上海牛津版高一年級第4講-主題閱讀(人與自然類)、翻譯、長難句解析T

1、 授課時間:課程主題：長難句解析+主題類閱讀+綜合（4）.掌握句子成分分析學習目標2.考綱話題18:人與自然.綜合能力提升教學內(nèi)容（來自復(fù)旦附中翻譯句子練習）.盡管雞蛋富有營養(yǎng)，但你不能用兩只雞蛋代替一頓營養(yǎng)均衡的早餐。（be rich in）Although eggs are rich in nutrition , you can t substitute two eggs for a balanced breakfast.如果你們沿著這條路走，至少 20分鐘才能到達山腳下的房子。（at least）If you walk along this path , it will take at

2、least twenty minutes to reach the house at the foot of the mountain.請盡快地把所有必須出席會議的人的名單列出來。（list）Please list all the people who must attend the meeting as soon as possible.你比我高出一個頭，你每天除了三頓飯還吃些什么。（What else）You are taller than I（或 me）by a head. What else do you have besides/in addition to three meals

3、every （或 a）day?.派誰去參加?xùn)|京的時裝比賽至今還未決定。（take part in）Who will be sent to take part in the fashion competition to be h eld in Tokyo hasn t been decided yet.使我擔心的是，這孩子除了電腦，似乎對什麼都不感興趣。（What makes me）What makes me worried is that this child seems to be interested in nothing except computers.我清楚地記得曾經(jīng)見過這個人，但講

4、不清麼什么時間什么地方。（tell）I really remember meeting this man , but I can “ t tell when and where.你每頓飯都吃甜食，這對你的牙齒極其有害。（do harm to）You have sweet food at every meal ,、which does great harm to your teeth .你知道用英語禮貌地拒絕別人的邀請嗎？（refuse）Do you know how to refuse an invitation of other people in a friendly way in Eng

5、lish?.這座紀念碑是為紀念在解放戰(zhàn)爭中犧牲的士兵建立的。（in honour of）This monument was set up in honour of the soldiers who died during the Liberation War.（改編自金融時報）Nov 7 is lidong, one of the 24 solar terms, marking the beginning of winter. Descriptions of winter are normallyquite downbeat for obvious reasons. Winter means

6、strong winds and snow - an environment 1 it isuncomfortable to be.This unpleasant and even frightening aspect of winter is evident in literature. In Shakespeare King Lear (1606), the king has given away his kingdom and been rejected by two ungrateful daughters. He is out in the winter cold,2(suffer)

7、 things that are usually reserved for the poorest and most wretched human beings.The winter is bad enough for Lear, but 3 (abandon) by his family is worse. A song fromBlow, b4 Shakespeare play, As You Like It (1599), is fitting for this poor old man s situation:winter wind, / Thou art not so unkind

8、/ As man sngratitude Here , winter is used to bring out the ugliness of inhumanity. There aren t many things that are worse than winter, according to Shakespeare.Once winter became 5(little) of a threat to human beings, literary works featuring it became morepositive. 6 Charles Dickens, the represen

9、tation of the season in literature has often featured happy Christmas celebrations.The cold and bleak mood of the winter weather provides a contrast to the fun and feasting 7(go) onindoors.Dickens A Christmas Carol (1843) was the start of this, but Christmas is still a common, cheery element in stor

10、ies that feature winter scenes today.8(consider) the joy felt by Harry Potter and his friends in J.K. Rowling Harry Potter and the Philosopher(1997Stone 9 they sit down for their festive meal:“Harry had never in all his life had such a Christmas dinner. A hundred fat, roast turkeys; mountains of roa

11、st and boiled potatoes; platters of chipolatas; tureens of buttered peas, silver boats of thick, rich gravy and cranberry sauceIt is almost as much a pleasure to read about the meal as it might have been to eat it.10 winter still isn the most cheerful season in novels and poems, it safe to say that

