英國國家概況歷史部分課件

1、Chapter 2 History1.The Origins of a Nation: from the prehistory to Norman Conquest1. 1 Early Settlers (5000BC55BC)1.1.1 Iberians The first known settlers3000 BCWiltshire and DorsetHenges Stonehenge in Wiltshire 2000 BC1.1.2 The Celts700 BCFrom France, Belgium and southern GermanyPracticed farmers an

2、d ironworkersAncestors of Highland Scots, Irish, WelshTheir languages are the basis of Welsh and Gaelic1. 2 Roman Britain (55BC410AD)British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. Julius Caesar, invaded Britain in 55 BC and he returned the following year. But he did not really rule the isl

3、and.The successful invasion, headed by the Emperor Claudius, came in AD 43. They ruled Britain for four centuries.The Romans built a network of towns and a network of roads. From London, roads radiated all over the country. They also brought the new religion, Christianity. They pulled out in AD 410.

4、The Roman impact on the Britons was surprisingly limited. They left behind only roads, a few place names, and clusters of Christian converts.1.3 The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)From mid-5th centuryThree Teutonic tribes: Jutes, Saxons, Angles from Denmark and GermanyThey were invited to drive out Celts, bu

5、t after that they settled down and established their own kingdoms.The name England comes from the words Angle land. Anglo-Saxon kings did not have absolute power. They created the Witan (council or meeting of the wiseman) to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. U

6、nwritten Common LawOral literary tradition: BeowulfAnglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. 1.4 The Vikings and Danish InvasionsNorwegian Vikings and the DanesAlso called NorsemenThe word Viking“ means Pirate raid“From the end of the 8th centurythe Viking invading Agefrom the Scandina

7、vian countries, Norway and Denmark in particularDanes and the DanelawThe Vikings established small kingdoms in England. The territory ruled by the Danes was called Danelaw.Both Anglo-saxons and the Danes were Nordic groups, which shared a kinship and common customs. King Afred the Great persuaded th

8、e Danes to become Christians.Alfred the Great was king of Wessex from 871 to 899. Alfred is noted for his defence of the kingdom against the Danish Vikings, becoming the only English king to be awarded the epithet the Great. Alfred was the first King to style himself King of the English. Alfred was

9、a learned man, and encouraged education and improved his kingdoms law system as well as its military structure.Statue of Alfred the Great, Winchester 1.5 The Norman Conquest (1066)When King Edward was on his death-bed, four men laid claim to the English throne. And one of them was the duke of Norman

10、dy. On October, 14, 1066, the English army led by King Harold and the army of William, Duke of Normandy, clashed in a hard-fought battle near Hastings. Anglo-Saxon England perished. William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey.The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event i

11、n English history. William the Conqueror replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. The feudal system was completely established in England. Norman-French culture language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome.ReviewInva

12、dersInfluenceIberians- NothingCelts,Gaels, Britons - Irish,Scottish,Welsh culture and languageRomans- Alphabet, Roman civilization, ChristianityAnglo-Saxons- English race and languageDanes- New dialectsNormans (France)- French language2. The Making of a Nation: from the Norman Conquest to the Renais

13、sance(Norman and Plantagenet Houses)2.2 1215 The Magna CartaThe Great Council of barons forced King John to sign the Magna Carta limiting his powerThe King could not levy extra taxes without people s consentKing could not change lawsIf King refused to obey laws, the vassals could resort to civil war

14、Freedom of trade and self-government to townspeopleBeginning of civil rights No imprisonment unless convicted by a juryLife and property protectedFirst step towards constitutional government2.3 The Hundred Years War with France (1337-1453)Reasons: territorial and economicEnglish kings possession of

15、land in France; the cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders were importers of English wool, but owed political allegiance to the French king; France gave support to the Scots; a growing sense of national consciousnessEdward III claimed the French crown in 1337.By 1453, France had won back their land (

