美國歷史文化概況(英文版)UNIT15ReligionsandFaith精課件

1、 Unit 15 Religions and FaithCONTENTS Teaching Aims Text A12 Text B3 Supplementing Reading41TEACHING AIMSAfter studying this unit, you are required to:1. Have a general idea of Religions and Faith.2. Understand the history of Religions and Faith.3. Master the difficult words and expressions. Text A A

2、merica During and After World War I TEXT A Preview清教，基督教新教派別之一，16世紀出現(xiàn)于英國,承認圣經(jīng)為唯一權(quán)威，反對國王和天主教的專制。1620年，102名清教徒乘坐著名的五月花號（Mayflower）來到美洲的普利茅斯建立殖民地，他們是英國第一批的新大陸移民，是未來150年后美國大多數(shù)人民的祖先，他們在旅途中簽署的五月花號公約成為了未來獨立宣言的藍圖。清教徒提倡勤儉清潔的生活，希望在新大陸上建造自己的山巔之城。同時，他們的思想即清教主義也對北美殖民地的政治、經(jīng)濟、文化等方方面面產(chǎn)生了深遠影響并對后來美國主流文化和價值觀的形成起到了重要作用

3、。 TEXT A Notes1.The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the oldest among the communions thirty-eight independent national and regional churches. The Church also extends to the Isle of Man via the Dioce

4、se of Sodor and Man, while the Channel Islands form part of the Diocese of Winchester, and a number of Anglican communities in continental Europe, the former Soviet Union, Turkey and Morocco are formed into the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe. TEXT A Notes2.The Catholic Church, also known as the Roma

5、n Catholic Church, is the worlds largest Christian church, with more than a billion members. Its leader is the Pope who is head of the College of Bishops. The Church defines its mission as spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ, administering the sacraments and exercising charity. It operates social p

6、rograms and institutions throughout the world including schools, universities, hospitals, missions, shelters and charities. The Church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are consecrated successors of his apostles and that the Pop

7、e as the successor of St. Peter possesses a universal primacy of jurisdiction and pastoral care. TEXT A Notes3.John Winthrop (12 January 1588 26 March 1649) obtained a royal charter, along with other wealthy Puritans, from King Charles I for the Massachusetts Bay Company and led a group of English P

8、uritans to the New World in 1630. He was elected the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony the year before. Between 1639 and 1648, he was voted out of the governorship and then re-elected a total of 12 times. Although Winthrop was a respected political figure, he was criticized for his obstinacy

9、regarding the formation of a general assembly in 1634, and he clashed repeatedly with other Puritan leaders like Thomas Dudley, Rev. Peter Hobart and others.TEXT A Notes4.Alexis-Charles-Henri Clrel de Tocqueville (29 July 1805, Paris 16 April 1859, Cannes) was a French political thinker and historia

10、n best known for his Democracy in America (appearing in two volumes: 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856). In both of these works, he explored the effects of the rising equality of social conditions on the individual and the state in western societies. Democracy in America (18

11、35), his major work, published after his travels in the United States, is today considered an early work of sociology and political science.TEXT A New Words and Expressions: 1.protestant prtistnt adj. 抗議的；持異議的n. 抗議者；持異議者A majority of Christians in America were Protestant.而大部分美國的基督徒都屬新教。2.abhor bh: v

12、t. 痛恨，憎惡They abhor all forms of racial discrimination.他們憎惡任何形式的種族歧視。3.extirpate ekst:peit vt. 使連根拔起；滅絕，破除The police arrested dealers in an attempt to extirpate drug aBuse.在禁毒運動中警察逮捕了很多毒品交易者。4.confiscate knfis,keit vt. 沒收；充公；查抄adj. 被沒收的Did the teacher confiscate your toy?老師沒收你的玩具了嗎？TEXT A New Words a

13、nd Expressions: 5.slit slit vt. 撕裂；使有狹縫n. 裂縫；投幣口vi. 縱裂There will therefore be very little diffraction parallel to the edges of the slit.因此，在平行于狹縫兩端邊界的方向上，幾乎沒有什么衍射。6. sedition sidin n. 暴動；煽動性的言論或行為；妨害治安They sowed sedition broadcast over the country.他們在全國廣為散布煽動性言論。7emigrate emireit vi. 移居；移居外國vt. 移民Yo

