翻譯理論整理匯總

1、翻譯理論整理匯總翻譯腔（translationeses）是在譯文中留有源語(yǔ)言特征等翻譯痕跡的現(xiàn)象，嚴(yán)重的翻譯腔使譯文讀 起來(lái)不夠通順。出現(xiàn)翻譯腔有時(shí)是很難免的。形成翻譯腔有以下幾個(gè)原因：1）英漢語(yǔ)言本身的不 同，包括句型結(jié)構(gòu)等，在翻譯時(shí)如果不能做到自由轉(zhuǎn)換就會(huì)有種不是地道目標(biāo)語(yǔ)的感覺(jué)。2）英漢 文化的不同，不同的文化背景下，單詞或習(xí)語(yǔ)有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)偏差甚至零對(duì)等（zero-correspondence）o 有時(shí)只講詞對(duì)詞的反應(yīng)就會(huì)出現(xiàn)翻譯腔。3）譯者自身水平。奈達(dá)的功能對(duì)等就要求譯者注重譯文 對(duì)讀者的影響，好的譯文讓讀者感覺(jué)是母語(yǔ)的寫(xiě)作、實(shí)現(xiàn)功能的對(duì)等。Venuti主張同化和異化的 結(jié)合，通過(guò)同化

2、讓讀者獲得相識(shí)的反應(yīng)，通過(guò)異化使讀者領(lǐng)略異國(guó)語(yǔ)言和文化。譯者應(yīng)該提高自己 翻譯水平，在翻譯策略上實(shí)現(xiàn)功能對(duì)等，從而盡量避免翻譯腔的出現(xiàn)。中國(guó)的翻譯理論家嚴(yán)復(fù)、茅盾、魯迅、朱光潛、傅雷、錢(qián)鐘書(shū)1）嚴(yán)復(fù)信、達(dá)、雅faithfulness、expressiveness、elegance/gracefulness2）茅盾他也主張“直譯”，反對(duì)“意譯”，他認(rèn)為漢語(yǔ)確實(shí)存在語(yǔ)言組織上欠嚴(yán)密的不足，有必要吸 引印歐語(yǔ)系的句法形態(tài)。但是矛盾與魯迅觀點(diǎn)同中有異，他認(rèn)為“直譯”并不是“字對(duì)字”，一個(gè) 不多，一個(gè)不少。因?yàn)橹形魑姆ńY(jié)構(gòu)截然不同，純粹的“字對(duì)字”是不可能的。3）魯迅魯迅的“寧信而不順”是“凡是翻譯，必

3、須兼顧兩面，一當(dāng)然是力求易解，一則保存著原作風(fēng) 姿”，這是魯迅的基本思想。針對(duì)當(dāng)年那種“牛頭不對(duì)馬嘴”的胡譯、亂譯以及所謂“與其信而不 順，不如順而不信”的說(shuō)法（梁秋實(shí)），提出了 “寧信而不順”這一原則，主張直譯，以照顧輸入 新表現(xiàn)法和保持原作的風(fēng)貌。他還認(rèn)為，翻譯一要“移情”、“益志”，譯文要有“異國(guó)情調(diào)”， 二要“輸入新的表現(xiàn)法”，以改進(jìn)中文的文法，在當(dāng)時(shí)主要表現(xiàn)為改進(jìn)白話文。必須強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，魯 迅其實(shí)是主張翻譯要通順，又要忠實(shí)的。只是二者不可兼得的情況下，“寧信而不順”。4）林語(yǔ)堂他是在中國(guó)議學(xué)史上第一個(gè)最明確地將現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)和心理學(xué)作為翻譯理論的“學(xué)理剖析”的基 礎(chǔ)的。了解翻譯的三條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

