園藝學(xué)原理導(dǎo)論課件

1、園藝學(xué)原理Chapter. 1 - 導(dǎo)論1園藝 HORTICULTUREHORTICULTUREHortus + Cultura 園圃 生產(chǎn)栽培2HORTICULTURE DEFINEDThe word horticulture (園藝) was first used in the 1600s. It is derived from two latin words: hortus, which means garden (庭園), and cultura, which means cultivation (栽培). Therefore, in its strictest sense, hort

2、iculture means “cultivated garden,” or more commonly, “culture of garden plants.“(庭園植物的栽培)3何謂園藝？ 園藝（Horticulture）是生產(chǎn)水果、蔬菜、花卉等作物及其利用的一種事業(yè)；它是農(nóng)業(yè)的一支，也是環(huán)境及生命科學(xué)中重要的部門，更是日常生活上不可或缺的科技常識。園藝事業(yè)不但可以作企業(yè)性的經(jīng)營，還可作副業(yè)性的生產(chǎn)和娛樂性的栽培。4what is this field called Horticulture? Its the science and art of producing nutritious

3、food for the body (身體的補(bǔ)品)fruit, nut, and vegetable cropsand beautiful food for the soul (心靈的美食)flowers and ornamental plants, landscapes, and lawns.In short, horticulture impacts us all every day, day in and day out (Figure 1-1). 56園藝的影響Is horticulture a science or an art? This is an age-old questio

4、n and horticulture is undoubtedly both.(既是科學(xué)又是藝術(shù)) This is where practical experience (經(jīng)驗) will be helpful. The art of horticulture and piano playing. Beethoven. Grafting (嫁接) is an example of combining the art and science of horticulture. Seldom do all horticulturists agree on everything relating to

5、 plants. Surprisingly, however, two scientists can both be correct.7園藝的重要性 水果、蔬菜、花卉是重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物，可增加農(nóng)民的收入，亦可賺取外匯。水果、蔬菜可提供維生素、無機(jī)鹽、纖維素等，有益健康。花卉及觀賞植物可美化環(huán)境、凈化空氣、減少噪音、調(diào)節(jié)大氣溫度及濕度。從事園藝活動可以陶冶性情，亦可用來醫(yī)療病患。 8No Horticulture? No orange juice for breakfast, no strawberries on your cereal, no blueberry muffins.No flowe

6、rs on the table, no Monet or van Gogh prints framed on the wall.No shrubbery or lawn to enhance the aesthetics and value of your home (did you know that landscaping enhances the value of a home by as much as 20%?).No fruits or vegetables to enrich your diet (diseases such as scurvy and nightblindnes

7、s would be rampant because of a lack of vitamins C and A).No alternatives to cereals as sources of the basic needs for calories and protein, since potatoes, cassava, beans, and peas would be unavailable.No golf courses for your leisure time, no sports-turfs for football, soccer, croquet, and lawn te

8、nnis.No coffee breaks, no chocolate bars, no afternoon tea!9園藝在農(nóng)業(yè)上扮演的角色 園藝作物的生產(chǎn)與其他農(nóng)業(yè)不同，它需要較為精細(xì)的技術(shù)和集約的管理。種類與品種既多，質(zhì)量的差異性也大；而且園藝作物的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益又較一般的農(nóng)作物為高。近年來，在經(jīng)濟(jì)自由化趨勢下，農(nóng)業(yè)亦已進(jìn)入國際性劇烈產(chǎn)銷競爭時期，為因應(yīng)此一發(fā)展趨勢，促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)科技化、農(nóng)業(yè)質(zhì)量高級化、以及農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)扎實化，發(fā)展精致農(nóng)業(yè)是目前政府積極推動之施政重點(diǎn)及努力方向。一般而言，都會區(qū)周遭之農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營型態(tài)，由于受到土地資源不足之限制，必須朝向高經(jīng)濟(jì)價值作物（即園藝作物）之精致農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展并與市民