14、u tell the lawyer anything about why I had to emigrate?你告訴律師我為什么要移民過來了？8.explicit iksplisit adj. 明確的；清楚的；直率的；詳述的However, insofar as the government supports the sector, it wants this support to be explicit and limited unlike the status quo.然而，就政府對該行業(yè)的支持而言，它希望這種支持是明確而有限的與目前的現(xiàn)狀不同。TEXT A New Words and E

15、xpressions: 9.inclination ,inklinein n. 傾向，愛好；斜坡By and large, this inclination towards optimism is one of Americas strengths.總的來說，這種樂觀傾向是美國的長處之一。10terminate t:mineit vt. 使終止；使結(jié)束；解雇vi. 結(jié)束，終止；結(jié)果adj. 結(jié)束的Should any part of this Agreement be declared , this Agreement shall terminate forthwith.若本協(xié)議任何部分被宣布

16、無效，則整個協(xié)議也隨之立即終止。11mandate mndeit n. 授權(quán)；命令，指令；委托管理；受命進行的工作vt. 授權(quán)；托管On the domestic front, say his advisers, Mr Sarkozy intends to use the five-year mandate in three phases.關(guān)于國內(nèi)的陣地，他的顧問表示，薩爾科齊先生打算把五年任期分為三個階段。TEXT A New Words and Expressions: 12theocracy ikrsi n. 神政；神權(quán)政體；神治國（復數(shù)theocracies）Europes enlig

17、htenment may have put an end to the sort of formal theocracy in which pops commanded armies and kings ruled by divine right.歐洲的啟蒙運動，大概是給這種正式的，就是教皇們掌管軍隊，國王由神權(quán)管制神權(quán)的政體送了終。13revoke rivuk vt. 撤回，取消；廢除The City of London wants to revoke the byelaws, opening the employment of porters to market forces.倫敦金融城想

18、要取消早先的條例，把搬運工人的雇傭權(quán)對外開放，交給市場來取舍。14in accordance with依照；與一致Delivery of the System will be made in accordance with the delivery schedule set forth in Annex B.系統(tǒng)按附件二規(guī)定的交貨時間表交付。運費將加在賣方發(fā)票上，由買方支付。TEXT A Assignment Finish the rest of exercises of Text APreview Text B Text B Nathaniel Hawthorne and The Scarl

19、et Letter TEXT B Preview美國 19世紀影響最大的浪漫主義小說家納撒尼爾霍桑深受清教思想的影響。他的大多數(shù)作品都是以美國清教主義盛行的過去為主題,與新英格蘭的地理與文化背景有著緊密聯(lián)系。出版于1850年的小說紅字是他的代表作, 主要描寫了在清教主義盛行的新英格蘭所發(fā)生的犯罪、情欲、悔過和社會鎮(zhèn)壓。表現(xiàn)了清教主義傳統(tǒng)在人們思想上和生活上的烙印，批判了清教主義傳統(tǒng)對人的精神上的摧殘和對人性、人權(quán)的壓抑. TEXT B Reading Comprehension Choose the correct answers to the following questions.1. I

20、n what century is the story of Hester Prynne set? (A) The sixteenth century (B) The seventeenth century (C) The eighteenth century (D) The nineteenth century2. Where do Hester and Chillingworth live before coming to America? (A) Amsterdam (B) Paris (C) Edinburgh (D) JamaicaTEXT B Reading Comprehensi

21、on 3. What is situated immediately outside the door of the prison in which Hester is kept? (A) A gallows (B) A pine tree (C) A rosebush (D) A graveyard4. How does Hester support herself financially? (A) As a prostitute (B) As a seamstress (C) As a nurse (D) As a farmhandTEXT B Reading Comprehension

22、5. Next to whom is Hester buried? (A) Dimmesdale (B) Chillingworth (C) Pearl (D) No one; her body is burned.TEXT B Notes1.Bowdoin College founded in 1794, is a private liberal arts college located in the coastal New England town of Brunswick, Maine. As of 2010, U.S. News and World Report ranks Bowdo

23、in sixth among liberal arts colleges in the United States. The college enrolls approximately 1,700 students and has been coeducational since 1971. It offers 33 majors and 4 additional minors; the academic year consists of two four-course semesters, and the student-faculty ratio is 9:1.Brunswick is l

24、ocated on the shores of Casco Bay and the Androscoggin River, 12 miles north of Freeport, Maine, and 28 miles north of Portland, Maine. In addition to its Brunswick campus, Bowdoin also operates a 118 acre (478,000 m) coastal studies center on Orrs Island in Harpswell, Maine and a 200 acre (809,000

25、m) scientific field station on Kent Island, in the Bay of Fundy.TEXT B Notes2.The Phi Beta Kappa Society is an academic honor society. Its mission is to celebrate and advocate excellence in the liberal arts and sciences; and induct the most outstanding students of arts and sciences at Americas leadi

26、ng colleges and universities. Founded at The College of William and Mary on December 5, 1776, as the first collegiate Greek-letter fraternity, it is also the oldest honor society for the liberal arts and sciences and among the oldest undergraduate societies in the United States. It has served as the

27、 inspiration for other academic honor societies such as Delta Epsilon Sigma, Delta Epsilon Iota, Phi Kappa Phi, and Omicron Delta Kappa. Phi Beta Kappa stands for Philosophy is the guide of life.TEXT B Notes3.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27, 1807 March 24, 1882) was an American poet and educ

28、ator and whose works include Paul Reveres Ride, The Song of Hiawatha, and Evangeline. He was also the first American to translate Dante Alighieris The Divine Comedy and was one of the five Fireside Poets. Longfellow was born in Portland, Maine, then part of Massachusetts, and studied at Bowdoin Coll

29、ege. After spending time in Europe he became a professor at Bowdoin and, later, at Harvard College. His first major poetry collections were Voices of the Night (1839) and Ballads and Other Poems (1841). Longfellow retired from teaching in 1854 to focus on his writing, living the remainder of his lif

30、e in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in a former headquarters of George Washington. His first wife, Mary Potter, died in 1835 after a miscarriage. His second wife, Frances Appleton, died in 1861 after sustaining burns from her dress catching fire. After her death, Longfellow had difficulty writing poetry

31、for a time and focused on his translation. He died in 1882.TEXT B Notes4.Orestes BrownsonOrestes Augustus Brownson (18031876) was a New England intellectual and activist, preacher, labor organizer, and noted Catholic convert and writer. Brownson was a publicist, a career which spanned his affiliatio

32、n with the New England Transcendentalists, through his subsequent conversion to Roman Catholicism.TEXT B New Words and Expressions: 1.transcendentalist ,trnsendentlist adj. 哲超越論者的，先驗論者的Certainly Emerson stated the transcendentalist outlook more fully than any of his fellows.的確，愛默生把超驗論的觀點說得比其他同伴更透徹。2

33、.uppercase pkeis vt. 以大寫字母印刷adj. 大寫字母的n. 大寫字母Start a new sentence with an uppercase letter - many people sometimes forget this.開始一個新的句子時，記得字首要大寫，許多人會忘記這麼做。3.adultery dltri n. 通奸，通奸行為But behind locked doors, a story of sexual abandon and toxic adultery was unfolding which would impact on the poets po

34、sthumous reputation.但是隨著深宅大院內(nèi)的放縱性欲和通奸毒害的事實的展開，對詩人死后的名譽有很大的影響。TEXT B New Words and Expressions: 4.scaffoldskfld, -fuld n. 腳手架；鷹架；絞刑臺vt. 給搭腳手架；用支架支撐All that are needed to create a scaffold are a database table, its corresponding model and controller, and some conventions.創(chuàng)建一個腳手架所需要的東西包括一個數(shù)據(jù)庫表，對應模型以及控制

35、器，以及一些鬼測。5.haranguehr n. 長篇大論；高談闊論；熱烈的演說vt. 向滔滔不絕地演講；大聲訓斥vi. 高談闊論；慷慨陳詞Unfortunately, no questions from the audience broke the continuity of his harangue.令人遺憾的是，沒有聽眾提出問題來打斷他的高談闊論。6.onlookerhr n,luk, :n- n. 旁觀者；觀眾（等于spectator）I am still an onlooker and my position is privileged.我仍然是個旁觀者，我處于享有特殊權(quán)利的位置。7

36、.seamstresssi:mstris, sem- n. 女裁縫師；做針線活的婦女The seamstress tacked the two pieces of cloth.女裁縫把那兩塊布粗縫了起來。TEXT B New Words and Expressions: 8.willfulwilful adj. 有意的；任性的；故意的Just yesterday it seems you were a harum-scarum child with dirty hands and a willful heart.就在昨天，你還象個冒失的傻孩子，一雙手臟呼呼的，一顆心頑固任性。9.impish

