西方語(yǔ)言學(xué)流派漫談ThewesternlinguisticschoolsofBeijingInstituteofTechnology教學(xué)講義課件

1、西方語(yǔ)言學(xué)流派漫談Schools of Linguistics: some random thoughts北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)中國(guó)外語(yǔ)教育研究中心 劉潤(rùn)清第1頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。為何要講流派問(wèn)題？ 我主張，進(jìn)入一個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域時(shí)， 第一要宏觀，第二要對(duì)思想（ideas) 感興趣。宏觀：做研究，別一下扎到一個(gè)小領(lǐng)域、小題目里去，那樣會(huì)見(jiàn)木不見(jiàn)林。了解宏觀背景，讓你不失迷方向。對(duì)思想、哲學(xué)理念感興趣，比只對(duì)純技術(shù)性的東西感興趣，更有意義。技術(shù)是手段，提高認(rèn)識(shí)是追求。第2頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。1. 區(qū)分流派與分支 1.1 流派多指思潮, 有代表人物, 代表著作, 主要觀點(diǎn), 研究方法, 盛行時(shí)代,有其影 響, 往往有歷史視

2、角。（它未必對(duì)領(lǐng)域中的諸多問(wèn)題都有論述。）Schools refer to trends of thought, with their representative figures, works, unique ideas, methods and influence on later development; a diachronic perspective.第3頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。區(qū)分流派與分支 1.2 分支多指領(lǐng)域, 研究范圍, 也有經(jīng)典著作, 有影響的人物, 多用共時(shí)觀點(diǎn)?？赡芏鄠€(gè)流派都對(duì)它有過(guò)貢獻(xiàn)。 (Branches refer to areas of study, with their

3、 classics, and influential figures; often a synchronic perspective.)第4頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。第5頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。Distinction between Schools and Branches第6頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。1. 區(qū)分流派與分支1.2 語(yǔ)言學(xué)的分支: Branches:從內(nèi)部分:語(yǔ)音學(xué), 音系(位)學(xué), 詞匯學(xué), 形態(tài) 學(xué), 句法學(xué), 語(yǔ)義學(xué), 語(yǔ)用學(xué)(?) Distinction from within: phonetics, phonology, lexicology, morphology, syntax, semantic,

4、 pragmatics (?)第7頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。1. 區(qū)分流派與分支從外部分: 心理語(yǔ)言學(xué), 社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué), 計(jì)算語(yǔ) 言學(xué), 神經(jīng)語(yǔ)言學(xué), 文化語(yǔ)言學(xué), 人類語(yǔ)言 學(xué)，語(yǔ)料庫(kù)語(yǔ)言學(xué)等。 Distinction from without: psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, computation linguistics, neurolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, cultural linguistics, corpus linguistics, etc.第8頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。1. 區(qū)分流派與分支大分類: 理論語(yǔ)

5、言學(xué), 應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué) Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics.第9頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。1. 區(qū)分流派與分支1.3 語(yǔ)言學(xué)流派: 傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法 (600BC18世紀(jì))traditional grammar; 歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué)(19世紀(jì)100年) historical linguistics; 現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)開(kāi)端(索緖爾, 20世紀(jì)初) the beginning of modern linguistics; 第10頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。1. 區(qū)分流派與分支 歐洲功能主義(20世紀(jì)20-50)European functionalism倫敦學(xué)派(194050)The Lo

6、ndon School; 系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法(1960現(xiàn)在) Hallidays Systemic-functional grammar第11頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。1. 區(qū)分流派與分支 美國(guó)結(jié)構(gòu)主義語(yǔ)言學(xué)(193050) American structuralism 美國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)換生成語(yǔ)法(1957現(xiàn)) Chomskys Generative Grammar 認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué) （today） Cognitive linguistics第12頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。2. 宏觀區(qū)分流派 A More Macro Distinction 2.1 形式派 注重分析語(yǔ)言的形式, 結(jié)構(gòu), 成分和成分的分布, 對(duì)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行形式描寫(xiě)和描寫(xiě)的形式化

