八年級下時態(tài)

1、PAGE 9PAGE 10（一）一般將來時 概念：一般將來時表示將來某個時間要發(fā)生的動作或者存在的狀態(tài)。通常與表示將來的時間狀語連用，如tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。 基本結(jié)構(gòu)： be going to do （動詞原形）結(jié)構(gòu)：表示打算、準(zhǔn)備做的事情或者肯定要發(fā)生的事情。如：It is going to rain. will do 結(jié)構(gòu)表示將來的用法： 1. 表示預(yù)見 Do you think it will rain? You will feel better

2、 after a good rest. 2. 表示意圖 I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow. What will she do tomorrow? 基本構(gòu)成如下：一般疑問句構(gòu)成： （1）will+主語+do? Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday? （2）there be 結(jié)構(gòu)的一般疑問句：Will there + be ? Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there wont 否定句構(gòu)成：will + not （

3、wont）+do Sarah wont come to visit me next Sunday. 特殊疑問句構(gòu)成：特殊疑問詞will主語？What will Sarah do next Sunday? 一般將來時專項練習(xí)一、單項選擇 ( ) 1 He _ very busy this week, he _ free next week.A. will be; isB. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be( ) 2 There _ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening.A. wasB. is goi

4、ng to have C. will haveD. is going to be（ ）3 Shall I buy a cup of tea for you? _. （不，不要。） A. No, you wont B. No, you arent. C. No, please dont D. No, please. ( )4. Mother _ me a nice present on my next birthday. A. will gives B. will give C. givesD. give ( )5. _ a concert next Saturday?A. There will

5、 be B. Will there be C. There can be D. There are( )6. If they come, we _ a meeting. A. have B. will have C. had D. would have ( ) 7 He _ in three days.A. coming backB. came back C. will come back D. is going to coming back( ) 8. If it _ tomorrow, well go roller-skating.A. isnt rain B. wont rain C.

6、doesnt rain D. doesnt fine( )9. Will his parents go to see the Terra Cotta Warriors tomorrow? No, _ （不去）. A. they willnt. B. they wont. C. they arent. D. they dont.10 ,the plane (take ) off in five minute.（二）should的用法： should用來提出建議和忠告，后邊加動詞原形，否定句直接在should后邊加not. 例如：I think you should eat less junk f

7、ood. 我認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該少吃垃圾食品。 She drives a lot and she seldom walks. So I think she should walk a lot. 她經(jīng)常開車，很少走路。所以我認(rèn)為她應(yīng)該多走路。 Students shouldnt spend too much time playing computer games. 學(xué)生們不應(yīng)當(dāng)花太多的時間玩計算機(jī)游戲。 學(xué)習(xí)向別人提建議的幾種句式： （1）I think you should （2）Well, you could （3）Maybe you should （4）Why dont you? （5）What a

8、bout doing sth.? （6）Youd better do sth. 例如：we should (get ) a part-time job.（三）過去進(jìn)行時 過去進(jìn)行時表示過去某一點(diǎn)時間正在進(jìn)行的動作或者過去某一段時間內(nèi)一直進(jìn)行的動作。 1. 構(gòu)成 was /were + doing，例如： I was watching TV at 9 oclock last night. at 9 oclock last night是時間點(diǎn) They were playing football all afternoon. all afternoon是時間段 2. 過去進(jìn)行時的標(biāo)志詞 at 8

9、oclock last night, this time yesterday等。例如： I was having lunch at home this time yesterday. 昨天的這個時候我正在吃午飯。 At that time she was writing a book. 那陣子她在寫一本書。（表示她在那段時間里一直在做那件事情。） 例如： 1.what you (do)at this time yesterday?2.the Whites (visit ) the museum at 8 yesterday morning,（四）if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句結(jié)構(gòu)：if一般現(xiàn)在時，主語

10、將來時含義：如果，將要例如：If you ask him, he will help you. 如果你請求他，他會幫助你。If need be, well work all night. 如果需要，我們就干個通宵。if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。If是連詞，所連接的句子 叫條件狀語 從句，表示假設(shè)或條件，意思是 “ 如果的話”，用法如下：1、表示假設(shè)，表示將會發(fā)生和可能發(fā)生的事，或進(jìn)行提醒警告。句子結(jié)構(gòu)如下： If +句子（一般現(xiàn)在時），+主句（主語will/may/can) +動詞）a. If you finish your homework , you can go out and play.b