37、impi adj. 頑皮的；心地不良的；小鬼般的His inquisitive and often impish brown eyes mirrored an understanding of everything verbal.他那雙褐色得眼睛，好奇又頑皮，透出他對所有言語的理解。10.eloquent elkwnt adj. 意味深長的；雄辯的，有口才的；有說服力的；動人的It is a succinct and eloquent defense of the basic philosophical principles of liberalism.它還用簡明、流暢的筆觸闡述了自由主義的基

38、本哲學觀點。11.round-the-clockraundklk adj. 全天的；全天候的；不分晝夜的；連續(xù)不停的Is the Emergency Center open now? Yes, it is open round-the-clock.對不起，我的朋友胃疼得厲害。我來撥打急捄中心的電話。TEXT B New Words and Expressions: 12.tormentst:ment, t:m- vt. 折磨，使痛苦；糾纏，作弄n. 痛苦，苦惱；痛苦的根源There must be an answer, a way to defeat this evil that tormen

39、ts us.那里一定會有答案，有打敗折磨著我們的惡魔的方法。13.impulsiveimplsiv adj. 沖動的；受感情驅(qū)使的；任性的Impulsive loads for structural tests have been generated by explosive cartridges or by small rockets.人們曾用過彈藥筒的爆炸或用小型火箭來產(chǎn)生結(jié)構(gòu)試驗所需的脈沖荷載。14.charitable trtbl adj. 慈善事業(yè)的；慷慨的，仁慈的；寬恕的She says she makes her living as a pig farmer and spent

40、her senators salary on charitable projects.她說道，她的生活清貧得如同一個養(yǎng)豬專業(yè)戶，而把她的參議員工資用于了慈善項目。TEXT B Assignment Finish the exercises of Text BPreview supplementing reading.Supplementing Reading1. Religious Bodies in the United StatesAfrican Methodist Episcopal ChurchAfrican Methodist Episcopal Zion ChurchAmerica

41、n Baptist AssociationAmerican Baptist Churches USAAntiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North AmericaArmenian Apostolic ChurchAssemblies of GodBaptist Bible Fellowship InternationalBaptist General ConferenceBaptist Missionary Association of AmericaBuddhismChristian and Missionary AllianceChri

42、stian Brethren (Plymouth Brethren)Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)Supplementing ReadingIndependent Christian Churches/Churches of ChristChristian Congregation, Inc., TheChristian Methodist Episcopal ChurchChristian Reformed Church in North AmericaChurch of God in ChristChurch of God of Prophec

43、yChurch of God (Anderson, Indiana)Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SaintsChurch of the BrethrenChurch of the NazareneChurches of ChristConservative Baptist Association of AmericaCommunity of ChristCoptic Orthodox ChurchSupplementing ReadingCumberland Presb

44、yterian ChurchEpiscopal ChurchEvangelical Covenant ChurchEvangelical Free Church of AmericaEvangelical Lutheran Church in AmericaEvangelical Presbyterian ChurchFree Methodist Church of North AmericaFull Gospel FellowshipGeneral Association of General BaptistsGeneral Association of Regular Baptist Ch

45、urchesU.S. Conference of Mennonite Brethren ChurchesGrace Gospel FellowshipGreek Orthodox Archdiocese of AmericaHinduismIndependent Fundamental Churches of AmericaInternational Church of the Foursquare GospelInternational Council of Community ChurchesInternational Pentecostal Holiness Church Supplem

46、enting ReadingIslamJehovahs WitnessesJudaismLutheran Church - Missouri Synod, TheMennonite Church USANational Association of Congregational Christian ChurchesNational Association of Free Will BaptistsNational Baptist Convention of America, Inc.National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.National Missionar

47、y Baptist Convention of AmericaOld Order Amish ChurchOrthodox Church in AmericaPentecostal Assemblies of the World, Inc.Pentecostal Church of GodPresbyterian Church in AmericaPresbyterian Church (U.S.A.)Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc.Reformed Church in AmericaReligious Society of Friends (Conservative)Roman Catholic ChurchRomanian Orthodox EpiscopateSalvation ArmySupplementing ReadingSerbian Ort