7、, 考慮語(yǔ)言的心理性.The formal school: emphasize the formal, structural aspects of L, and distribution of elements; formalize the description of L; a psychological perspective.第13頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。2. 宏觀區(qū)分流派 A More Macro Distinction2.2 功能派 注重分析語(yǔ)言的功能, 分析不同層次上的成分的語(yǔ)義功能, 認(rèn)為功能決定形式, 考慮語(yǔ)言的社會(huì)性. The functional school: emphasize

8、the functional nature of L; analyze the semantic function of elements on all levels; function determines form; a sociolinguistic perspective.第14頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。2. 宏觀區(qū)分流派 A More Macro Distinction2.3 兩派的區(qū)別形式主義者認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言是心理現(xiàn)象;功能主義者說(shuō)語(yǔ)言是社會(huì)現(xiàn)象. The formal camp say language is a psychological fact; the functional camp sa

9、y language is a social fact.第15頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。2. 宏觀區(qū)分流派 A More Macro Distinction2. 形式主義者說(shuō)語(yǔ)言普遍現(xiàn)象是人類生理遺傳;功能主義者說(shuō)是來(lái)自社會(huì)對(duì)語(yǔ)言的普遍運(yùn)用. The formal camp say linguistic universals are mens biological inheritance; the functional camp say language similarities come from the common use of language.第16頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。2. 宏觀區(qū)分流派 A More

10、 Macro Distinction3.形式主義者 說(shuō)兒童習(xí)得語(yǔ)言是人類的內(nèi)在能力;功能主義者說(shuō)這是兒童交際的需要和能力的發(fā)展. The formal camp say that children are born with the ability to acquire language; the functional camp say that language learning comes from childrens needs and development.第17頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。2. 宏觀區(qū)分流派 A More Macro Distinction4.形式主義者把語(yǔ)言當(dāng)成獨(dú)立系統(tǒng)研究；功

11、能主義者把語(yǔ)言放在社會(huì)功能中研究。The formalists regard language as an independent system; the formalists study language in the social context by referring to its social function.第18頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。2.宏觀區(qū)分流派2.4 韓禮德: 20世紀(jì)下半葉的基本對(duì)立陣營(yíng)不是結(jié)構(gòu)主義與生成語(yǔ)法。最根本的兩大陣營(yíng)是：以組合關(guān)系為取向的形式派（形式語(yǔ)法， 源于邏輯和哲學(xué)），和以聚合關(guān)系為取向的功能派（功能語(yǔ)法， 源于修辭和人種學(xué)）。形式派把語(yǔ)言看成一系列的結(jié)構(gòu)， 這

12、些結(jié)構(gòu)之間可以找出固定的關(guān)系（所以才有轉(zhuǎn)換一說(shuō)）；他們強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)言的普遍性，把語(yǔ)法（他們稱之為句法）看成是語(yǔ)言的基礎(chǔ)（所以語(yǔ)法是任意的），因此語(yǔ)法圍繞著句子而展開(kāi)。第19頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。2.宏觀區(qū)分流派Halliday: The basic opposition is not that between structural and generative grammars . The more fundamental opposition is between those that are primarily symtagmatic in orientation (by and large the f

13、ormal grammars, with their roots in logic and philosophy)第20頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。2.宏觀區(qū)分流派and those that are primarily paradigmatic (by and large the functional ones, with their roots in rhetoric and ethnography). The former interpret a language a list of structures, among which, regular relationships may be estab

14、lished 第21頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。2.宏觀區(qū)分流派(hence the introduction of transformation); they tend to emphasize universal features of language, to take grammar (which they call syntax) as the foundation of language (hence the grammar is arbitrary), and so to be organized around the sentence.第22頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。2.宏觀區(qū)分流派功能派把語(yǔ)言看成是一