11、. If I have enough money next year , I will go to travel .2. 表示真實(shí)條件、客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象、定理定義 . 民 間諺語等，句型是： If + 句子 （一般現(xiàn)在時 ），+ 主句 （ 一般現(xiàn)在時）.例： If you study hard ,you are sure to succeed . If you put ice in a warm place ,it turns into water .If a glass falls on the floor, it usually breaks If you cook a banana,

12、it becomes very soft .If a plant dont get enough light ,it grows very tall and thin.（ ）. 1. If they come, we _ a meeting. A. have B. will have C. had D. would have（ ）2. If it _ tomorrow, well go roller-skating.A. isnt rain B. wont rain C. doesnt rain D. doesnt fine（五）現(xiàn)在完成時一定義：表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或

13、結(jié)果。 表示過去某一時間已經(jīng)開始, 一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。二現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成：have (has）+ 動詞的 過去分詞例如：1. I have cleaned my room. 我已打掃了房間。2. He hasnt finished his homework. 他還沒完成作業(yè)。 3.We have studied English for two years. 我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了兩年英語了。三現(xiàn)在完成時的基本句型：肯定式：主語 + 助動詞have/has + 動詞的過去分詞. 疑問式：助動詞Have/Has + 主語 + 動詞的過去分詞?否定式: 主語 + 助動詞have/has + not

14、+ 動詞的過去 分詞. 四過去分詞的構(gòu)成分為規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種：1.規(guī)則變化: a)一般情況下，在動詞后直接加ed, playplayed，workworked，waterwatered, b) 以“輔音字母+ y”結(jié)尾的動詞, 把y 變成i 再加ed, carrycarried studystudied等;c）以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)的動詞要雙寫最后一個輔音字母，再加ed stopstopped，shopshopped2.不規(guī)則變化：見不規(guī)則動詞表 寫出下列動詞的過去分詞：puthear come gomakegive watch doswimbe talk forgetwant

15、study stop keeptakesee like are五用法1：現(xiàn)在完成時常和副詞already, just, yet, never, ever ,before , so far等連用。(already，just多用于肯定句中，ever，yet，never多用于疑問句和否定句中。)already一般用于肯定句，；yet 一般用于否定句和疑問句。例如：He has already left here. 他已經(jīng)離開這里了。My teachers havent had breakfast yet. 我的老師們還沒有吃早飯。Have you written to your parents ye

16、t? 你已經(jīng)給你父母寫過信了嗎？用法:2現(xiàn)在完成時常和for 或since 引導(dǎo)的表示 “一段時間”的短語或從句連用。此時動詞不可用終止性動詞，而必須用延續(xù)性動詞for+時間段 since+時間點(diǎn) since+時間段+ago since+從句一.用since和for填空1._two years 2._two years ago 4._ 1999 6._ 4 oclock 7 4 hours 8._an hour ago9._we were children 10._ she left here在英語中，一些瞬間性動詞在用于現(xiàn)在完成時。應(yīng)該把他們變成延續(xù)性的動詞及短語或表可延續(xù)狀態(tài)的形容詞，下面

17、給大家提供一些borrow keep leavebe away start/beginbe onbuyhave die be dead join be a member of become be finish be over,come (go, arrive, get) be here/there/in如：He has been a soldier for three years.他參軍三年了。His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世二年了。The film has been on for 5 minutes.電影已開始五分鐘了II.不可延續(xù)性動

18、詞現(xiàn)在完成時的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時間的狀語連用。如：I havent left here since 1997.自從1997年以來，我一直沒有離開過這兒六1.句型It is the first （second, third.) time that.的that從句中，謂語動詞須用現(xiàn)在完成時，表示到說話時為止動作發(fā)生過幾次。如：It is the first time that I have been here. 2.have been to/ have gone to 的區(qū)別have/has been to 表示 (曾經(jīng)）去過某地 (表示主語曾經(jīng)去過某地”,但現(xiàn)

