TEM4重點語法詳解

1、TEM 4重點語法詳解1.集體名詞作主語主謂一致通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞集體名詞，如： police, people, cattle, militia, poultry 等，通常作復(fù)數(shù)，用復(fù)數(shù)動詞。如：Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞有些集體名詞，女口 foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise,通常作不可數(shù)名詞 ,隨后的動詞用單數(shù)。例如： All the machi nery in the factory is made in Ch

2、ina.既可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞集體名詞，女口 audienee, committee, class, crew, family, public, government 等，既可作單數(shù)，可作復(fù)數(shù)用。The city council is meeti ng to set its age nda.a committee, etc. of + 數(shù) Z如果主語是由a committee of /a panel of /a board of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”構(gòu)成，隨后的動詞通常用單數(shù)。例如： A committee of five men and three wome n is to con side

3、r the matter.關(guān)于used to的意義和用法used to (只有過去時形式，沒有現(xiàn)在時形式)表示過去習(xí)慣動作或狀態(tài)，這種情況現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。例如： He used to smoke a lot, but he has long give n up smok ing.在否定陳述句或否定疑問句中，用 didn t use to或usedn t to均可：He didn t use to smoke cigarettes.He usedn t to smoke cigarettes.Didn t Maria use to be interested in the theatre?Used

4、n t Maria to be interested in the theatre?在肯定疑問句中也可有兩種形式：Used you to go to the same school as Edward?Did you use to go to the same school as Edward?.關(guān)于dare的意義和用法作為情態(tài)動詞表示“膽敢，dare通常只用于否定陳述句和疑問句。例如：I dare not go there.How dare he say such rude things about me?dare作為情態(tài)助動詞沒有過去式形式，其否定式為daren t,既可指現(xiàn)在時間，也可指

5、過去時間。例如： Tom wan ted to come, but he daren t.dare還可用主動詞，隨后的不定式可帶to,也可不帶to。例如：He does not dare(to) answer.Does she dare (to) go there alone?.定語從句中關(guān)系代詞that的用法在既指人又指事物的兩個或兩個以上的先行詞后面。例如：They are talk ing about the people and coun tries that they had visited.在限制性定語從句中有形容詞最高級的先行詞后面。例如：He is the best stude

6、 nt that I have ever met.在以“ It is.”，“It was. ”等開頭的強調(diào)句中，和相應(yīng)的疑問句中。如：What is it that he wan ts?4)在 only, all, little 的后面 This is all that I know.5)在no, every, some和any等詞后面，也包括在它們的復(fù)合詞在內(nèi)。如： There is no pers on that is always in the right.Is there anything that I can do for you?. be+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作。

7、例如：There s to be an in vestigati on.I am to have tea with Betty this after noon.這一結(jié)構(gòu)常見于報紙和廣播，用以宣布官方的計劃或決定。例如：The Quee n is to visit Japa n next year.二是表示命令、禁止或可能性等。例如：You are to sta nd here. Do you un dersta nd?Tell her she s not to be back late.一般現(xiàn)在時也可表達(dá)將來時間，常見于條件狀語和時間狀語從句。例如：If she comes, I ll tel

8、l her all about it.Wait here till the meeti ng is over.It won t be long before the rain stops.有關(guān)否定通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞1)雙重否定最常見的形式有：no(not).but.;殳仆.K .no(no t).without.no(no t). uni ess 2 右 Hl 不.not.until 首亍 卜. 才.例如：There is no one but knows it. 沒有一個人不知道此事。ca n not 與副詞 too, eno ugh, sufficie ntly, over, too m

9、uch等詞連用時，意為 無論怎樣也不過分”，“越越”。例如：You cann ot be too careful. 你越仔細(xì)越好。We cann ot praise him too much.我們無論怎樣贊揚他也不過分。.形容詞層迭修飾時的順序幾個屬于不同層次的形容詞作修飾語時，其詞序一般按下列順序排列：限定詞T表示說話人評價的形容詞T表示大小、形狀、新舊的形容詞T表示顏色的形容詞T表示國別、來源、材料的形容詞T表示用途或目的的形容詞T名詞中心詞。例如：the town s charming old English church a well-k nown Germa n medical sc

10、hool the man s first two interesting little red French oil paintings. It is the first time +that 分句在 “ It is/was/will be the first time + that 分叮了仃樓 I 牛主 !上 R 訶文寸 is/will be 時，that 分 句動詞一律用現(xiàn)在完成體，引導(dǎo)詞 that可以省略。例如：It is the first time I ve been here.Don t forget, it ll be the first time I ve spoken in

11、public.當(dāng)主句動詞為 was時，thatIt was the first time she d been at a summer school and she thoroughly enjoyed it.動詞后接不定式或動名詞有些動詞或詞組女口 admit, appreciate, avoid, con sole, defer, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, fini sh,men ti on, mind, miss, quit, postp one, practice, resist, risk, (ca n t) sta nd, suggest, giv