15、個(gè)關(guān)系網(wǎng)，其基本關(guān)系借助于結(jié)構(gòu)加以實(shí)現(xiàn)；他們強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)言之間的不同點(diǎn)，把語(yǔ)義看做語(yǔ)言的基礎(chǔ)（所以語(yǔ)法是自然的），因此語(yǔ)法是圍繞著文本或語(yǔ)篇而展開(kāi)的。兩個(gè)陣營(yíng)之間有許多交叉，也有互相借鑒， 但從思潮上講二者是很不同的，兩大陣營(yíng)開(kāi)展對(duì)話也很困難。第23頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。2.宏觀區(qū)分流派The functionalists interpret language as a network of relations, with structures coming in as the realization of these relationships; they tend to emphasize variab

16、les among languages, to take semantics as the foundation (hence the grammar is natural), and so to be organized around the text, or discourse. 第24頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。2.宏觀區(qū)分流派There are many cross-currents, with insights borrowed from one to the other; but they are ideologically fairly difficult and it is often di

17、fficulty to maintain a dialogue.第25頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。2.宏觀區(qū)分流派韓禮德還說(shuō)：功能語(yǔ)法屬于應(yīng)用研究，形式語(yǔ)法屬于純理論研究；功能語(yǔ)法更近于修辭， 形式語(yǔ)法更近于邏輯；功能語(yǔ)法研究實(shí)際語(yǔ)言能力，形式語(yǔ)法研究理想的語(yǔ)言能力；功能語(yǔ)法研究文本/語(yǔ)篇，形式語(yǔ)法研究句子。功能語(yǔ)法把文本分析看做行為方式，語(yǔ)言理論是成事之手段。第26頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。2.宏觀區(qū)分流派Halliday: In general the functional approach leans towards the applied rather than the pure, the rhetorical

18、 rather than the logical, the actual rather the ideal, the functional rather than the formal, the text rather than the sentence. 第27頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。2.宏觀區(qū)分流派The emphasis is on text analysis as a mode of action, a theory of language as a means of getting things done.研究流派更具理論價(jià)值: 從哲學(xué)上看, 如何看待世界就如何看待語(yǔ)言;從心理學(xué)上看, “白板

19、說(shuō)” 和“內(nèi)容說(shuō)”也區(qū)分兩派;從方法論上看, 歸納法, 演繹法, 證實(shí)，證偽，還是二者結(jié)合等,也有不同。第28頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。3. 流派與分支的價(jià)值Significance of the TwoIts more theoretically significant to study schools; they involve philosophy, psychology (blank slate/content approach), and methodology (induction， deduction，verification, falsification, abduction).第29頁(yè)，

20、共95頁(yè)。3. 流派與分支的價(jià)值Significance of the Two研究分支更具使用價(jià)值: 語(yǔ)言內(nèi)部分支也有理論價(jià)值, 但有更多的使用價(jià)值;外部分支既有理論價(jià)值,又有應(yīng)用價(jià)值.Its more significant in practice to study the various branches of linguistics, not without theoretical significance.第30頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。3. 流派與分支的價(jià)值Significance of the Two任何學(xué)科內(nèi), 不應(yīng)該只注重應(yīng)用研究, 基礎(chǔ)理論研究十分重要?；A(chǔ)研究費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力，見(jiàn)效慢；應(yīng)用研究

21、見(jiàn)效快。In any discipline we should take seriously both basic, pure research and applied research. Both are useful and important.第31頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。5. 流派介紹 ：傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法4.1 傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法: 從希臘語(yǔ)到拉丁語(yǔ), 再?gòu)睦≌Z(yǔ)到其他歐洲語(yǔ)言;注重語(yǔ)音和詞匯, 句法很少, 以教學(xué)語(yǔ)法為主,多為規(guī)定性語(yǔ)法,不是描寫(xiě)性語(yǔ)法;影響很大,時(shí)間很長(zhǎng); 其貢獻(xiàn)是創(chuàng)造了描寫(xiě)工具(其術(shù)語(yǔ)今天還在使用).Traditional Grammar: focus on phonetics and wo

22、rds; school grammar, prescriptive; influential; its terms still in use today.第32頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。5. 流派介紹：歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué) 4.2 歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué): 語(yǔ)言比較,語(yǔ)言歷史,語(yǔ)言譜系, 語(yǔ)音變化規(guī)律;其后期的新語(yǔ)法學(xué)派為避免20世紀(jì)培養(yǎng)了人才;歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué)為避免20世紀(jì)現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)開(kāi)端鋪平道路。 Historical Linguistics: language comparison, family trees of languages; laws of sound change; Neogrammarians; paved th

23、e way for modern linguistics in the 20th century.第33頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。5. 流派介紹：歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué)第34頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。5. 流派介紹：歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué)第35頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。第36頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。 6. 流派介紹：現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)開(kāi)端4.3 索緒爾: 現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)鼻祖;區(qū)分了語(yǔ)言和言語(yǔ),歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)和共時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué), 語(yǔ)言符號(hào)的任意性,所指和能指都是任意的; 語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)系統(tǒng), 一個(gè)關(guān)系系統(tǒng)(在系統(tǒng)中的位置決定其意義); 語(yǔ)言是符號(hào)學(xué)中最典型的代表.其理論影響深遠(yuǎn). Saussure: father of modern linguistics; language/speech

24、; arbitrariness of language; synchronic/diachronic; signifier/signified; system of signs第37頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。德克海姆 E. Durkheim第38頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。佛洛依德 Sigmund Freud第39頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。6. 流派介紹：現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)開(kāi)端 德國(guó)哲學(xué)家 Ernst Cassirer把索緒爾與伽利略相提并論: “In the whole history of science there is perhaps no more fascinating a chapter than the rise of t

25、he new science of linguistics. In its importance it may very well be compared to the new science of Galileo, which in the 17th century, changed our whole concept of the physical world.”第40頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。7. 流派介紹：早期功能學(xué)派4.4 歐洲功能學(xué)派: 布拉格學(xué)派,哥本哈根學(xué)派;貢獻(xiàn):音位學(xué),已知信息和待傳信息;主位和述位;主題和評(píng)述;影響大;功能主義鼻祖。Functional schools in Euro

26、pe: the Prague School ; the Copenhagen School: contribution to phonology; given/new information; theme/rheme; topic/comment; influential around 1920-40第41頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。8. 流派介紹 ：美國(guó)結(jié)構(gòu)主義4.5 美國(guó)結(jié)構(gòu)主義: 博厄斯, 薩裴爾,布龍菲爾德, 哈利斯,豪克特等; 薩裴爾-沃爾夫假說(shuō), 又稱語(yǔ)言相對(duì)論;哲學(xué)上的實(shí)證主義和 “百板說(shuō)”; 心理學(xué)上的行為主義; American structuralism: F. Boaz, E. Sap

27、ir, Leonard Bloomfield, Z. Hariss, C. Hockett, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, empiricism in philosophy, blank slate, behaviorism in psychology.第42頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。博厄斯 Boaz第43頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。薩佩爾 Sapir第44頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。L. Bloomfield布龍菲爾德第45頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。馮特 Wundt第46頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。華生 Watson第47頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。斯金納 Skinner第48頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。8. 流派介紹：美國(guó)結(jié)構(gòu)主義嚴(yán)格的 “發(fā)現(xiàn)程序”,二分

28、法,不問(wèn)意義和功能,看結(jié)構(gòu)分布; 重證據(jù),不看主觀印象;教學(xué)上的 “聽(tīng)說(shuō)法”影響外語(yǔ)教學(xué)幾十年.豪克特的確16個(gè)語(yǔ)言設(shè)計(jì)特征十分重要.Rigid procedure of discovery, binary cutting, ignore meaning; distribution of elements; emphasis on evidence than impression; audio-lingual method in teaching; design features of language.第49頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。9. 流派介紹：?jiǎn)棠匪够?生成語(yǔ)法4.5 美國(guó)的喬姆斯基:生成語(yǔ)法 語(yǔ)

29、言上的一場(chǎng)革命;其語(yǔ)言觀, 哲學(xué)上的唯理主義,心理學(xué)上認(rèn)知主義; 語(yǔ)言與生俱來(lái),強(qiáng)調(diào)大腦的初始狀態(tài);目標(biāo)是揭示語(yǔ)言本質(zhì)和人類本質(zhì); Chomskys Generative grammar: a revolution; rationalism in philosophy; cognitive psychology; language is innate; initial state of mind; reveal nature of L to show nature of man.第50頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。喬姆斯基 Chomsky第51頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。流派介紹：?jiǎn)棠匪够?生成語(yǔ)法萊茵斯評(píng)喬氏：“Chom

30、kys position is not only unique within linguistics at the present time, but is probably unprecedented in the whole history of the subjectRight or wrong, Chomskys theory of grammar is undoubtedly the most dynamic and influential, and no linguist who wishes to keep abreast of current developments in h

31、is subject can afford to ignore Chomskys theoretical pronouncements.” John Lyons第52頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。Chomsky“It seems plain that language acquisition is based on the childs discovery of what from a formal point of view is a deep and abstract theory a generative grammar of his language many of the concepts and

32、principles of which are only remotely related to experience by long and intricate chains of the unconscious quasi-inferential steps. A consideration of the character of the grammar that is acquired, the第53頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。Chomskydegenerate quality and narrowly limited extent of the available data, the strikin

33、g uniformity of the resulting grammar, and their independence of intelligence, motivation, and emotional state, over wide range of variation, leave little hope that much of the structure of the language can be learned by an organism initially uninformed as to its general character.(- Chomsky 1965：As

34、pects of the theory of syntax)第54頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。“顯然，語(yǔ)言習(xí)得基于兒童發(fā)現(xiàn)從形式角度看是一種深?yuàn)W、抽象的理論即母語(yǔ)的一種生成語(yǔ)法。這種語(yǔ)法的許多概念和原則必須經(jīng)過(guò)漫長(zhǎng)、復(fù)雜的無(wú)意識(shí)的亞推理過(guò)程，才與經(jīng)驗(yàn)稍稍相連。 稍微想一想兒童習(xí)得的語(yǔ)法性質(zhì)，他接觸到的語(yǔ)料質(zhì)量之差和范圍之小，兒童習(xí)得語(yǔ)言與智力、動(dòng)機(jī)、情緒毫無(wú)關(guān)系，而且他們的環(huán)境因素千差萬(wàn)別，最后所得語(yǔ)法的卻驚人地相似，讓我們很難相信，一個(gè)對(duì)語(yǔ)法沒(méi)有大致了解的有機(jī)體，能夠?qū)W到這麼多語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)知識(shí)。” 喬氏，1965 句法理論面面觀第55頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。9. 流派介紹：?jiǎn)棠匪够?生成語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)言描寫(xiě)力求形式化;句法獨(dú)立

35、,句法為核心;觀察充分, 描寫(xiě)充分, 解釋充分;其影響深遠(yuǎn),令人耳目一新;喬氏理論對(duì)哲學(xué),心理學(xué),計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言,形式化等, 都有貢獻(xiàn). To formalize the description of L; independence of syntax; emphasis on explanatory power; contribution to philosophy, psychology, computer science; biology; bio-linguistics第56頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。Chomsky:語(yǔ)言天賦In “The Architecture of Language” (2002

36、:50) he wrote: “Lots of people reject the proposal that language is innate but nobody answers them. The reason why nobody answers is that their arguments would make no sense. Theres no way to answer them. To say that language is not innate is to say that there is no difference between my granddaught

37、er, a rock and a rabbit. In other words, if you take a rock, a rabbit and第57頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。Chomsky：語(yǔ)言天賦my granddaughter and put them in a community where people are talking English, theyll all learn English. If people believe that, then they believe that language is not innate. If they believe that there is

38、 a difference between my granddaughter, a rabbit and a rock, then they believe that language is innate.”第58頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。Chomsky:語(yǔ)言教學(xué)Chomsky (1988)” teaching should not be compared to filling a bottle with water but rather to helping a flower to grow in its own way. As any good teacher knows, the methods o

39、f instruction and range of material covered are of small important as compared with the success in arousing the natural curiosity of the students喚起學(xué)生的自然好奇心 and stimulating their interest in第59頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。Chomsky：語(yǔ)言教學(xué)exploring on their own激勵(lì)他們?nèi)プ晕姨剿鞯呐d趣. What the students learn passively will be quickly for

40、gotten. What the students discover for themselves when their natural curiosity and creative impulses are aroused not only will be remembered but will be the basis for further exploration and inquiry and perhaps significant intellectual contributions.第60頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。10. 流派介紹：系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)4.6倫敦語(yǔ)言學(xué)派: 英國(guó)有悠久語(yǔ)言研究傳統(tǒng)，人

41、造語(yǔ)言、速寫(xiě)、拼法改革等起于英國(guó)，著名語(yǔ)音學(xué)家丹尼爾瓊斯Daniel Jones 、亨利斯威特Henry Sweet生于這里。倫敦學(xué)派后來(lái)成為系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法學(xué)派。馬林諾夫斯基, 佛斯, 韓禮德等.意義即使用. 語(yǔ)言環(huán)境決定意義；結(jié)構(gòu)與系統(tǒng)； 語(yǔ)言潛勢(shì)和語(yǔ)言實(shí)際行為;組合關(guān)系和聚合關(guān)系；語(yǔ)言功能分類 第61頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。10. 流派介紹：系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)The London School: Britain has a long tradition of language studies. The great phoneticians Henry Sweet， Daniel Jones。 Malino

42、vki, J.R. Firth, M.A.K. Halliday; meaning is use; context determines meaning; emphasis on both structure and system; linguistic potential and actual behavior; paradigmatic/ syntagmatic relations; types of functions of language 第62頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。Malinovski 馬林諾夫斯基第63頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。佛斯J. R. Firth第64頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。M.A.K. Hallid

43、ay韓禮德MAK Halliday第65頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。10. 流派介紹：系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)語(yǔ)言是許多小系統(tǒng)組成的大系統(tǒng).語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)由社會(huì)功能所決定.語(yǔ)言的三大功能;兒童語(yǔ)言的七大功能. 在教學(xué)上和文體學(xué)上都有貢獻(xiàn). Language is a system of many sub-systems; three macro function of language (ideational, interpersonal, textual function); childrens seven functions; contribution to language teaching and stylist

44、ics; popular in China.第66頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)The material process: action and event.The transitivity system及物性系統(tǒng): material process, mental process, relational process, verbal and behavioral process, existential process.The action process: intention process and supervention process.The mental process: interna

45、lized process and externalized process.第67頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)The internalized process: 1. perception, 2. reaction and 3. cognition processes. (p.322)There are realization relationships between various levels. The choice of meaning is realized by the choice of form, which in turn is realized by the choice of

46、 sounds. What can be done is realized by what can be meant, which is realized by what can be said.第68頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。語(yǔ)言功能Functions of Childrens Language:The instrumental function: to meet his material needs and services;（工具）The regulatory function: to control others behavior;（調(diào)節(jié)）The interactional function: t

47、o talk with others;（交際）The personal function: to express his feelings;（個(gè)人表達(dá)）第69頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。語(yǔ)言功能5. The heuristic function: to know about his own surroundings;（探索）6. The imaginative function: to create surroundings;（想象）7. The informative function: to provide information for others.（告知）The adults language h

48、as to serve many functions, these are gradually reduced to a set of highly coded and abstract functions.第70頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。語(yǔ)言功能Functions of adults language: Ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function.概念功能、人際功能、語(yǔ)篇功能The Ideational function（ 概念功能）： to convey new information unknown to the

49、hearer. It is the meaning potential, used in all languages. It is to refer to categories of experience of the world.第71頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。語(yǔ)言功能2.The interpersonal function（人際功能）: it embodies all the uses of language to express social and personal relations; the ways the speaker enters into a speech situation and

50、 performs a speech act. It is realized by mood語(yǔ)氣 and modality情態(tài).第72頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。語(yǔ)言功能The Textual Function（語(yǔ)篇功能）: Language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living message different from a random list of sentences. “John saw a handb