9、生活休閑、都市美化等功能結(jié)合，才能永續(xù)發(fā)展。 10園藝在農(nóng)業(yè)中的分野11園藝動物農(nóng)藝林業(yè)農(nóng)業(yè)植物RELATIONSHIP OF HORTICULTURE TO OTHER AGRICULTURAL DISCIPLINES AND SCIENCES園藝系與植物系的差別？ 主要在于研究的對象不同。園藝系研究的對象是經(jīng)濟(jì)作物，而植物系研究的對象是非經(jīng)濟(jì)作物（一般植物）。另外，園藝系較著重于應(yīng)用科學(xué)方面的研究，而植物系較重學(xué)理。 13園藝系與農(nóng)藝系的差別？ 主要在于研究的作物類別不同。園藝系主要研究非糧食類作物，且栽培方式為集約栽培；(精致農(nóng)業(yè))農(nóng)藝系主要研究糧食類作物，栽培方式偏向粗放栽培。14HO

10、RTICULTURE DEFINEDHorticulture is a branch of agriculture that is different from agronomy and forestry. (1) Horticulture requires more intensive management (集約管理) and higher labor inputs than the other branches.(2) Horticulture offers a higher gross return (高經(jīng)濟(jì)) per unit area per unit time. A good g

11、reenhouse grower can obtain total sales of over $20 per square foot ($215/square meter) of bench space per year. 15Horticultural crop or not?The purpose for growing the crop often determines into what commodity area or field of study it is placed. (依用途決定是否為園藝作物)For example, Kentucky bluegrass (肯塔基藍(lán)草

12、) grown as a forage or pasture crop is considered an agronomic crop, whereas Kentucky bluegrass in a lawn is considered horticultural. A maple (楓樹) grown for its wood is considered under forestry, whereas a maple grown as a shade tree is considered a horticultural plant. 16The branches of horticultu

13、re(1)OLERICULTURE (蔬菜園藝學(xué))：The growing and study of vegetables.POMOLOGY (果樹園藝學(xué)) ：The growing and study of fruits and nuts (from Pomona the Roman goddess of fruit trees).VITICULTURE (葡萄栽培學(xué)) ：The growing and study of grapes or vines. Vitis is Latin for vine, hence viticulture is vine culture. Viticultu

14、re may be included under pomology.FLORICULTURE (花卉園藝學(xué)) ：The growing and study of flowers (from Flora the Roman goddess of flowers). Floral design and production of indoor foliage plants are usually included under floriculture.17The branches of horticulture(2)GREENHOUSE MANAGEMENT (溫室管理) ：The growing

15、 and study of plants in greenhouses. The principles of greenhouse management are also employed in other controlled-environment growing systems.TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT (草坪管理) ：The growing and study of turfgrasses. This includes home, municipal and commercial lawns; sports turf maintenance; highway right

16、s-of-way; and seed and sod production.NURSERY MANAGEMENT (苗圃管理) ：The growing and study of trees and shrubs that are produced primarily for landscape purposes.ARBORICULTURE (樹藝學(xué)) ：The growing and study of trees (arbor means tree in Latin, so arboriculture means tree culture; it is termed silviculture

17、 in forestry). Arboriculture is essentially synonymous with urban forestry.18The branches of horticulture(3)LANDSCAPE HORTICULTURE (景觀園藝) ：The application of design and horticultural principles to the placement and care of plants in the landscape. This term implies the close tie between horticulture

18、 and landscape architecture.INTERIORSCAPING (室內(nèi)造景) ：The application of design and horticultural principles to placement and care of plants in indoor environments.HORTICULTURAL THERAPY (園藝治療) ：The use of horticultural plants and methods as therapeutic tools with disabled and disadvantaged people.19園藝

19、與其他學(xué)科的關(guān)系20園藝植物學(xué)植物生理學(xué)化學(xué)統(tǒng)計學(xué)遺傳學(xué)細(xì)胞學(xué)微生物學(xué)昆蟲學(xué)營養(yǎng)學(xué)生物醫(yī)學(xué)資源管理美學(xué)心理學(xué)建筑學(xué)商業(yè)經(jīng)營國際貿(mào)易營銷通路地理學(xué)氣候?qū)W土壤學(xué)Related Sciences(1)In the past, horticulture has sometimes been called “applied botany.” (應(yīng)用植物學(xué)) Botany (植物學(xué)) , including the study of plant structure-morphology and anatomy. Plant physiology (植物生理學(xué)), another division of b