4、忠實(shí)、通順和美。5）朱光潛他的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是：第一，不違背作者的意思；第二，要使讀者在肯用心了解時(shí)能夠了解。6）傅雷的“神似說(shuō)” （spirit alikeness）傅雷對(duì)翻譯有兩個(gè)比喻，一是“以效果而言，翻譯應(yīng)該像臨畫(huà)一樣，所求的不在形似而在神似”。 二是就手法而言“以甲國(guó)文字傳達(dá)乙國(guó)文字所包含的那些特點(diǎn)，必須像伯樂(lè)相馬，要得其精而忘其 粗，在其內(nèi)而忘其外”。7）錢(qián)鐘書(shū)的“化境”說(shuō)（sublimation）所謂“化境”（sublimation），是指原作在譯文中就像“投胎轉(zhuǎn)世”，軀體換了一個(gè)，但精魄 依然故我。換句話說(shuō)，譯本對(duì)原作應(yīng)該忠實(shí)得讀起來(lái)不像譯本，因?yàn)樽髌吩谠睦锝^不會(huì)讀起來(lái)想 翻譯出的

5、東西的：“文學(xué)翻譯的最高理想可以說(shuō)是化，把作品從一國(guó)文字轉(zhuǎn)換成另一國(guó)文字， 既能不因語(yǔ)文習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強(qiáng)的痕跡，又能完全保存原作的風(fēng)味，那就算得入于化 境,”。國(guó)外的翻譯理論家1）John DrydenMetaphrase（逐詞譯），turning an author word by word, and line by line, from one language into another.Paraphrase（釋譯），or translation with latitude, where the authors words are not so strictly followed

6、but his sense.Imitatio n(擬議)，where the translation assumes the liberty, bot only to vary fro the words and the sense, but to forsake them both as he sees occasion.Alexander Fraser TytlerThat the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.That the style and manner

7、 of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.That the translation should have all the ease of original composition.Eugene A. NidaNida: translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms o

8、f meaning and secondly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.所謂翻譯，就是從語(yǔ)義到文體在譯語(yǔ)中用最切近而又最 自然的對(duì)等語(yǔ)再現(xiàn)原語(yǔ)的信息。Reproducing the message; Equivalence rather than identity; A natural equivalent; The closest equivalent; The style;Dynamic equivalence is to describe it as the closest natural equivalent

9、to the source-language message. This type of definition contains three essential terms: 1) equivalent, which points toward the source-language message; 2) natural, which points roward the receptor language, and 3)closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree o

10、f approximation.Peter NewmarkSemantic translation: is personal and individual follows the thought processes of the author, tends to over-translate, pursues nuances of meaning, yet aims at concision in order to reproduce pragmatic impact, expressive (literary) texts tend more toward the semantic meth

11、od of translation.語(yǔ)義性翻譯：屈從原語(yǔ)文化和原作者，翻譯原文的語(yǔ)義，只在原文的內(nèi)涵意義構(gòu)成理解的最大 障礙時(shí)才加以解釋。屬超額翻譯。Communicative translation: on the other hand, attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. Informati

12、ve and non-literary texts require communicative translation.交際性翻譯：譯作所產(chǎn)生的效果應(yīng)力求接近原作，首先終于譯語(yǔ)和譯文讀者，即使原語(yǔ)屈從譯 語(yǔ)和譯語(yǔ)文化，不給讀者留下任何疑點(diǎn)和難懂之處，屬欠額翻譯。Skopostheory德國(guó)目的論Translation Studies returns the attention to the Receptor side. Skopostheory begins by seeing translation as a purposeful action, which lead to a result

13、, a new situation, and possibly to a new object. The aim of the translational action and the way in which it is realized is not random, but must be negotiated with the client who commissions the action. The ends justify the means.As Vermeer insists: if therefore follows that source and target texts

14、may diverge from each other quite considerably not only in the formulation and distribution of the content but also as regards the goals which are set for each.HolmesHe divides Translation Studies into two major branches, Pure and Applied, and then sun-divides the Pure into two further sub-branches:

15、 Theoretical and Descriptive Translation Studies.Translation Methods:Word -for word translationThis is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of conte

16、xt. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language of to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process.Literal translationThe SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equiv

17、alents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.Faithful translationA faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatica

18、l structures. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical abnormality(deviation from SL and norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the SL write.Semantic translationSemantic translation differs

19、 from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate les

20、s important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between faithful and semantic translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translators intuitive empathy with the original.AdaptationThis tis the freest from of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry