光機(jī)電一體化畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)翻譯題

1、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)翻譯MechatronicDesign機(jī)電一體化設(shè)計(jì)2.0Approach商量HistoricalDevelopmentandDefinitionofMechatronicSystems歷史發(fā)展和認(rèn)識(shí)機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)FunctionsofMechatronicSystemsDivisionofFunctionsBetweenMechanicsandElectronicsImprovementofOperatingPropertiesAdditionofNewFunctions功能的機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)之間的功能劃分力學(xué)和電子改善操作性能添加新的功能WaysofIntegrationIntegr

2、ationofComponents(Hardware)IntegrationofInformationProcessing(Software)集成方法集成元件(硬件)一體化的信息處理(軟件)InformationProcessingSystems(BasicArchitectureandHW/SWTrade-offs)MultilevelControlArchitectureSpecialSignalProcessingModel-basedandAdaptiveControlSystemsSupervisionandFaultDetectionIntelligentSystems(Basic

3、Tasks)信息處理系統(tǒng)(基本架構(gòu)和硬件/軟件權(quán)衡)多級(jí)控制結(jié)構(gòu)專用信號(hào)處理模型和自適應(yīng)控制系統(tǒng)監(jiān)督和故障檢測(cè)智能系統(tǒng)(基本任務(wù)).ConcurrentDesignProcedureforMechatronicSystemsDesignStepsRequiredCAD/CAEToolsModelingRolfIsermannProcedureReal-TimeSimulationHardware-in-the-LoopDarmstadtUniversityofTechnologySimulationControlPrototypingHistoricalDevelopmentandDefini

4、tionofMechatronicSystems歷史發(fā)展和認(rèn)識(shí)機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)oarrUDMdqHgrW1960dnrtu*10TOUf-hhi-6btiigrrtofan!mMocM&nMisytisfrwllti日即cslcartllnuDuscaiMrol#Hmit-lgflquflntialccuhnlelectricalM曲傅11曲粋ism?withsulfimBdjccarrtfiHelectron獨(dú)m電卅COERHmCJDOCXnputBr10igraEfunr詡旳igIndmWipinhUIncreasing創(chuàng)白已ricalIncreasingautomallcMHntrolIn

5、crea&ingautomationwith,processaHnpiJldrsandminialurizatiDHMcdngiincnicsyslamsinlwgraflicnmodiaffcst曲muxshaThvB*iaaartaradenemiineBILuiJajanBrWwmechanicalelementsmach-in&sprecisionmedhamits増加電氣傳動(dòng)61870泵80機(jī)擎18形18字引機(jī)園汽電80絡(luò)具墓笈18內(nèi)機(jī)工泵1900純機(jī)械系統(tǒng)0J.&口*-大放O92H01I電301戔9纟k,1動(dòng)年力器問(wèn)電壓T鑒液PL電增加自動(dòng)控制藝汽涓輪機(jī)飛機(jī)【機(jī)1959與機(jī)械系統(tǒng)電

6、子（超心控制！眞序控制1955麴宇戦955年過(guò)程訐畀機(jī)1959實(shí)時(shí)01966年熬字鍛啟動(dòng)花朗5薇型吐聲M1971年電子控制升降機(jī)1975體程舗機(jī)（ABS，匪F1）&的78曇,制19人碇器控幣W耳序制年/3器順控805宀爲(wèi)19過(guò)羣數(shù)字連續(xù)控制數(shù)新的設(shè)計(jì)工具98弗程II-申匚%=同機(jī)一軟協(xié)仃器系統(tǒng)髻薜的自動(dòng)化技木軟件人工智能機(jī)電一體化機(jī)械學(xué)機(jī)械元件的機(jī)器精密機(jī)械Inseveraltechnicalareastheintegrationofproductsorprocessesandelectronicscanbeobserved.Thisisespeciallytrueformechanicals

7、ystemswhichdevelopedsinceabout1980.Thesesystemschangedfromelectro-mechanicalsystemswithdiscreteelectricalandmechanicalpartstointegratedelectronic-mechanicalsystemswithsensors,actuators,anddigitalmicroelectronics.Theseintegratedsystems,asseeninTable2.1,arecalledmechatronicsystems,withtheconnectionofM