16、with gunpowder) except for city of Calais.1348 Black Death almost of the population died1381 Peasant Uprising -serf system came to an endSaint Joan of Arc (1412 1431) also known as the Maid of Orleans, is a national heroine of France and a Catholic saint. A peasant girl born in eastern France, she l

17、ed the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years War. She was captured by the English, tried by an ecclesiastical court, and burned at the stake when she was nineteen years old. 2.4 Richard II (1377-1399): the cause of the War of the Roses (1455-1485)(Lancastrian and Yorkis

18、t Houses)Lancastrians: red rose as the symbolYorkists: white rose as the symbolFighting for the throne in EnglandMany nobles killedHenry VII strengthened his claim to the throne by marrying Elizabeth, a daughter of Yorkist Edward IV. The union of the two houses ended the war.Wars of the RosesThe Whi

19、te Rose of the House of York The Red Rose of the House of Lancaster 3. The Tudors (1485-1603): sea power and ProtestantismThe Tudor dynasty saw the transition of England from a feudal country to modern state. Capitalism replaced feudalism Textile industryEnclosure Movement cheap labor3.1 Around 1500

20、: modern historyThe Renaissance (literally rebirth)The ReformationVoyages of discovery (Why?)3.2 Henry VIII (1509-1547) The Tudor era in England started from the reign of king Henry VIII. Shortly after becoming king, Henry VIII took Catherine of Aragon as his bride on 11 June 1509. He inherited 1.5

21、million pounds from his father and succeeded in the first peaceful transition of power after the Wars of the Roses. The founding of the English NavyHenry VIII created the Royal Navy, the basis of future British sea power. -The vessel adapted to ocean travel and to naval battle maneuvers-Equipped wit

22、h heavy cannonThe Reformation: the Church of EnglandHe divorced his wife, Catherine, on the grounds that their marriage was invalid.He married Anne Boleyn.Pope excommunicated Henry, who replied with the Act of Supremacy (1554), which recognized the king as the supreme head of Church of England.The d

23、ecree separated England from the Roman Catholic Church.3.3 Elizabeth I (1558-1603)the flowering of English culture1558 Mary diedElizabeth( Annes daughter) becomes Queen1558-1603 Virgin queenSeen by many as the Illegitimate QueenKing Philip of Spain said Mary Queen of Scots ( Mary s cousin) was real

24、QueenPhilip sent Spanish Armada to attackSpanish Armada destroyed in North Sea (1588) and England became master of the seasThe Elizabethan AgeGood administrative systemEconomic prosperitySea powerSpirit of adventure: Drake and piratesLiterature: William ShakespeareKing James Bible4. England in Revol

25、ution: representative and constitutional monarchyDivine-right European monarchs15th and 16th centuries, centralized monarchy with growth of representative institutions at both local and national levels4.1 The Civil War(Stuart House)4.1.1 James I: rising dissentionElizabeth I died childless, the thro

26、ne passed to her distant Stuart relative, James VI. Major problemsLack of moneyBitter religious dissension4.1.2 Charles I (1625-1649)Successful rebellionInvolved in the wars against Spain, France and ScotlandParliament passed resolutions against illegal taxes and his religious policyCharles I dissol

27、ved Parliament and imprisoned the leaders.4.1.3 The Civil War (1642-1649)War broke out in 1642CavaliersRoundheadsRadicals: PuritansModerates: presbyters and AnglicansOn January 30, Charles I was beheaded.The Puritans were a significant grouping of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries.

28、Puritanism in this sense was founded by some Marian exiles from the clergy shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1559, as an activist movement within the Church of England. Historically, the word was used to characterize the Protestant group as extremists, who advocated strict rel

29、igious discipline along with simplification of the ceremonies and creeds of the Church of England.4.1.4 Oliver CromwellEngland now a republic called CommonwealthA dictatorship of a radical minorityLord Protector4.1.5 Effects of the English RevolutionCondemnation of PuritanismParliament now control taxesAbsolute monarchy was decisively challenged. No English king ever again could hope to rule without a parliamen