19、在已離開)。have/has gone to 表示（已經(jīng)）去了某地 (表示主語現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)去了某地, 不在說話地點(diǎn))have been in 意思是“呆在某處一段時間了”例如：Have you ever been to Hainan? 你去過海南嗎?We have been to the city twice. 我們?nèi)ミ^那個城市兩次。Where is Lily? She is not here. She has gone to the library. Lily在哪里？她不在這里，她去圖書館了。七現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的用法比較1、一般過去時表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。說

20、話的側(cè)重點(diǎn)只在于陳述一件過去的事情，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響。如： He visited Guilin in 1998.2、 現(xiàn)在完成時表示動作發(fā)生在過去，對現(xiàn)在造成了影響或產(chǎn)生了結(jié)果。不與確定的過去時間狀語連用。如： Jill has bought a new computer.吉爾買了一臺新電腦。(著重點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)在有了一臺新電腦)3、 兩種時態(tài)的區(qū)分(1)一般過去時的謂語動詞用過去式，而現(xiàn)在完成時的謂語基本構(gòu)成是助動詞have /has +過去分詞。(2)一般過去時通常與表示過去的時間狀語連用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in

21、 2002等；而現(xiàn)在完成時則常與just, already, ever, never等副詞和these days, this week, since., for.等表示一段時間的狀語連用?，F(xiàn)在完成時專項練習(xí)一、 單項選擇。1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _whats happened to him . A. knew B. have known C. must know D. will know2、Our country _ a lot so far . Yes . I hope it will be even _ . A.has change

22、d ; well B.changed ; good C.has changed ; better D.changed ; better 3、Li Lan _already _in this school for two years . A. was ; studying B. will ; study C. has ; studied D. are ; studying4、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice . A.will see B.have seen C.saw D.see5、How long have you _ here ? A

23、bout two months . A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived6、 Miss Green isnt in the office . she_ to the library . A.has gone B. went C.will go D. has been7、My parents _ Shandong for ten years . A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been8、The students have cleaned the classroom,_ ? A. so

24、 they B. dont they C. have they D. havent they9、_ has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he _ to China?A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived 10、_ you _ your homework yet ? Yes . I _ it a moment ago . A.Did ; do ; finished B.Have ; done ; finished C.Hav

25、e ; done ; have finished D.will ; do ; finish14、Hurry up! The play _ for ten minutes . A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began（六）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時1 定義:現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時表示動作從過去某一時間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)下去。2 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的構(gòu)成:現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時是由“have/has+been+動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成3 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的基本句型肯定式 I/We have been working.疑問式 Have you been worki

26、ng？ 簡略回答 Yes，I/we have. No，I/we havent.肯定式 He/She/It has been working.疑問式 Has he/she/it been working？ 簡略回答 Yes，he/she/it has. No，he/she/it hasnt.4 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的用法在強(qiáng)調(diào)指出動作還未結(jié)束，還要繼續(xù)下去。如：Ive been reading this book for two hours，but I havent finished it. 這本書我已讀了兩個小時了，但我還沒讀完。Ive read this book.我已讀完這本書了。2）強(qiáng)調(diào)動作延

27、續(xù)時間的長久或帶感情色彩。She has always been working like that.她一貫是這樣工作的。3）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時也可表示現(xiàn)在以前這段時間反復(fù)發(fā)生的事情Weve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我們經(jīng)常見面。練習(xí):Mr Li swimming for 3 hours, and his son an hour ago.has been, started B.have started, has startedC.started, started D. Has started, has startedHow

28、long you stamps? Since two years ago.have, collect B.have, been collecting C.did, collect D.are, collectingThe boy TV all the morning.has watched B.had watched C.has been watching D.watched have you been learning to swim? Half a year.How long B. How often C.How far D.WhenOur teacher has been teachin

29、g in this school for .two year and a half B.two and a half yearC.two years and half D.two and a half years（七）直接引語變間接引語的轉(zhuǎn)換：（一）如何變?nèi)朔Q：口訣：一隨主，二隨賓，第三人稱不更新?！耙浑S主”是指在直接引語變間接引語時，如果從句中的主語是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾。從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變化。如：She said. “My brother wants to go with me. ”She said her brother wanted to go with her