8、ECHAnicsandelecTRONICS.在一些技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的一體化產(chǎn)品或工藝和電子可以觀察。這是尤其如此，因?yàn)榇蠹s1980的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)。這些系統(tǒng)由機(jī)械系統(tǒng)與離散機(jī)電配件綜合電子系統(tǒng)的傳感器，執(zhí)行器，和數(shù)字微電子學(xué)。這些集成系統(tǒng)，如在表2.1中，被稱為機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)，與連接的機(jī)械和電子產(chǎn)品。Thewordmechatronics|wasprobablyrstcreatedbyaJapaneseengineerin19691,withearlierdefinitionsgivenby2and3.In4,apreliminarydefinitionisgiven:Mechatronicsisthes

9、ynergeticintegrationofmechanicalengineeringwithelectronicsandintelligentcomputercontrolinthedesignandmanufacturingofindustrialproductsandprocesses”5.“機(jī)電一體化”可能是復(fù)位造成的日本工程師在19691,與早期的finitions給予2和3。在4，一個(gè)初步的fi定義是：機(jī)電一體化是機(jī)械和電子工程協(xié)同集成和計(jì)算機(jī)智能化控制的設(shè)計(jì)和制造工業(yè)產(chǎn)品和過(guò)程”5。Allthesedefinitionsagreethatmechatronicsisaninter

10、disciplinaryfield,inwhichthefollowingdisci-plinesacttogether(seeFig.2.1):所有的定義都同意機(jī)電一體化是一個(gè)跨學(xué)科，在以下學(xué)科這些樣條一起行動(dòng)(參見(jiàn)圖2.1)：mechanicalsystems(mechanicalelements,machines,precisionmechanics);機(jī)械系統(tǒng)(機(jī)械零件，機(jī)，精密機(jī)械)；electronicsystems(microelectronics,powerelectronics,sensorandactuatortechnology);and電子系統(tǒng)(微電子，電力電子，傳感器

11、和執(zhí)行器技術(shù))；和informationtechnology(systemstheory,automation,softwareengineering,artificialintelligenee).2002CRCPressLLC信息技術(shù)(系統(tǒng)理論，自動(dòng)化，軟件工程，人工fi人工智能)。2002出版社有限公司TABLE2.1HistoricalDevelopmentofMechanical,Electrical,andElectronicSystems表2.1歷史發(fā)展的機(jī)械，電氣，電子系統(tǒng)FIGURE2.1Mechatronics:synergeticintegrationofdifferen

12、tdisciplines.圖2.1:協(xié)同融合各種不同機(jī)電專業(yè)。Somesurveycontributionsdescribethedevelopmentofmechatronics;see5一8.Aninsightintogeneralaspectsaregiveninthejournals4,9,10;firstconferenceproceedingsin11-15;andthebooks16-19.描述一些調(diào)查的發(fā)展貢獻(xiàn);見(jiàn)8儀器。洞察普遍方面期刊中給出了4、第九條、第十條;第一次會(huì)議論文集加利福尼亞州圣何塞市、16-19的書(shū)。Figure2.2showsageneralschemeof

13、amodernmechanicalprocesslikeapowerproducingorapower圖2.2:顯示了一個(gè)總體方案,體現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代機(jī)械加工像電力生產(chǎn)或權(quán)力generatingmachine.Aprimaryenergyflowsintothemachineandistheneitherdirectlyusedfortheenergyconsumerinthecaseofanenergytransformer,orconvertedintoanotherenergyforminthecaseofanenergyconverter.Theformofenergycanbeelectri

14、cal,mechanical(potentialorkinetic,hydraulic,pneumatic),chemical,orthermal.Machinesaremostlycharacterizedbyacontinuousorperiodic(repetitive)energyflow.Forothermechanicalprocesses,suchasmechanicalelementsorprecisionmechanicaldevices,piecewiseorintermittentenergyflowsaretypical.2002CRCPressLLC機(jī)器發(fā)電。一個(gè)初始

15、能量流入機(jī)器,然后,或直接用于能源消費(fèi)的情況下,一個(gè)能量變壓器或兌換成另一種能量形式在案件的能量轉(zhuǎn)換器。形式的能量都可電氣、機(jī)械（潛在的或動(dòng)力學(xué)、液壓、氣動(dòng)）、化學(xué)、熱。機(jī)器大多是具有連續(xù)或定期（重復(fù)）能量流。其他機(jī)械加工,如機(jī)械元件或精密機(jī)械設(shè)備分段連續(xù)或間歇能量的流動(dòng)是典型的。2002CRC出版社Ipnmaryenergyflowactuatorssupplyman/machininterfaceauxiliaryenergysupplysumerenergycon-manipulatedwvariablesinformationflowmeasuredvariablesenergyflo