51、ag in a field. John walked across a field and picked up a handbag.John took a handbag to the police station and John handed a handbag to a policeman.”第73頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。11. 一個(gè)新學(xué)派 ：認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué): 是不是一個(gè)新流派? 還是一個(gè)分支? 始于20世紀(jì)70年代, 關(guān)心語(yǔ)言與心智和大腦的關(guān)系, 說(shuō)語(yǔ)言是認(rèn)知系統(tǒng)的一部分;認(rèn)知系統(tǒng)是由感知, 情感,范疇化, 抽象化,和推理等能力組成. 目標(biāo)不是描寫(xiě)語(yǔ)言行為,而是解釋引起語(yǔ)言行為的心理結(jié)構(gòu)和

52、心理過(guò)程, 揭示語(yǔ)言背后內(nèi)在的深層規(guī)律. 人物: 喬姆斯基, Talmy, Jackendoff, Langacker, Lakoff, Biewish, Hudson, Fillmore,Talor等.第74頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。萊科夫 George Lakoff第75頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。萊科夫 George LakoffWe are neural beings, states Berkeley cognitive scientist George Lakoff. Our brains take their input from the rest of our bodies. What our bodie

53、s are like and how they function in the world thus structures the very concepts we can use to think. We cannot think just anything - only what our embodied brains permit. 第76頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。L. TalmyPh.D.BerkerleyPioneering workIn cognitivelinguistics第77頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。11. 一個(gè)新學(xué)派 ：認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)I am not if this is a new school

54、or what. People say language and its use are based on our bodily experience and the way to conceptualize it is called cognitive linguistics. It is a new approach to the study of language and mind. Topics include structure of characterization (prototype, metaphor, mental imagery), conceptual interfac

55、e between syntax and.第78頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。11. 一個(gè)新學(xué)派：認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)semantics, the experiential and pragmatic background of language-in-use, and the relationship between language and thought.第79頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。11. 一個(gè)新流派：認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)的理論原則: 語(yǔ)義結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)有普遍性;語(yǔ)法不獨(dú)立; 語(yǔ)法和詞匯沒(méi)有意義區(qū)別(符號(hào)連續(xù)體).研究領(lǐng)域: 范疇化, 概念隱喻, 轉(zhuǎn)喻, 多義性, 擬象性, 語(yǔ)法化等.跨學(xué)科性: 與哲學(xué), 心理學(xué), 人類學(xué), 計(jì)

56、算機(jī)科學(xué),神經(jīng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)等有關(guān).有不同學(xué)派: 圣地亞哥派,伯克利學(xué)派第80頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。11. 一個(gè)新流派：認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)Principles: semantic structure has no universals; syntax is not independent; syntax and vocabulary form a continuum of symbols, not distinguished in meaning.Areas: characterization, metaphor, polysemy, iconicity, grammatization etc.Highly cros

57、s-disciplinary: philosophy, psychology, computer science, neurology, anthropology etc.第81頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。塔爾密 Talmys workCognitive semantics: 句中的視角： “There are some houses in the valley.” “There is a house every now and then through the valley.” 注意焦點(diǎn)： “The bike is near the house .” “ The house is near the bik

58、e.”動(dòng)力學(xué)： “The ball rolled along the green.” “The ball kept rolling along the green.”第82頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。塔爾密 Talmys work事件的時(shí)間劃分：The beacon flashed. The beacon kept flashing. The beacon flashed 5 times in a row. The beacons kept flashing 5 times at a stretch. The beacons kept flashing 5 times at a stretch for 3

59、hours.第83頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。塔爾密 Talmys workToward a Cognitive SemanticsCambridge, MA: MIT Press 2000Volume I Concept Structuring SystemsPart 1: Foundations of Conceptual Structuring in LanguageCh. 1 The Relation of Grammar to CognitionPart 2: Configurational StructureCh. 2 Fictive Motion in Language and Ception

60、Ch. 3 How Language Structures Space第84頁(yè)，共95頁(yè)。塔爾密 Talmys workPart 3: AttentionCh. 4 The Windowing of Attention in LanguageCh. 5 Figure and Ground in LanguageCh. 6 Structures that Relate EventsPart 4: Force and CausationCh. 7 Force Dynamics in Language and CognitionCh. 8 The Semantics of CausationRefe