12、writers havecertainly “ warmed up since Shakespeare s days.Key: 1. in which 2. suffering 3. being abandoned 4. another 5. less 6. Since7. going 8. Consider 9. as 10. Although知識精講：長難句解析(一)In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough t

13、o the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.【難點解析】本句的難點在于復(fù)雜的后置定語干擾了閱讀，給我們理解句子帶來了影響。在這個句子中就是現(xiàn)在分詞 短語carrying cooled blood做了后置定語，造成了主

14、語 the blood vessels和謂語run被分割，后面接著出現(xiàn)了 另一個the blood vessels carrying warm blood ,進一步加大了理解難度，讓我們一時無法理清句子結(jié)構(gòu)。找到這種后置定語，劃分句子主干的時候直接忽視這種修飾性成分，句子的主要信息就變得非常清晰：In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippeis 定語run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm bl

15、ood from the body- 定語to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before itreaches the flipper itself.完成了句子主干劃分之后，根據(jù)漢語的表述順序，將后置定語往前放，這樣整個句子的意思就出來了?！緟⒖挤g】在逆流交換系統(tǒng)中，攜帶來自鰭部的冷血的血管非常接近攜帶來自身體的溫血的血管以便從帶有溫血的血管 中獲取熱量；因此，在到達鰭部前，熱量通過由

16、流出的血管到流進的血管完成了熱量轉(zhuǎn)移?！境煞謩澐帧坎⒘芯湟籌n a countercurrent exchange system,狀語the blood vessels 主語carrying cooled blood from the flippers 定語 run 謂語close enough to the blood vessels 狀語carrying warm blood from the body 定語to pick up some heat 狀語from the warmer blood vessels.狀語并列句二The heat 主語is transferred 謂語from

17、the outgoing to the ingoing vessels. 狀語狀語從句It 主語reaches 謂語the flipper賓語itself.狀語長難句解析(二)The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar the device had been much emplo

18、yed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.【難點解析】本句的難點是定語(produced by the camera obscura)放在了被修飾詞(the images)的后面，與漢語 表述習慣不一致，另外，出現(xiàn)同位語( a boxlike device )修飾定語中的名詞性部分(the camera obscura), 而又有一個定語從句(that used a)又修飾改同位語(a boxlike device ),使

19、得主語和謂語被很多成分隔開，給我們理解的帶來了一定的困難。找到那些修飾性成分，先忽略它們，再看句子主干就清楚了。The images produced by the camera obscura 定語,a boxlike device 同位語that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper定語從句,werealready familiar - the device had been much employed by topographical ar

20、tists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.【參考翻譯】針孔照相機(一種盒狀的裝置)產(chǎn)生的影像已經(jīng)為大家所熟知，它是一種使用小孔或透鏡將影像投射到毛玻璃屏或一張白紙上的盒狀裝置一一這種裝置已經(jīng)為很多地貌風景畫家所用，例如意大利畫家Canaletto在他【成分劃分】并列句The images 主語produced by the camera obscura,定語a boxlike device,同位語were 系動詞already familiar.表語并列句The de

21、vice 主語had been much employed 謂語by topographical artists 狀語like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. 同位語定語從句A boxlike device 主語used 謂語a pinhole or lens 賓語to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper.賓語補足語長難句解析（三）A maritime code known as

22、 the Consulate of the Sea which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ships officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the righ

23、ts of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes.【難點解析】本句的難點一是后置定語和定語從句分割了句子主干，造成了理解問題。主語A maritime code先是被過去分詞短語known as the Consulate of the Sea 修飾，而這個短語后面緊接著又出現(xiàn)了一個定語從句來進一 步修飾A maritime code ,當我們再看到 won時，就得費心思尋找 won這個動詞的發(fā)出者。 難點二是對 when引導(dǎo)的定語從句的理解。我們在閱讀的時候還需要根據(jù)語