16、wmechanicalhydraulicthermal曲Mrimlmechanics&energy8nverterconsumerenergyVflowinformationprocessingmonitoredvariablesi-supurvisiun-optimiwuion-nLLinjeiiieiil4IIItIttcIt(tiiinfijnnaiLiinmanagment山LtdpaNl(nzmory畀predtetionprtxcsssunsorsEonmlnJ-2三二燈l-u1推理策略推理機(jī)制定性推理定量推理人機(jī)交互通訊接口信息管理數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)決定控制監(jiān)督優(yōu)化管理外部?jī)?nèi)部溝通任務(wù)時(shí)間表

17、知識(shí)庫(kù)文檔過(guò)去（內(nèi)存），預(yù)測(cè)管理多控制功能定性優(yōu)化定性優(yōu)化優(yōu)化協(xié)調(diào)定性設(shè)計(jì)方法分析設(shè)計(jì)方法監(jiān)督的故障檢測(cè)定性估計(jì)參數(shù)和狀態(tài)估計(jì)咼層次的控制定性過(guò)程模型分析過(guò)程模型低層次的控制U執(zhí)行器過(guò)程傳感器FIGURE2.5Advaneedintelligentautomaticsystemwithmulti-controllevels,knowledgebase,infereneemechanisms,andinterfaces.formaintenanceorevenredundancyactions,economicoptimization,andcoordination.Thetasksoftheh

18、igherlevelsaresometimessummarizedasprocessmanagement.SpecialSignalProcessingThedescribedmethodsarepartiallyapplicablefornonmeasurablequantitiesthatarereconstructedfrommathematicalprocessmodels.Inthisway,itispossibletocontroldampingratios,materialandheatstress,andslip,ortosupervisequantitieslikeresis

19、tances,capacitances,temperatureswithincomponents,orparametersofwearandcontamination.Thissignalprocessingmayrequirespecialfilterstodetermineamplitudesorfrequenciesofvibrations,todeterminederivatedorintegratedquantities,orstatevariableobservers.Model-basedandAdaptiveControlSystemsTheinformationprocess

20、ingis,atleastinthelowerlevels,performedbysimplealgorithmsorsoftware-modulesunderreal-timeconditions.Thesealgorithmscontainfreeadjustableparameters,whichhavetobeadaptedtothestaticanddynamicbehavioroftheprocess.Incontrasttomanualtuningbytrialanderror,theuseofmathematicalmodelsallowspreciseandfastautom

21、aticadaptation.圖2.5先進(jìn)的智能自動(dòng)系統(tǒng)控制的多層次，知識(shí)庫(kù)，推理機(jī)制，和接口。為維護(hù)甚至冗余行動(dòng)，經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)化，協(xié)調(diào)。有時(shí)上級(jí)的任務(wù)歸納為過(guò)程管理。特別處理描述的方法是不可測(cè)數(shù)量從數(shù)學(xué)的過(guò)程模型重建部分適用的信號(hào)。通過(guò)這種方式，它是可以控制阻尼比，材料和熱應(yīng)力，滑，或監(jiān)督內(nèi)元件的電阻，電容，溫度，或磨損和污染參數(shù)數(shù)量。這個(gè)信號(hào)處理，可能需要特殊的過(guò)濾器，以確定振動(dòng)的振幅或頻率，以確定衍生化或綜合的數(shù)量，或狀態(tài)變量的觀察員?；谀Ｐ偷淖赃m應(yīng)控制系統(tǒng)的信息處理，至少在較低的水平，簡(jiǎn)單的算法或軟件模塊實(shí)時(shí)條件下進(jìn)行。這些算法包含免費(fèi)的可調(diào)參數(shù)，它必須適應(yīng)過(guò)程的靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)的行為。在對(duì)比試

22、驗(yàn)和錯(cuò)誤的手動(dòng)調(diào)諧，運(yùn)用數(shù)學(xué)模型允許精確和快速的自動(dòng)適應(yīng)。Themathematicalmodelscanbeobtainedbyidentificationandparameterestimation,whichusethemeasuredandsampledinputandoutputsignals.Thesemethodsarenotrestrictedtolinearmodels,butalsoallowforseveralclassesofnonlinearsystems.Iftheparameterestimationmethodsarecombinedwithappropriat