20、otany, that explains how plants function. Chemistry (化學(xué)), because chemical reactions are important for understanding why we use particular cultural practices, such as fertilizer application and specific pest control practices. Biochemistry (生物化學(xué)), helps the horticulturist to explain metabolic reacti

21、ons within and among cells to understand how plants will respond to external stimuli. 21Related Sciences(2)Mathematics (數(shù)學(xué)), in calculating spray rates and for a host of other computations; Physics (物理學(xué)), to understand light and plant structure; Plant pathology (植物病理學(xué)), to understand and cure or pre

22、vent plant diseases; Soil science (土壤學(xué)), because plants are commonly grown in the soil; Genetics (遺傳學(xué)), because the genes in a plant interact with the environment to control the makeup of the organism.22二、園藝的歷史23HISTORY OF HORTICULTUREFirst studies of plants considered practical questions. Is it edi

23、ble? Poisonous? Does eating it modify well-being(福利)? Does it taste good? Can it be used to keep me warm? As fuel? As clothing? Is it useful to combat pain? Disease?24園藝簡史 文明躍進(jìn)與園藝的關(guān)系25人類文明史的開始B.C.8000農(nóng)業(yè)革命B.C.3000園藝已有成熟發(fā)展園藝簡史 文明躍進(jìn)與園藝的關(guān)系26B.C.3000希臘時期相關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)著作出現(xiàn)A.D.900中世紀(jì)修道院A.D.1400大航海時代的香料貿(mào)易園藝簡史 文明躍進(jìn)與園藝

24、的關(guān)系27A.D.1800工業(yè)革命科技時代園藝研究大突破A.D.1970網(wǎng)絡(luò)革命A.D.1990基因革命28園藝的起源與發(fā)展簡史 公元前9000-8000年在西亞的新月形地帶（現(xiàn)約旦和敘利亞的西部和北部）最早開始了原始農(nóng)業(yè)； 公元前7000-5000年，中國長江、黃河流域開始種植葫蘆、白菜、芹菜、蠶豆、西瓜、甜瓜等，園藝作物的栽培已成為原始農(nóng)業(yè)的一個組成部分。 一、世界園藝業(yè)的形成29 公元前3000年，埃及人開始種植棗椰子、無花果、洋橄欖、洋蔥及葡萄等，并于公元前十五世紀(jì)建立了世界上第一個植物園。 公元前500年到公元500年，羅馬人使用的園藝技術(shù)包括嫁接、多種水果和蔬菜的利用。在當(dāng)時的文獻(xiàn)

25、中還發(fā)現(xiàn)以云母片所蓋的原始型溫室，用于黃瓜的促成栽培。 302003-9-27 30 圖1-1 1900年埃及Beni Hasanis出土的古墓中所描繪的古埃及及園藝 （左圖）采收無花果，右上圖）圓形葡萄架，（右下圖）菜園灌溉1900年埃及出土的古墓中所描繪的古埃及園藝 歐洲園藝業(yè)始于文藝復(fù)興時期的意大利，后經(jīng)法國傳入英國。到公元十五、六世紀(jì)，果園和菜園在修道院外已經(jīng)很普遍，菜園成為香料和調(diào)味品的重要來源。 十六世紀(jì)末法國人利用溫水灌溉，促進(jìn)櫻桃提早成熟。法國路易十四年代（1640-1710）創(chuàng)建了玻璃溫室，用于多種園藝作物的促成栽培，推展了設(shè)施園藝的普及和發(fā)展。 十九世紀(jì)末，農(nóng)耕機(jī)出現(xiàn)，化學(xué)

