huì)。

22、Agent: bills uncles family, unnecessary to tell. Unimportant He was shown over the Changjiang Bridge. 有人帶他參觀了長(zhǎng)江大橋。Unsuitable: Something must be done. 得想想辦法二、為了使句子前后連貫或保持平衡。 1、Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin strings, called “fibres” and these

23、fibres can be made into cloth. 有幾種塑料可以壓入機(jī)器并分離成細(xì)長(zhǎng)的纖維，這種纖維可用來(lái)織布。 2、I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job. 他準(zhǔn)備給我一份工作，這使我大吃一驚。三、出于修辭考慮，避免句型單調(diào)。四、文體的需要 比較正式的文體，比如法律文件等比較喜歡用被動(dòng)式，強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀性。 如果合同不能履行，則雙方均不得向?qū)Ψ剿髻r In case if the contract be failed, neither party shall claim compensation over the oth

24、er.漢語(yǔ)中較少的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的原因1、漢語(yǔ)傳統(tǒng)上認(rèn)為被字結(jié)構(gòu)屬于不幸的結(jié)構(gòu)，如果可以選主動(dòng)也可選被動(dòng)，主動(dòng)占大多數(shù)。 被+動(dòng)詞 例如：讓、給、叫、挨、遭、受、蒙等。2、漢語(yǔ)中也有意義的被動(dòng)句 受事+動(dòng)詞 The dinner is cooked well 飯做得很好3、漢語(yǔ)中有大量的無(wú)主句或主語(yǔ)省略句 兩天后，達(dá)成了一項(xiàng)協(xié)議 An agreement was arrived at two days later. 不能這么嘲笑史密斯先生 Mr. Smith cannot be laughed at like that.4、漢語(yǔ)中的泛指主語(yǔ)多。 The fact is well known that

25、 dog will never be a cat 眾所周知，狗是永遠(yuǎn)成不了貓的。 It must be admitted that nothing is of ultimate correctness 大家必須承認(rèn)沒(méi)有什么是絕對(duì)正確的。5、漢語(yǔ)中有一些其他的形式來(lái)表達(dá)被動(dòng)的含義 1）把字句 你把她嚇哭了。 She was scared by you. 2）為、所、的結(jié)構(gòu) We are deeply moved by her love to her country. 我們深深為其愛(ài)國(guó)熱情所感動(dòng)。 3）加以、/予以、/遭到、 The town was visited by a storm. 小鎮(zhèn)遭

26、到風(fēng)暴的襲擊。 4）、的是、 這些產(chǎn)品是我國(guó)制造的 Those products are made in China.第三節(jié) 整體思維與個(gè)體思維1、用詞語(yǔ)為事物命名的整體觀照.金星、木星、水星、火星、土星、天王星、海王星、冥王星Venus, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto2. 整體性重復(fù)的句子安排 鎮(zhèn)子坐落在一個(gè)峽谷里，東面是山，西面是山，南面是山，北面也是山。The small town lies in a valley surrounded with mountains. 這年頭什么都要送禮，生要送禮，老要送禮，

27、病要送禮，死要送禮。Nowadays youll have to send presents on almost every occasionPresents for childbirth, on the birthday of the aged, to show your care when somebody is ill or some help to make arrangement for somebodys funeral. 我建議我們分頭干：我來(lái)做菜，做飯，洗碗；你去取車(chē)，洗車(chē)，擦車(chē)；或者你來(lái)做菜，做飯，洗碗；我去取車(chē)，洗車(chē)，擦車(chē)。I suggest we divide up ou

28、r job: one of us does the cooking and wash-up and the other to fetch the bike, wash and grease it.第四節(jié) 英語(yǔ)愛(ài)用靜態(tài)詞，漢語(yǔ)常用動(dòng)態(tài)詞 英語(yǔ)喜歡使用靜態(tài)詞匯，而漢語(yǔ)則多使用動(dòng)態(tài)詞匯，英譯漢時(shí)常常把原文中表示動(dòng)作意義的靜態(tài)敘述轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)態(tài)敘述。 表示人或事物的動(dòng)作、行為、發(fā)展、變化的詞叫做動(dòng)詞(verb)。英漢對(duì)動(dòng)詞的概括意義是一樣的。動(dòng)詞是最復(fù)雜的一種詞類，也是最活躍的一種詞類。英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞又比漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞復(fù)雜。本節(jié)重點(diǎn)放在分析英漢動(dòng)詞的主要差別。(一) 現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)以動(dòng)詞占優(yōu)勢(shì)，也就是說(shuō)，在現(xiàn)代漢

29、語(yǔ)中，一個(gè)句子不限于只用一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，可以連續(xù)使用幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞，即所謂“動(dòng)詞連用”。動(dòng)詞連用是現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)句法顯著特征之一。英語(yǔ)每個(gè)句子中只能使用一個(gè)定式動(dòng)詞(finite verb)，唯一例外型式是并列句動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)。所以漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞翻成英語(yǔ)時(shí)，有時(shí)只需要用一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，其他動(dòng)詞被轉(zhuǎn)換成英語(yǔ)的名詞、介詞、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或其他詞類。 我忘了帶鑰匙。I forgot my key我倒了一杯茶給他喝。I offered him a cup of tea他拿著槍，繞著屋子巡走。He walked around the house with a gun他跳起來(lái)，連忙跑到浴室的鏡子前，拿掉了毛巾，細(xì)看他面頰上的傷口。He jump

30、ed up and hastened to the mirror in the bathroom，taking away the towel to examine the cut upon his cheek.大量的動(dòng)詞涌現(xiàn)在漢語(yǔ)句中，會(huì)不會(huì)引起動(dòng)詞臃腫和混亂呢? 答案是不會(huì)。因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有曲折的形態(tài)變化，形態(tài)十分穩(wěn)定，使用時(shí)不受形態(tài)上的限制，比較方便。此外，每個(gè)動(dòng)詞都代表著一個(gè)動(dòng)作。在一個(gè)具體情況下，都有動(dòng)作發(fā)生的所在時(shí)間，因此幾個(gè)動(dòng)作的發(fā)生，必定有先有后，或同時(shí)。 試看藥中的一段。 華大媽在枕頭底掏了半天，掏出一包洋錢(qián)，交給老栓，老栓接了抖抖的裝入衣袋，又在外面按了兩下，便點(diǎn)上燈籠，吹熄

31、燈盞，走向屋里去了。The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.醫(yī)生迅速到達(dá)，并非常仔細(xì)地檢查了病人，因此病人很快就康復(fù)了。醫(yī)生的迅速到達(dá)和非常仔細(xì)的檢查使他很快就恢復(fù)了健康。靜態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài)He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他能吃又能睡。The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspecto

32、r than human beings.計(jì)算機(jī)比人檢查得更細(xì)心、更勤快。A用介詞來(lái)充當(dāng) 他迫使對(duì)方處于守勢(shì)。 He drove his opponent into a defensive position. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)他在伏案工作。 I found him at his desk 他們組織工人加入了工會(huì)。 They have organized the workers into trade unions.B由形容詞來(lái)充當(dāng) 他證明自己值得信賴。 He proved himself worthy of confidence 我們必須使教室保持整潔。 We must keep the classroom clean and tidy 什么事使你這樣激動(dòng)? What