24、義邏輯來對理解句子，這里when ships met one another on the sea-lanes 顯然不能作為時間狀語從句來修飾definedas,意思理解不通。這時我們就要考慮其他可能被修飾的成分，the rules of engagement正好可以作為 when從句的修飾對象，本身 when可以引導(dǎo)定語從句，另外從意思上也合情合理。忽略修飾性定語和定語從句，句子主要信 息如下：A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea 定語which originated in the western Mediterranean re

25、gion in the fourteenth century, 定語從句 won acceptance by a majority of sea goers定語as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ships officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one anothe

26、r on the sea-lanes.定語從句 另外需要注意的是，by短語雖然經(jīng)常引導(dǎo)方式狀語，但是這里by a majority of sea goers修飾的是acceptance這一名詞，所以它實際上做了acceptance的后置定語?！緟⒖挤g】一部在14世紀起源于西地中海地區(qū)的海洋法典（被稱為康索拉度海法）贏得了大多數(shù)航海員的認 可，成為了海上管理的規(guī)范法典；它對一些事物做了界定，比如，高級船員的權(quán)利、命令的發(fā)布規(guī)范、薪資 結(jié)構(gòu)、海員的權(quán)利，以及當船只在航路上遇到別的船時的交戰(zhàn)準則?！境煞謩澐帧坎⒘芯湟籄 maritime code 主語known as the Consulate

27、of the Sea 定語won 謂語acceptance 賓語by a majority of sea goers 定語as the normative code for maritime conduct. 狀語定語從句A maritime code 主語originated 謂語in the western Mediterranean region 狀語in the fourteenth century. 狀 語并列句二It 主語defined 謂語such matters 賓語as the authority of a ships officers, protocols of comma

28、nd, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement.同位語定語從句Ships 主語met 謂語one another 賓語on the sea-lanes.狀語題閱讀1 j考綱話題：人與自然話題語篇分析（一）The fight is on to get rid of air pollution in our cities. While the best solution in the long-term would be to ban fossil-fueled cars, that won t help

29、 the millions who are dying in the meantime, and so some -higctn solutions are now on the cards.In March 2016, 10 London pigeons became famous. These pigeons took to the sky from Primrose Hill in north London, wearing backpacks monitoring air pollution. Once in the air, the backpacks sent live air-q

30、uality updates to the smartphones of the Londoners below.The pigeons and their backpacks were just the latest in a series of increasingly desperate attempts to monitor and control air pollution. London s air pollution problem has been getting worse for years, andsfeeftenrrore thanthree times the Eur

31、opean Union s legal limit.Another promising approach can be found in Beijing, after China declared awar againstpollutionseven-metre-high “ Smog Free Tower ” , designed by a Dutch scientist, Daan Roosegaarde, opened in Beijing Park in September 2016.of the other end.It is a huge, outdoor air purifier

32、. Airborne particles （顆粒） are sucked into the tower where they receive a positive charge. The particles are then caught by a negatively charged dust-removal plate and clean air is blown outChanging smog particles does not takaimrenh. Roosegaarde said.As for what to do with the collected PM waste, he

33、 has currently set up a business making jewellery out of the waste. Prince Charles owns a set of a smocfree cufflinks（袖扣）.If PM waste was collected on at a big scale, Roosegaarde believes it could even be used as a building material.Mexico City has an alternative solution. Looking to Nature to maxim

34、ize the surface area of a building, AllisonDring, a Berlin-based architect, managed to catch light and wind from all sides. She is now making a building material by burning agricultural crop by- products in the absence of oxygen.It means that you are actua ly takingcarbon（碳）out of the sky, transform

35、ing it into a material, and then using it to build,“ says Dring.The fight against outdoor air pollution is really just starting. Even if none of the ideas take off, at least Prince Charles cufflinks, the special building surface and pigeons wearing back-packs will have brought the issue more to the

36、public s attention.The 10 pigeons in London were used to.A. monitor air pollutionB. warn LondonersC. update weather forecastD. promote backpacksWhat can we learn about the Smog Free Tower?Its power consumption is high.PM waste from it can be reused.It is built of agricultural by-products.It can attr