23、econtrolalgorithmdesignmethods,adaptivecontrolsystemsresult.Theycanbeusedforpermanentprecisecontrollertuningoronlyforcommissioning20.2002CRCPressLLC可以通過(guò)識(shí)別和參數(shù)估計(jì)，它使用的測(cè)量和采樣的輸入和輸出信號(hào)的數(shù)學(xué)模型。這些方法不僅限于線性模型，但也讓幾類非線性系統(tǒng)。如果參數(shù)估計(jì)方法相結(jié)合，與相應(yīng)的控制算法的設(shè)計(jì)方法，自適應(yīng)控制系統(tǒng)的結(jié)果。它們可以用于永久精確的控制器調(diào)整，或只為調(diào)試20。2002的CRC出版社有限責(zé)任公司SymptomsCHANGE

24、DETECTIONFEATUREENERATION3FAULTSMODELACTUATORSSENSORSNORMAL-BEHAVIOUR|MODE-BASEDFAULTDETECTIONu執(zhí)行器故障NY過(guò)程傳感器過(guò)程模型基礎(chǔ)模式的故障檢測(cè)功能代艮X,功能正常行為變化檢測(cè)S分析癥狀FIGURE2.6Schemeforamodel-basedfaultdetection.SupervisionandFaultDetectionWithanincreasingnumberofautomaticfunctions(autonomy),includingelectroniccomponents,sen

25、sorsandactuators,increasingcomplexity,andincreasingdemandsonreliabilityandsafety,anintegratedsupervisionwithfaultdiagnosisbecomesmoreandmoreimportant.Thisisasignificantnaturalfeatureofanintelligentmechatronicsystem.Figure2.6showsaprocessinflueneedbyfaults.Thesefaultsindicateunpermitteddeviationsfrom

26、normalstatesandcanbegeneratedeitherexternallyorinternally.Externalfaultscanbecausedbythepowersupply,contamination,orcollision,internalfaultsbywear,missinglubrication,oractuatororsensorfaults.Theclassicalwayforfaultdetectionisthelimitvaluecheckingofsomefewmeasurablevariables.However,incipientandinter

27、mittantfaultscannotusuallybedetected,andanin-depthfaultdiagnosisisnotpossiblebythissimpleapproach.Model-basedfaultdetectionanddiagnosismethodsweredevelopedinrecentyears,allowingforearlydetectionofsmallfaultswithnormallymeasuredsignals,alsoinclosedloops21.Basedonmeasuredinputsignals,U(t),andoutputsig

28、nals,Y(t),andprocessmodels,featuresaregeneratedbyparameterestimation,stateandoutputobservers,andparityequations,asseeninFig.2.6.圖2.6基于模型的故障檢測(cè)計(jì)劃。自動(dòng)功能越來(lái)越多(自治)，包括電子元件，傳感器和執(zhí)行器，日益復(fù)雜化，和日益增長(zhǎng)的需求，可靠性和安全性，故障診斷與綜合監(jiān)督的監(jiān)督和故障檢測(cè)變得越來(lái)越重要。這是一個(gè)顯著的智能機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的自然特征。圖2.6顯示了斷層影響的一個(gè)過(guò)程。這些錯(cuò)誤表明從正常狀態(tài)未經(jīng)許可的偏差，可以產(chǎn)生外部或內(nèi)部。夕卜部故障可能是由電源，

29、污染，或碰撞，磨損的內(nèi)部故障，缺少潤(rùn)滑，或執(zhí)行器或傳感器故障。故障檢測(cè)的經(jīng)典方法是限制少數(shù)一些可測(cè)量的變量的值檢查。然而，起動(dòng)和intermittant故障不能通常被檢測(cè)，并進(jìn)行了深入的故障診斷是不是這種簡(jiǎn)單的方法可能?；谀Ｐ偷墓收蠙z測(cè)和診斷方法是近年發(fā)展起來(lái)的，與通常的測(cè)量信號(hào)的小故障的早期檢測(cè)，也是在封閉循環(huán)21。根據(jù)測(cè)得的輸入信號(hào)，U和輸出信號(hào)，Y(T),和流程模型，參數(shù)估計(jì)，狀態(tài)和輸出觀察員生成的特點(diǎn)是，和奇偶方程在圖。2.6。Theseresidualsarethencomparedwiththeresidualsfornormalbehaviorandwithchangedete

30、ctionmethodsanalyticalsymptomsareobtained.Then,afaultdiagnosisisperformedviamethodsofclassificationorreasoning.Forfurtherdetailssee22,23.Aconsiderableadvantageisifthesameprocessmodelcanbeusedforboththe(adaptive)controllerdesignandthefaultdetection.Ingeneral,continuoustimemodelsarepreferrediffaultdet

31、ectionisbasedonparameterestimationorparityequations.Forfaultdetectionwithstateestimationorparityequations,discrete-timemodelscanbeused.Advaneedsupervisionandfaultdiagnosisisabasisforimprovingreliabilityandsafety,statedependentmaintenance,triggeringofredundancies,andreconfiguration.IntelligentSystems

32、(BasicTasks)Theinformationprocessingwithinmechatronicsystemsmayrangebetweensimplecontrolfunctionsandintelligentcontrol.Variousdefinitionsofintelligentcontrolsystemsdoexist,see2430.Anintelligentcontrolsystemmaybeorganizedasanonlineexpertsystem,accordingtoFig.2.5,andcomprises.multi-controlfunctions(ex

33、ecutivefunctions),.aknowledgebase,.infereneemechanisms,municationinterfaces.2002CRCPressLLC這些殘差是正常行為的殘差與分析癥狀得到的變化檢測(cè)方法相比。然后，故障診斷是通過(guò)分類或推理方法。更多詳情請(qǐng)參見(jiàn)22,23。相當(dāng)大的優(yōu)勢(shì)是，如果同樣的過(guò)程模型，可用于(自適應(yīng))控制器的設(shè)計(jì)和故障檢測(cè)。一般情況下，連續(xù)時(shí)間模型是首選，如果故障檢測(cè)參數(shù)估計(jì)或奇偶方程的基礎(chǔ)上。故障檢測(cè)與狀態(tài)估計(jì)或奇偶方程，離散時(shí)間模型都可以使用。先進(jìn)的監(jiān)督和故障診斷是提高可靠性和安全，依賴國(guó)家維護(hù)，引發(fā)裁員，和重新配置的基礎(chǔ)。智能系統(tǒng)(基本

34、任務(wù))在機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的信息處理的范圍可以簡(jiǎn)單的控制功能和智能控制。智能控制系統(tǒng)的各種定義確實(shí)存在，請(qǐng)參閱24-30。作為一個(gè)在線的專家系統(tǒng)，智能控制系統(tǒng)可組織根據(jù)圖。2.5,包括。多控制功能（行政職能）。知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)。推理機(jī)制，以及。通訊接口。0.2002的CRC出版社有限責(zé)任公司Theonlinecontrolfunctionsareusuallyorganizedinmultilevels,asalreadydescribed.Theknowledgebasecontainsquantitativeandqualitativeknowledge.Thequantitativepartoper

35、ateswithanalytic(mathematical)processmodels,parameterandstateestimationmethods,analyticdesignmethods(e.g.,forcontrolandfaultdetection),andquantitativeoptimizationmethods.Similarmodulesholdforthequalitativeknowledge(e.g.,intheformofrulesforfuzzyandsoftcomputing).Furtherknowledgeisthepasthistoryinthem

36、emoryandthepossibilitytopredictthebehavior.Finally,tasksorschedulesmaybeincluded.Theinfereneemechanismdrawsconclusionseitherbyquantitativereasoning(e.g.,Booleanmethods)orbyqualitativereasoning(e.g.,possibilisticmethods)andtakesdecisionsfortheexecutivefunctions.Communicationbetweenthedifferentmodules

37、,aninformationmanagementdatabase,andtheman-machineinteractionhastobeorganized.Basedonthesefunctionsofanonlineexpertsystem,anintelligentsystemcanbebuiltup,withtheabilitytomodel,reasonandleanntheprocessanditsautomaticfunctionswithinagivenframeandtogovernittowardsacertaingoal.Hence,intelligentmechatron

38、icsystemscanbedeveloped,rangingfrom“l(fā)ow-degreeintelligent13,suchasintelligentactuators,tofairlyintelligentsystems,suchasself-navigatingautomaticguidedvehicles.Anintelligentmechatronicsystemadaptsthecontrollertothemostlynonlinearbehavior(adaptation),andstoresitscontrollerparametersindependenceonthepo