26、肥料工業(yè)產(chǎn)生，化學(xué)農(nóng)藥被人工合成，極大地提升了農(nóng)業(yè)勞動生產(chǎn)率，同時也明顯地促進(jìn)了近代園藝業(yè)的發(fā)展。 32莒縣浮來山古銀杏樹二、中國園藝業(yè)的興起與發(fā)展 春秋戰(zhàn)國時期，農(nóng)圃有了進(jìn)一步的分工，出現(xiàn)了專門栽植果樹的園和專門種植蔬菜的圃，園藝業(yè)已不再作為大田種植業(yè)的補(bǔ)充部分，獨(dú)立的園藝業(yè)初步形成。 戰(zhàn)國時期的山海經(jīng)記載了觀賞樹木14處、花卉5處、蔬菜5處和果樹14處，同時扦插技術(shù)在當(dāng)時的文獻(xiàn)中也有記載。 秦、漢時期，果樹和蔬菜生產(chǎn)已從園圃擴(kuò)大至山野，出現(xiàn)了一些具有相當(dāng)規(guī)模的果園和菜圃，成為農(nóng)業(yè)的重要組成部分。 開通西域后，經(jīng)絲綢之路，從西方引進(jìn)葡萄、無花果、石榴、核桃、扁桃等果樹，以及黃瓜、西瓜、胡蘿卜

27、、菠菜和豌豆等蔬菜。 南北朝時期，中國南方栽培果樹明顯增多，如柚、枇杷等，且出現(xiàn)了一些大面積的果園。栽培的蔬菜種類也從東漢時期的20多種增加到30多種。 唐代中國從國外引進(jìn)了不少果樹和蔬菜；嫁接技術(shù)更加完善；促成栽培技術(shù)有了新的發(fā)展，可使黃瓜在二月采收；開始了食用菌的人工栽培；小型盆景出現(xiàn)；茶葉生產(chǎn)技術(shù)具有世界性的影響；興起了花卉業(yè)。 36 宋元時期原來主要在嶺南種植的橙、桔、香蕉、荔枝、龍眼等果樹分別向閩、浙、贛、川、蘇等地推移，擴(kuò)大了種植區(qū)域；對花卉的觀賞已從上層人士向民間普及。 明清時期中國主要透過海路從歐洲和美洲引進(jìn)了芒果、菠蘿、番木瓜、蘋果、西洋梨、西洋李和西洋櫻桃等果樹，以及西紅柿

28、、辣椒、結(jié)球甘藍(lán)、花椰菜、洋蔥、南瓜（包括西葫蘆、筍瓜等）、馬鈴薯、軟莢豌豆和菊芋等蔬菜，極大地豐富了中國園藝作物的種質(zhì)資源，促進(jìn)了中國園藝業(yè)的發(fā)展。 Horticulture in AmericaEuropean colonists brought seeds, cuttings, and plants of familiar horticultural and agricultural species. Orchards and other horticultural plantings were established.Many early Americans experimented

29、with the cultivation of a wide range of species. Jefferson made exhaustive attempts to establish vineyards in Virginia for the production of wine grapes.Horticulture in the United States received new stimulus following the creation of land grant universities by the Morrill Act of 1862. These institu

30、tions encouraged growth of all agricultural knowledge, with horticulture emerging as an early beneficiary of educational opportunities.37Father of American Horticulture Liberty Hyde Bailey(1858-1954)Graduated in 1882 from the Michigan Agricultural College (now Michigan State University), and then st

31、udied under Asa Gray at Harvard University from 1883 to 1885. He became Professor of the Horticulture Department at Michigan Agricultural College in 1885-1888, and become Professor of General and Experimental Horticulture at Cornell University in 1888- 1913.Hortus, a taxonomic index of horticultural

32、 plants. Cyclopedia of Horticulture, which contains cultural as well as taxonomic information. He helped found the first horticulture department distinct from a botany program in the United States. 3839Liberty Hyde Bailey(1858-1954)Baileys philosophy was to live on the 25-year plan: devoting the fir

33、st 25 years of his life to his education, the second 25 years to gainful employment and public services, and the last 25 years of his life to retirement, doing as he pleased. Fortunately for horticulture, the last 25 years extended to more than 40, and were a period of intense activityof writing, ed