30、.“二隨賓”是指直接引語變間接引語時，若從句中的主語及賓語是第二人稱?；虮坏诙朔Q所修飾。從句中的人稱要跟引號外的主句的賓語一致。如果引號外的主句沒有賓語。也可以用第一人稱。如：He said to Kate.“How is your sister now?” He asked Kate how her sister was then.“第三人稱不更新”是指直接引語變間接引語時。如果從句中的主語及賓語是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾，從句中的人稱一般不需要變化。如：Mr. Smith said, “Jack is a good worker.” Mr. Smith said Jack was a

31、good worker.（二）時態(tài)的變化 如果引述動詞為現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，間接引語的動詞可以保持原來的時態(tài)。He says, “I have been writing a novel.” He says that he has been writing a novel. He says:thats all right. He says thats all right. 如果引述動詞為過去時態(tài)，間接引語中的時間就要往后推，即現(xiàn)在時間推至過去時間，過去時間推至過去的過去，將來時間推至過去將來時間。具體變化見下表：直接引語時態(tài)間接引語時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時過去進(jìn)行時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)

32、行時過去完成進(jìn)行時一般過去時過去完成時過去完成時過去完成時（不變）一般將來時過去將來時Can/mayCould/mightShe said:I am a student. She said (that) she was a student.(一般現(xiàn)在時變成一般過去時)She said：He will go to see his friendShe said he would go to see his friend.( 一般將來時變成過去將來時)Tom said:I am going to play basketball tomorrow. The teacher said, “You are

33、 doing OK.” 老師說：“你們干得很不錯?！盩he teacher said we were doing OK. 老師說我們干得很不錯。（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時變?yōu)檫^去進(jìn)行時）She said, “I am reading a book. 注意以下幾種情況：時態(tài)不變1.直接引語是客觀真理。The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun. The teacher said the earth moves around the sun.2. 直接引語是過去進(jìn)行時，時態(tài)不變。Jack said:I was doing chores when Tom c

34、ame in.Jack said he was doing chores when Tom came in.3. 直接引語中有具體的過去的某年某月某日，變間接引語時，時態(tài)不變。Jack said:I was born on April 21,1980 Jack said he was born on April 21,1980.4. 直接引語是一般現(xiàn)在時，表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動作時，變間接引語，時態(tài)不變。He said:I get up at six every morning. He said he gets up at six every morning.5.如果直接引語中的情態(tài)動詞

35、沒有過去時的形式或已經(jīng)是過去時的形式，不用變。The doctor said ,You should stay in bed for 2 days. The doctor said I should stay in bed for 2 days.（三）如何變狀語。時間狀語由“現(xiàn)在”變?yōu)椤霸瓉怼敝?接 引 語間 接 引 語now 現(xiàn)在then 那時today 今天that day 那天this evening 今晚that evening 那天晚上yesterday 昨天the day before 前一天yesterday morning 昨天上午the morning before前一天上午

36、last night 昨天晚上the night before 前一天晚上two days ago 兩天前two days before 兩天前next week 下周the next week/the following week 第二周tomorrow 明天the next day/the following day 第二天the day before yesterday 前天two days before 兩天前the day after tomorrow 后天in two days time/two days after 兩天后地點(diǎn)狀語here變?yōu)閠here “Well leave h

37、ere tomorrow,” he said. 他說：“我們明天離開這里?！盚e said that they would leave there the next day.他說他們將在第二天離開那里。指示代詞由“此”變?yōu)椤氨恕保簍histhat, thesethoseHe said:This book is mine. He said that book was his.動詞come變成go（四）如何變換句型1.陳述句變?yōu)橐詔hat引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，that可以省略。如：He said,“Im happy.” He said （that） he was happy.2.一般疑問句，反義疑問句，

38、選擇疑問句變?yōu)橛蒳f或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，翻譯成“是否”如：He asked me,“Does his father know Mr Green?” He asked me if his father knew Mr Green. 3.特殊疑問句變?yōu)橛蓋ho, what, where, how等疑問詞(連接代詞或連接副詞)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，賓語從句必須用陳述語序。如：He asked me,“Where is Mr Wang?”He asked me where Mr Wang was.（注：He asked me,“Which is the best? She asked me:What is in the classroom? 4.直接引語如果是祈使句，間接引語改為tell,ask,order sb (not) to do sth 句型，表示命令。如：Dont make any