39、sitionandload(learning),supervisesallrelevantelements,andperformsafaultdiagnosis(supervision)torequestmaintenanceor,ifafailureoccurs,torequestafailsafeaction(decisionsonactions).Inthecaseofmultiplecomponents,supervisionmayhelptoswitchoffthefaultycomponentandtoperformareconfigurationofthecontrolledpr

40、ocess.在線控制功能通常在層次組織，已經(jīng)描述。知識(shí)庫(kù)包含定量和定性知識(shí)。定量部分(數(shù)學(xué)分析)的過(guò)程模型，參數(shù)和狀態(tài)估計(jì)方法，分析設(shè)計(jì)方法(例如，用于控制和故障檢測(cè))，并定量?jī)?yōu)化方法。持有類似的模塊的定性知識(shí)(例如，模糊和軟計(jì)算規(guī)則的形式)。進(jìn)一步了解是在內(nèi)存中的過(guò)去的歷史和預(yù)測(cè)行為的可能性。最后，任務(wù)或計(jì)劃可能包括在內(nèi)。推理機(jī)制借鑒的結(jié)論，通過(guò)定量推理(例如，布爾方法)或定性推理(例如可能性方法)，并采取行政職能的決定。舉辦不同的模塊，信息管理數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，和人機(jī)交互之間的通信?；谶@些功能的網(wǎng)上專家系統(tǒng)，智能系統(tǒng)可以建立起來(lái)的，與能力“的模式，原因和一個(gè)給定的框架內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程和它的自動(dòng)功能，并

41、朝著一定的目標(biāo)來(lái)治理它。因此，可以開(kāi)發(fā)智能機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)，范圍從“低度智能13,如作為智能驅(qū)動(dòng)器，“相當(dāng)智能化系統(tǒng)”，如自動(dòng)導(dǎo)引車，自主導(dǎo)航。一個(gè)智能化的機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)適應(yīng)控制器大多是非線性的行為(適應(yīng))，并存儲(chǔ)在其控制器參數(shù)的位置和負(fù)荷(學(xué)習(xí))的依賴，監(jiān)督所有相關(guān)內(nèi)容，并執(zhí)行故障診斷(監(jiān)督)，要求維修，或如果發(fā)生故障，要求一個(gè)安全的行動(dòng)失敗的行動(dòng)的決定。在多個(gè)組件的情況下，監(jiān)督可能有助于切斷故障組件和執(zhí)行控制過(guò)程的重新配置。2.5ConcurrentDesignProcedureforMechatronicSystemsThedesignofmechatronicsystemsrequire

42、sasystematicdevelopmentanduseofmoderndesigntools.DesignStepsTable2.3showsfiveimportantdevelopmentstepsformechatronicsystems,startingfromapurelymechanicalsystemandresultinginafullyintegratedmechatronicsystem.Dependingonthekindofmechanicalsystem,theintensityofthesingledevelopmentstepsisdifferent.Forpr

43、ecisionmechanicaldevices,fairlyintegratedmechatronicsystemsdoexist.Theinfluenceoftheelectronicsonmechanicalelementsmaybeconsiderable,asshownbyadaptivedampers,anti-locksystembrakes,andautomaticgears.However,completemachinesandvehiclesshowfirstamechatronicdesignoftheirelements,andthenslowlyaredesignof

44、partsoftheoverallstructureascanbeobservedinthedevelopmentofmachinetools,robots,andvehiclebodies.RequiredCAD/CAETools2.5機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的并行設(shè)計(jì)程序的機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)需要一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)工具的開(kāi)發(fā)和使用。機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)步驟表2.3顯示了五個(gè)重要的發(fā)展步驟，開(kāi)始從一個(gè)純粹的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)，并導(dǎo)致一個(gè)完全集成的機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)。根據(jù)機(jī)械系統(tǒng)，單一的開(kāi)發(fā)步驟的強(qiáng)度是不同的的。對(duì)于精密機(jī)械設(shè)備，相當(dāng)綜合性的機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)確實(shí)存在。電子機(jī)械元件的影響可能相當(dāng)大，如自適應(yīng)阻尼器，防抱死系

45、統(tǒng)制動(dòng)器，齒輪和自動(dòng)所示。然而，第一個(gè)完整的機(jī)器和車輛顯示了它們的元素的機(jī)電一體化設(shè)計(jì)，然后慢慢地重新設(shè)計(jì)的整體結(jié)構(gòu)部件，在機(jī)床，機(jī)器人，車身的發(fā)展，可以觀察到。所需的CAD/CAE工具2.6Thecomputeraideddevelopmentofmechatronicsystemscomprises:constructivespecificationintheengineeringdevelopmentstageusingCADandCAEtools,modelbuildingforobtainingstaticanddynamicprocessmodels,transformationi

46、ntocomputercodesforsystemsimulation,andprogrammingandimplementationofthefinalmechatronicsoftware.Somesoftwaretoolsaredescribedin31.AbroadrangeofCAD/CAEtoolsisavailablefor2D-and3D-mechanicaldesign,suchasAutoCADwithadirectlinktoCAM(computer-aidedmanufacturing),andPADS,formultilayer,printed-circuitboar

47、dlayout.However,thestateofcomputer-aidedmodelingisnotasadvaneed.Object-orientedlanguagessuchasDYMOLAandMOBILEformodelingoflargecombinedsystemsaredescribedin3133.Thesepackagesarebasedonspecifiedordinarydifferential.2002CRCPressLLC2.6計(jì)算機(jī)輔助機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展包括：1。建設(shè)性的規(guī)范，在工程開(kāi)發(fā)階段使用CAD和CAE工具，2。為獲得靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)的過(guò)程模型的建立模型，3

48、。系統(tǒng)仿真，并轉(zhuǎn)化成計(jì)算機(jī)代碼4。最終的機(jī)電一體化軟件的規(guī)劃和實(shí)施。31描述了一些軟件工具。一個(gè)廣泛的CAD/CAE工具，是可以直接鏈接到CAM（計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造），和PADS多層印刷電路板布局，如AUTOCAD，二維和三維機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)。然而，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助建模的狀態(tài)并不先進(jìn)。面向?qū)ο蟮恼Z(yǔ)言，如DYMOLA和移動(dòng)大型組合系統(tǒng)的建模描述31-33。這些包的基礎(chǔ)上指定的常微分方程0.2002CRC出版社有限責(zé)任公司TABLE2.3StepsintheDesignofMechatronicSystemsPrecisionMechanicalMechanicsElementsMachinesExamplesSe

49、nsorsnsSuspensioElectricdrivesactuatorssdampercombustiondisc-storageschesclutenginescamerasgearsbrakesmach.toolsrobotsPuremechanicalsystemAdditionofsensors,actuators,microelectronics,controlfunctionsIntegrationofcomponents(hardwareintegration)Integrationbyinformationprocessing(softwareintegration)Re

50、designofmechanicalsystemCreationofsynergeticeffectsFullyintegratedmechatronicsystemsThesizeofacircleindicatesthepresentintensityoftherespectivemechatronicdevel表2.3在機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的步驟精密機(jī)械力學(xué)元素機(jī)器的例子傳感器nsSuspensio電驅(qū)動(dòng)執(zhí)行器sdamper燃燒光盤(pán)倉(cāng)CHESCLUT發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)相機(jī)齒輪剎車馬赫。工具的機(jī)器人純機(jī)械系統(tǒng)1。此外，傳感器，執(zhí)行器，微電子技術(shù)，控制功能2。集成組件(硬件集成)3。信息處理集成(軟件集成

51、)4。重新設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)5。創(chuàng)造協(xié)同效應(yīng)完全集成的機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)一個(gè)圓圈的大小表示目前各自的機(jī)電一體化發(fā)育強(qiáng)度666dTABLE2.3StepsintheDesignofMechatronicSystemsThesizeofacirclehidicatesthepresentintensityoftlierespectivemechatronicdevelopmentstep:(、large.medium,qlittle.PrecislociXlecliaiiicsMediantealElementsMachinesSuspensionsdampersclutchesgearsbrakesPu

52、rem&clianicasystem5、CreationofsynergeticeffectsFullyintegratedniechatianicsystemsExamplesSensersactuatorsdisc-storagescaxnerasElectricdrivesconibustSoiienginesmath,tixilsrobots1Integrationbyinformationprocessing(softwareintegration)4.RedesignofniecliaiiicalstemLAddiEionofsensors,actuatcus.microelecc