12、e up, put off等后面只能接動名詞。例如：I enjoy play ing football.I don t mind sleeping with the door open.有些動詞如stop, remember, forget, try, mean等接不定式或動名詞做賓語，意思各不相同。try doing sth試試看(沒有付諸的行動)try to do盡力去做(已有行動)mean doing sth. 意味著mea n to do sth. 打算.有關(guān)反意疑問句am I”的否定形式是aren tI，而不是am not I 或amn tI。例如：I am right, aren

13、t I?everything和nothing作為陳述句的主語時是單數(shù)，因此反意疑問句中的主語要用“it。注意，nothing作為主語時，反意疑問句中的動詞要用肯定形式。例如：Nothing is wrong,is it?陳述句中的主語為 every one, everybody, anyone, n obody 或no one時，反意疑問句 中的主語 用they o注意，nobody和no one是否定詞，因此反意疑問句應(yīng)該用肯定的。例如： Nobody knows it, do they?如果陳述句部分有no, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom

14、等詞，那么，陳述句本身就是否定的，所以要接一個肯定的反意疑問句。例如：He has never been there, has he?如果陳述句中的動詞是wish ，那么反意疑問句中要用may。例如：I wish to go there with you, may I?包括聽話人在內(nèi)時“l(fā)et s”的反意疑問句要用“shall we o反之，反意疑問句中要用“willyou” 。例如：Let s go, shall we?Let us go, will you?11.不定式不帶to的問題在情態(tài)成語之后，即在 would rather/would sooner/would (just) as s

15、oon(寧愿),may/might aswell (不妨)，cannot but/cannot help but 之后。例如：You can t help but respect them.Since it s a fine day we might as well walk.在“使役動詞+賓語”之后，即在let, have, make之后。例如：Let there be an end of this misun dersta nding.He won t have us criticize his work.Abby made him stay to tea.在“感覺動詞+賓語”之后，即在

16、see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch 之后。例如： We feel the house shake.I didn t hear you say that.在介詞except/but之后如果except/but之前有動詞do的某種形式，具后通常用不帶to的不定式，否則帶to。例如：They did nothing except work.There s no choice but to wait.虛擬條件句中的一些非常規(guī)現(xiàn)象a)省略連詞if,把were, had, should 移到主語前。例如：Were they here now, they woul

17、d give us some advice.Had it not been for your help, we wouldn t have succeeded.用介詞或介詞短語 without, but for, in the abse nee of, un der.Without the leadership of the Party, we could n ot live a happy life.But for the atmosphere we would die.if only結(jié)構(gòu)，表示但愿/ ,要是”，例如：If only I had more time, I could go t

18、o watch the performa nee.If only I knew where he lives.引起倒裝的前置狀語當(dāng)句首狀語為否定詞或帶否定意義的詞語時，一般引起局部倒裝。這些詞語常見的有：never,not for one minu te, no Ion ger, on no acco unt, no more, no where else, at no time, hardly, scarcely, rarely, not for nothing 等。例如：Never have I found him in such a good mood.句首狀語若由only+副詞”、“

19、only+介詞詞組”、“ only+狀語分句”構(gòu)成，也可引起局部倒裝。例如：Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was miss ing.以關(guān)聯(lián)連詞notonly(but also)和so(.that)開頭的句子，通常引起局部倒裝。例如：So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.名詞+不定式與名詞+介詞+ing分詞有些名詞女口 attempt, cha nee, effort, freedom, inten ti on, reason, n ecessity, opport uni

20、ty, time, way等，在其后用不定式或介詞+ing分詞均可，意義無甚區(qū)別。例如：The doctor made a bold attempt to save/at saving the child s life.有些名詞女口 ability, agreeme nt, ambiti on, an xiety, curiosity, mind, obligati on, permissi on, refusal, ten de ncy, wish等，在其后通常帶不定式，而不帶介詞+ing分詞。例如：Our ability to thi nk and speak separates us f

21、rom other mammals.還有些名詞女口 aptitude, experienee, hope, method, possibility, difficulty, interest, plan, habit, passion, genius等，其后通常帶介詞+ing分詞，而不帶不定式。例如：There is no hope of winning the game.名詞性分句中的虛擬語氣虛擬式常用于出現(xiàn)在wish, would rather, suppose, imagine 之后的that分句中，表示一種臆想的(通常是不可能發(fā)生的)情況。例如：I wish it were spri

22、ng all the year round.I d rather I were not at the site of the accident.在“It s time + that分句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，that分句中應(yīng)使用一般過去時。例如：It s time that I went.在If I were you 這一分句中，were不能換成 was應(yīng)當(dāng)特殊對待。例如：Were I to do it (If I were to do it), I should rely on you.含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣1)由介詞短語引起：But for their help ,we wouldn t have succeeded.His progress wouldn t have been made without arduous work.2)由表示轉(zhuǎn)折語氣的詞語引起：I was too busy yesterday. Otherwise I would have bee n here to see you.3)根據(jù)上下文判斷：Anyone in his positi on would have done the same.表示建議、命令等意義的虛擬語氣這種虛擬式用在 suggest, dema nd, in sist, move