37、act light and wind from all sides.What s the best title for the passage?When can humans get rid of smog?Why is technology used to fight smog?How are the world s cities fighting smog?What makes smog a worldwide problem?Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?IntrodiiZMicft P: Point

38、現(xiàn):Sub-point。攵要點） C: Conclusion答案：ABCB【較難單詞和詞組】on the cards可能monitorn.顯示屏，屏幕；計顯示器；監(jiān)測儀；監(jiān)控人員，班長v.監(jiān)控，監(jiān)聽； 搜集，記錄； 測定；監(jiān)督purifier n.清潔者；清潔器；精制的；精煉者be sucked into 被吸進current adj.現(xiàn)在的； 最近的； 流行的；流傳的n.趨勢；電流；水流；涌流as for 至于make A out of B 用 B 做成 Atransform into 把轉(zhuǎn)化成 【長難句分析】：t help the millions who are.While the be

39、st solution in the long-term would be to ban fossil- fueled cars, that won dying in the meantime, and so some high-tech solutions are now on the cards.【結(jié)構(gòu)簡析】讓步狀語從句，主句是一個并列句?！緟⒖甲g文】盡管從長期來看，最好的解決方案應(yīng)該是禁絕化石燃料汽車，但是它對此時將要死亡的數(shù)百萬物種而言并無幫助，所以一些高科技策略正在嘗試。. Even if none of the ideas take off, at least Prince Cha

40、rles Cufflinks, the special building surface and pigeons wearing back-packs will have brought the issue more to the public ion. s attent【結(jié)構(gòu)簡析】讓步狀語從句，注意逐句部分的主語是一個并列短語?！緟⒖甲g文】即使這些想法都不奏效，至少扎爾斯王子的袖扣一一表面是專門打造的，和帶著背包的鴿子們會更多地把這個問題帶到公眾的公眾的注意力范圍之內(nèi)?！靖木幷Z法填空】The fight is on to get rid of air pollution in our cit

41、ies. While the best solution in the long-term would be to ban fossil-fueled cars, that won t help the millions who are dying in the meantime, and so some high -tech solutions are now on the cards.In March 2016, 10 London pigeons became famous. These pigeons took to the sky from Primrose Hill in nort

42、hLondon, wearing backpacks monitoring air pollution.1 in the air, the backpacks sent live air-quality updatesto the smartphones of the Londoners below.The pigeons and their backpacks were just 2 (late)in a series of increasingly desperate attempts tomonitor and control air pollution. London s air po

43、llution problemget) worse for years, and it often rises tomore than three times the European Union s legal limit.Another promising approach 4 be found in Beijing, after China declared a “waiagainst pollution in2014. A seven-metre-high “SmogFree Tower designed by a Dutch scientist, Daan Roosegaarde,

44、opened in Beijing s 751 D Park in September 2016.It is a huge, outdoor air purifier. Airborne particles (顆粒) are sucked into the tower where they receive a positive charge. The particles are then caught by a negatively charged dust-removal plate and clean air is blown out of the 5 end. Changing smog

45、 particles does not take much current. Roosegaarde said.As for 6 to do with the collected PM waste, he has currently set up a business making jewellery out of thewaste. Prince Charles owns a set of“ smog fre由指).cufflinks( collected on at a big scale, Roosegaardebelieves it could even be used as a bu

46、ilding material.Mexico City has 8 alternative solution. 9 (look) to Nature to maximize the surface area of abuilding, Allison Dring, a Berlin-based architect, managed to catch light and wind from all sides. She is now making a building material by burning agricultural crop by- products in the absenc

47、e of oxygen.It means that you are actuallytaking carbon(碳)out of the sky, transforming it into a material, and then using it to build,“ says DThe fight 10 outdoor air pollution is really just starting. Even if none of the ideas take off, at least PrinceCharles cufflinks, the special building surface