53、iDiiics,controlfunctm2.Integrationofoonipanents(liardwareIntegraticin)精密機(jī)械機(jī)械元件機(jī)1純機(jī)械系統(tǒng)專器組件集成（硬件集成）信息處理集成軟件集成）重新設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)造協(xié)同效應(yīng)完全集成的機(jī)電一體化例如電氣傳動(dòng)內(nèi)密iriachtools.n個(gè)圓圈的大小表示了各自的機(jī)電一休化的發(fā)展步驟強(qiáng)度大中opmentstep:large,medium,little.equations,algebraicequations,anddiscontinuities.Arecentdescriptionofthestateofcomputer-ai

54、dedcontrolsystemdesigncanbefoundin34.Forsystemsimulation(andcontrollerdesign),avarietyofprogramsystemsexist,likeACSL,SIMPACK,MATLAB/SIMULINK,andMATRIX-X.Thesesimulationtechniquesarevaluabletoolsfordesign,astheyallowthedesignertostudytheinteractionofcomponentsandthevariationsofdesignparametersbeforem

55、anufacturing.Theyare,ingeneral,notsuitableforreal-timesimulation.ModelingProcedureMathematicalprocessmodelsforstaticanddynamicbehaviorarerequiredforvariousstepsinthedesignofmechatronicsystems,suchassimulation,controldesign,andreconstructionofvariables.Twowaystoobtainthesemodelsaretheoreticalmodeling

56、basedonfirst(physical)principlesandexperimentalmodeling(identification)withmeasuredinputandoutputvariables.Abasicproblemoftheoreticalmodelingofmechatronicsystemsisthatthecomponentsoriginatefromdifferentdomains.Thereexistsawell-developeddomainspecificknowledgeforthemodelingofelectricalcircuits,multib

57、odymechanicalsystems,orhydraulicsystems,andcorrespondingsoftwarepackages.However,acomputer-assistedgeneralmethodologyforthemodelingandsimulationofcomponentsfromdifferentdomainsisstillmissing35.Thebasicprinciplesoftheoreticalmodelingforsystemwithenergyflowareknownandcanbeunifiedforcomponentsfromdiffe

58、rentdomainsaselectrical,mechanical,andthermal(see3641）.Themodelingmethodologybecomesmoreinvolvedifmaterialflowsareincorporatedasforfluidics,thermodynamics,andchemicalprocesses.2002CRCPressLLC發(fā)展階段：大，中，小。方程，代數(shù)方程和連續(xù)性。一個(gè)最近的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的狀態(tài)描述中可以找到34。系統(tǒng)仿真（和控制器的設(shè)計(jì)），各種程序系統(tǒng)存在，如ACSL，SIMPACK,MATLAB/SIMULINK的，MAT

59、RIX-X。這些模擬技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)的有價(jià)值的工具，因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)试S設(shè)計(jì)師組件及生產(chǎn)前的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)的變化相互作用的研究。他們是在一般情況下，不適合實(shí)時(shí)仿真。靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)行為的數(shù)學(xué)建模程序過(guò)程模型需要在設(shè)計(jì)的各個(gè)步驟機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的仿真，控制設(shè)計(jì)，和重建的變量，如。兩種方法來(lái)獲取這些模型是理論模型的基礎(chǔ)上（物理）的原則和實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)量輸入和輸出變量的建模（標(biāo)識(shí)）。機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的理論模型的一個(gè)基本問(wèn)題是源于從不同的域的組件。存在一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)的域的模擬電路中，多體機(jī)械系統(tǒng)，液壓系統(tǒng)，以及相應(yīng)的軟件包的具體知識(shí)。然而，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助一般來(lái)自不同域的組件的建模和模擬方法，至今下落不明35。能量流系統(tǒng)的理論建模的基本原則是已知的，可

60、以為來(lái)自不同領(lǐng)域的電氣，機(jī)械，和熱元件（見(jiàn)36-41）的統(tǒng)一的。如果流體力學(xué)，熱力學(xué)和化學(xué)過(guò)程中的物質(zhì)流建模方法變得更加復(fù)雜。0.2002的CRC出版社有限責(zé)任公司Ageneralprocedurefortheoreticalmodelingoflumpedparameterprocessescanbesketchedasfollows19.Definitionofflows.energyflow(electrical,mechanical,thermalconductanee).energyandmaterialflow(fluidic,thermaltransfer,thermodynam