34、iting, plant exploration and description, and the establishment of the Bailey Hortorium, things of the garden.Liberty Hyde Bailey, along with several other leading horticulturists of the day, was instrumental in founding the American Society for Horticultural Science (ASHS) in 1903. 40Liberty Hyde B

35、ailey(1858-1954)【中國大百科全書智能藏】美國植物學(xué)家教育家和作家。1882年畢業(yè)于密西根農(nóng)學(xué)院曾任哈佛大學(xué)植物學(xué)家格雷的助教密執(zhí)安州立農(nóng)學(xué)院康乃爾大學(xué)教授紐約州立農(nóng)學(xué)院院長。退休后仍致力于所收集的20萬份以上的植物標(biāo)本進(jìn)行研究。1935年把所集的全部標(biāo)本及專業(yè)圖書館贈送給康乃爾大學(xué)學(xué)校因此建立了貝利園藝園。貝利主要從事對栽培植物的系統(tǒng)研究其研究成果使美國的園藝學(xué)從樸素的技術(shù)上升為一門應(yīng)用科學(xué)并對遺傳學(xué)植物病理學(xué)和農(nóng)學(xué)的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了直接的影響。他還建立美國第 1個特有的園藝學(xué)實驗室。貝利共寫有科學(xué)論文 700篇和著述66冊還編纂了美國園藝百科全書(4卷19001902)美國農(nóng)業(yè)百科

36、全書(4卷19071909)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)園藝百科全書(6卷1914)栽培植物手冊(1923)等。41三、臺灣園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展42臺灣農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展簡介荷蘭時期明鄭時期清朝時期1860年天津條約日本殖民時期國民政府遷臺1966 年目前農(nóng)業(yè)草創(chuàng)時期引入稻米、甘蔗栽培漢人移民大量涌入，稻米精耕栽培開放通商，糖、茶、米為出口大宗。以糖米為大宗，并發(fā)展菠蘿、香蕉、麻等特用作物。以農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展工業(yè)世界糖價下跌，菠蘿、香蕉、洋菇、蘆筍取代糖、米為主要出口品。因工商總產(chǎn)值大幅提高，使農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)值比例被稀釋。43臺灣農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)鏈的變遷早期二十世紀(jì)前半葉，臺灣耕地面積中超過一半用來生產(chǎn)本地所需求的糧食作物，三分之一的耕地用來生產(chǎn)出口導(dǎo)向的

37、商業(yè)性農(nóng)作。大多數(shù)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品由生產(chǎn)到消費(fèi)的農(nóng)業(yè)食品鏈并不長。 臺灣農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)鏈的變遷現(xiàn)在隨著農(nóng)業(yè)食品鏈的發(fā)展，現(xiàn)今的臺灣農(nóng)業(yè)與二十世紀(jì)初已全然不同。不僅耕地中的稻作面積讓位給果樹種植面積，僅占總耕地面積1/4強(qiáng)，耕種水稻為主的農(nóng)戶僅約 1/3。臺灣園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)況46全國總農(nóng)耕面積851千公頃臺灣園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)況園藝植物產(chǎn)值(89年) (民國100年)水果：603億元(743億元)蔬菜：399億元(556億元)花卉： 94億元(157億元)特用作物：129億元(122億元)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品總產(chǎn)值：1652億元(2100億元)47農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)毛額比率48我國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)總值49100 年農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)值及結(jié)構(gòu)100 年農(nóng)業(yè)生

38、產(chǎn)總值為4,755 億元，較99 年之4,269 億元增加11.38%。(一)農(nóng)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)值約2,100 億元，較99 年增加11.24%，占總產(chǎn)值比重為44.17%居首位。各類農(nóng)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)值結(jié)構(gòu)，水果占35.41%最多，蔬菜占26.50%次之，稻米占18.16%、花卉占7.49%、特用作物占5.83%、雜糧及菇類各占4.30%及2.31%。50(100 年農(nóng)業(yè)統(tǒng)計年報)100年農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模與產(chǎn)出51臺灣重要園藝作物排行榜52作物產(chǎn)值（億元）產(chǎn)量（千噸）1檳榔139 1702西瓜473823菠蘿463484芒果452075梨391186茶38217竹筍373598葡萄291079香蕉2621310甘藍(lán)25

39、379臺灣園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)之回顧與發(fā)展李金龍前農(nóng)業(yè)委員會主委臺肥公司董事長臺灣大學(xué)園藝系兼任教授 53前言臺灣的園藝具有的優(yōu)勢： 氣候、研發(fā)、從業(yè)人員與政策臺灣農(nóng)業(yè)已朝向生產(chǎn)、生活、生態(tài)之“三生”目標(biāo)邁進(jìn) 加入世界貿(mào)易組織(WTO)之后，積極因應(yīng)產(chǎn)業(yè)之調(diào)適。 調(diào)整轉(zhuǎn)型方向：1.生產(chǎn)豐富、質(zhì)良、多樣化園產(chǎn)品；2.照顧農(nóng)民以及全體國人生活；3.兼顧自然生態(tài)之平衡。 54園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)近35年來之變遷5556園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)(94年)57園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)(97年)58園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)(100年)59 果 樹 6061蔬 菜 626364花 卉 656667臺灣園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)展望休閑化企業(yè)化國際化有機(jī)園藝68四、園藝暨景觀系簡介69園藝暨景觀系

40、的范疇及使命 園藝暨景觀系教學(xué)研究的范圍相當(dāng)廣泛，包括果樹、蔬菜、花卉等園藝作物的生產(chǎn)與品種改良、園產(chǎn)品處理、加工以及造園景觀。園藝暨景觀系的教學(xué)目標(biāo)系培育從事園藝科學(xué)研究、教學(xué)與推廣以及園藝事業(yè)經(jīng)營之各階層之人才，包括各行政及研究機(jī)關(guān)、學(xué)校、園藝企業(yè)公司或農(nóng)場、游樂區(qū)、風(fēng)景區(qū)及造園公司等。研究方向兼顧傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)與新興生物技術(shù)，開發(fā)改良園藝作物之品種、生產(chǎn)、管理與利用，以因應(yīng)國家現(xiàn)代化之需要。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)起飛、工商業(yè)的發(fā)展、人民生活質(zhì)量的提高，園藝研究的方向更朝向多元化、精致化發(fā)展。 70園藝暨景觀系簡介 跨領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的園藝暨景觀系作物科學(xué)群生物技術(shù)學(xué)群(處理)加工學(xué)群造園景觀學(xué)群71園藝暨景觀系作物

41、科學(xué)群有機(jī)化學(xué)生物化學(xué)遺傳學(xué) 植物生理園藝作物育種學(xué)園場操作與經(jīng)營 園藝植物分類學(xué)植物繁殖常綠果樹落葉果樹 蔬菜各論72果樹蔬菜花卉花卉各論植物病理 農(nóng)業(yè)昆蟲土壤學(xué)探討果樹、蔬菜、花卉、以及其他園藝作物的栽培、生理、運(yùn)用等相關(guān)領(lǐng)域。園藝暨景觀系生物技術(shù)群有機(jī)化學(xué)生物化學(xué)遺傳學(xué) 植物生理園藝作物育種學(xué)植物解剖學(xué)分析化學(xué)微生物學(xué)植物基因轉(zhuǎn)殖 基礎(chǔ)分子生物學(xué)73園藝生物技術(shù) 細(xì)胞學(xué) 園藝植物生理 生長與分化遺傳分生利用生物技術(shù)建立無病毒種苗及大量繁殖品種技術(shù)、分離園藝性狀相關(guān)基因，并建立基因轉(zhuǎn)殖系統(tǒng)。 園藝暨景觀系(處理)加工群生物化學(xué)園產(chǎn)品分析園產(chǎn)品加工各論園產(chǎn)加工微生物學(xué) 園產(chǎn)品酵素學(xué) 食品化學(xué)

42、 有機(jī)化學(xué)分析化學(xué)普通物理學(xué)74以園產(chǎn)品蔬菜、水果類為材料，研究其加工、利用、貯藏與提高價值的各種可能性。加工處理園藝暨景觀系造園景觀群基本設(shè)計 造園描繪造園設(shè)計景觀規(guī)劃畢業(yè)設(shè)計 景觀生態(tài)學(xué) 造園材料與施工 園景之演變與發(fā)展 造園工程學(xué)造園專業(yè)實務(wù)造園之維護(hù)與管理 苗圃學(xué) 75觀賞樹木學(xué) 植栽設(shè)計與應(yīng)用 電腦在造園上之應(yīng)用 造園校外實習(xí) 基地計劃 庭園結(jié)構(gòu)物培養(yǎng)國內(nèi)優(yōu)秀景觀人才，并針對戶外空間、游憩心理、景觀生態(tài)、及景觀相關(guān)領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行研究。 設(shè)計規(guī)劃工程園藝暨景觀系介紹系所設(shè)備：園藝(四號館)、花卉、園產(chǎn)品加工與造園等四座系館精密溫室附屬實驗室與部分同位素館(已移至轉(zhuǎn)殖溫室)實習(xí)場所制圖室、冷藏

43、庫、加工廠、精密及一般溫室農(nóng)業(yè)試驗場園藝分場、及山地實驗農(nóng)場(梅峰)等橫跨海拔2000公尺與半個臺灣重要教學(xué)實驗單元果樹、蔬菜、花卉、生理、遺傳、育種電子顯微鏡、組織培養(yǎng)、分子生物、同位素技術(shù)園產(chǎn)品處理、園產(chǎn)品加工造園景觀76Career opportunitiesHorticulture is a field of study in which career opportunities abound; (就業(yè)機(jī)會多)owning and managing horticulture businesses (自我創(chuàng)業(yè)) such as orchards and vegetable farms,

44、nurseries, floral shops, and landscape businesses. professional horticulturists to fill position in public horticulture (公共園藝服務(wù)), such as golf course superintendents and managers of, parks, public gardens and arboreta. communicating horticultural information to the public (園藝推廣)-writing for the vari

45、ous -newspapers, journals, and television and radio programsand in the pursuit of careers in teaching, extension, and horticultural sales. 77現(xiàn)代園藝職場新機(jī)遇特色：就業(yè)機(jī)會多樣：研究、實務(wù)、推廣研發(fā)工作：研究生、研究助理、研究學(xué)者專家自我創(chuàng)業(yè)：果園、菜園、苗圃、休閑農(nóng)場、有機(jī)農(nóng)場、設(shè)施栽培、花店園藝行私人園藝公司服務(wù)：園藝種苗、資材公司、造園景觀公司、綠色事業(yè)、園產(chǎn)加工廠公共園藝服務(wù)：公務(wù)人員、公園綠地維護(hù)人員、高爾夫球場管理園藝教育推廣：教師、推廣人員

46、、園藝作家78Challenging career opportunities in research The first practical applications of biotechnology were developed and commercialized with horticultural plants by horticultural scientists, (生物技術(shù)最早應(yīng)用在園藝作物) Robots and computers, genetic engineering, and basic scienceall will come together as horticu

47、ltural scientists lead the way toward a better future.(結(jié)合計算機(jī)、遺傳工程和基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)應(yīng)用于園藝科技上)79五、園藝與生活8081生產(chǎn)生活園藝與生活熱量與營養(yǎng)的來源工商業(yè)原料、經(jīng)濟(jì)資源飲食的樂趣幫助健康改善環(huán)境、提升生活質(zhì)量美與藝術(shù)性82首爾清溪川改善環(huán)境、提升生活質(zhì)量84臺大杜鵑花節(jié)美與藝術(shù)性85陽春三月，緣山行，忘路之遠(yuǎn)近，忽逢桃花林，路徑數(shù)百步，中無雜樹，芳草鮮美，落英繽紛梅峰桃花緣美與藝術(shù)性86六、園藝的進(jìn)展87(1) NEW CULTIVARS.新品種 Breeders have developed new cultivars (