48、 and pigeons wearing back-packs will have brought the issue more to the public s attention.答案：once ; the latest; has been getting; can; other; what; If; an; looking; against考綱話題：人與自然話題語篇分析（二）Why Do People Blink Their Eyes?People blink（眨眼）their eyes tens of thousands of times every day. Scientists ha

49、ve long believed blinking was an involuntary movement and served mainly to keep the eyeballs wet. But a new study suggests it has a more important purpose.An international team of scientists from the University of California at Berkeley studied the blinking of human eyelids. The journal Current Biol

50、ogy publishe d their findings. The team said they found that blinking eyeballs so we can stay focused on what we are seeing. They said that when we blink our eyelids, the eyesinto their sockets the bony area that surrounds and protects the eyes. However, the researchers found the eyes don always ret

51、urn to the same position. They said this causes the brain to tell the eye muscles to reorganize our eyesight.Gerrit Maus is the lead writer of the report. He serves as an assistant professor of psychology at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. Maus said,“ Our eye muscles are quteBslu ggis

52、hmriprecise, sothe brain needs to constantly adapt its motor signals to make sure our eyes are pointing where theyOur findings suggested that the brain measures the difference in what we see before and after a blink, and commands the eye muscles to make the needed corrections. The researchers said t

53、hat without such corrections ouwould appear unclear and even jumpy. They said the movement acts“l(fā)ike aOeOdcam。of the mind.repositbackr surroundingThe researchers said they asked volunteers to sit in a dark room while staring at a small dot on a flat surface.directed the eye muscles to refocus on the

54、 dot. After the dot was moved in this way30 times, the volunteerseyesThey used special cameras to follow the volunteerinks and ey e m oblements. After each blink, the dot was moved one centimeter to the right. The volunteers did not notice this, but the brain did. It followed the movement andProfess

55、or Maus said,changed their focus to the place where they predicted it would be.Even though participants did not consciously register that the dot had moved, their bowndid, and adjusted with the corrective eye movements. These findings add to our understanding of how the brain constantly adapts to ch

56、anges, commanding our eye muscles to correct for errors in our bodiesAccording to the new study, blinking eyes can.A. serve to keep the eyeballs wetB. reposition eyeballs to stay focusedC. consciously correct eye movementsD. make our eyes adapt to motor signalsFrom the experiment, we can learn that.

57、volunteers could see the moving dot with special camerasthe eyeballs could stay in the place as they were predictedparticipants were aware of the dot s movements to the rightthe brain commanded the eye muscles to refocus on the dotThe underlined word“ ringlPOeagraph 5 probably means.A. realizeB. ref

58、ocusC. reserveD. reasonThis passage shows that.eye muscles are quite inactive and imprecisethe research is of great value in the eye movementthe brain plays an important role in seeing things clearlyvolunteers control their blinks to follow the changes of the dots答案：BDAC【重點單詞短語】involuntaryadj.無意識做出的

59、，非故意的； 非自愿的，不隨意的；不由自主的；assistant professor 副教授sluggishadj.行動遲緩的，反應(yīng)慢的；不機警的；懶散的，不活潑的；無精打采的impreciseadj.不精確的，不確定的；含糊不清；dotn.點，小圓點；vt.打點于；散布于；點綴；以小圓點標出a flat surface 一個平面【長難句分析】Our eye muscles are quite sluggish(遲緩的)and imprecise, so the brain needs to constantly adapt its motorsignals to make sure our

60、eyes are pointing where theyre supposed to.【結(jié)構(gòu)簡析】 結(jié)果狀語從句，從句內(nèi)部包含一個賓語從句?！緟⒖挤g】 我們的眼部肌肉相當遲緩，而且很不準確，因此大腦需要不斷地調(diào)整機動信號來確保我們的眼 睛在盯著它該盯的地方。own hardware.These findings add to our understanding of how the brain constantly adapts to changes, commanding our eyemuscles to correct for errors in our bodies【結(jié)構(gòu)簡析】分詞做