48、開發(fā)新品種) with improved quality, greater yield potential, improved growth characteristics, increased pest resistance, and greater tolerance to environmental extremes (see Figure 1-3). Genetic engineering (遺傳工程) and other modern technologies employed for cultivar development and improvement are covered

49、in Chapter 4.8889(2) PLANT-WATER RELATIONSHIPS.植物與水分關(guān)系 We have a better understanding of irrigation (灌溉) (Figure1-4) and plant-water relationships, and of new application methods such as trickle or drip irrigation.(點(diǎn)滴灌溉)Intermittent mist and fog systems (噴霧系統(tǒng)) have aided plant propagation. Improveme

50、nts also have been made in hydroponic plant production (水耕生產(chǎn)), which still remains a minor, but important, horticultural industry.9091(3) TEMPERATURE.溫度 Bottom heat (底部加熱) is now used with many crops to increase their growth. Vernalization (春化作用) is the direct effect of low temperature on flower ini

51、tiation. Understanding the temperature and dormancy (休眠) has enabled commercial producers to schedule their crops more effectively. New developments in temperature and energy management (能源管理) have helped horticulturists to use fuel reserves more wisely (Figure 1-5). Recent advances in the adjustmen

52、t of night and day temperatures (日夜溫差) enable the grower to increase the production efficiency of greenhouse crops. We also now have a much better understanding of stresses caused by extremes of temperature (極端溫度).9293蝴蝶蘭水墻溫室 (4) LIGHT.光線 Light influences the all-important process, photosynthesis, a

53、nd how light can trigger or delay flowering. (光線可加速或延遲)Many crops can therefore be programmed to flower (花期調(diào)節(jié)) in a timely fashion or they can be managed to avoid flowering when no flowers are desired (Figure 1-6). Supplemental lighting (補(bǔ)充光照) can be utilized to increase yields of some species durin

54、g periods of low light. Because of our knowledge of light, we now have successful indoor gardening (室內(nèi)園藝) and interiorscaping (室內(nèi)造景) to beautify and enhance large public areas such as shopping malls.9495圣誕紅減少日照可提早開花(5) PLANT NUTRITION.植物營養(yǎng) Many new and different types of fertilizers (肥料種類繁多) have be

55、en developed in recent years. Formulations are now available for varying needs, including different rates of availability to plants. However, it wasnt until about 1920 that trace element fertilization (微量元素) began to be better understood. Great strides in our comprehension of the fixation of atmosph

56、eric nitrogen (固氮作用) within plant roots by microorganisms (symbiosis).96(6) THE RHIZOSPHERE (ROOT ZONE).根圈區(qū) Properties of soils, the value of organic matter, and interaction among soil components, soil microflora, and microfauna (土壤微生物) have led to advances in commercial and home horticulture.Increa

57、sed container plant production (容器生產(chǎn)) has been facilitated by the development of improved pots, flats, multipacks, and starter blocks. Root aeration (根通氣性) has been improved by the development and use of peat-lite media, bark mixes, and other soil-less mixes (無土介質(zhì)) (Figure 1-7). Our knowledge of the

58、 importance of organic matter (有機(jī)質(zhì)) in field soils has improved along with erosion control practices such as reduced tillage. Mulches (覆蓋) have been developed to control soil moisture, temperature, erosion, and weeds.9798(7) INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM).綜合病原管理 The management and control of insec

59、ts, diseases, and weeds involves a program (綜合防治) utilizing genetic pest resistance within plants, a knowledge of pests life cycles and epidemiology, crop scouting reports, growing plants under appropriate environmental conditions, and the proper use of pesticides. This integrated approach can emphasize the control or elimination of plant pests and minimize negative impact on the environment.(既有效防治病蟲害，又減少對環(huán)境的沖擊) The strategy of integrated pest management has led to substantially increased yields (實質(zhì)增產(chǎn)) and has given the public a much higher quality of agricultural products (質(zhì)量提升) (Figure 1-