論會計(jì)環(huán)境對會計(jì)確認(rèn)與計(jì)量的影響

1、ContentsAbstractIIntroductionEfficient Accounting Systems1Chapter 1 Accounting 11.1 The decision of accounting 21.2 The functions of accounting4Chapter 2 Accounting environment72.1 The goal of accountant is the starting point in which accounting environment affects the accounting information system9

2、2.2 Accounting assumed reveals close link between accounting and its interdependent external environment102.3Accounting standards disclose the request of accounting environment to accounting information13Chapter 3 Accounting system15Conclusion30References31Thanks32Efficient Accounting SystemsThe exi

3、stence and development of everything are under certain environmental conditions. Accounting, as one of the most important practice of human activities is not a cases outside. Accounting environment have the base sense for the smooth conduct of the activities of accounting, while various accounting e

4、nvironmental factors will have isolated impact on total activity of the accounting system. The study of the structure of the accounting environment system and the relations between the various elements in this system made us to be much more realistic in this area of accounting theory and practice, t

5、o build a harmonious Environmental System for clear direction, so as to promote the accounting cause of sustainable development.Chapter 1 Accounting1.1 The decision of accounting Accounting is one of the fastest growing fields in the modern business world. Every new shore, school, restaurant, or fil

6、ling station indeed, any new enterprise of any kind increases the demand for accountants. Consequently, the demand for accountants is generally much greater than the supply. Government official often have a legal background: similarly, the men and women in management often have a background in accou

7、nting. They are usually familiar with the methodology of finance and fundamentals of fiscal and business administration. Todays accountants are as diverse as their job assignments. Accountants may be male or female, outgoing or conservative, but they are all analytical. They may have backgrounds in

8、art history or computer programming. They come from every ethnic and cultural background.The accounting backgrounds can open doors to most lines of business. In short, accounting deals with all facets of an organization purchasing, manufacturing, marketing, and distribution. This is why accounting p

9、rovides such an excellent basis for business experience. Accounting is an information system necessitated by the great complexity of modern business.1.2 The functions of accountingOne of the most important functions of accounting is to accumulate and report financial information that shows an organi

10、zations financial position and the results of its operations to its interested users. These users include managers, stockholders, banks and other creditors, governmental agencies, investment advisors, and the general public. For example, stockholders must have an organizations financial information

11、in order to measure its managements performance and to evaluate their own holdings. Banks and other creditors must consider the financial strength of a business before permitting it to borrow funds. Potential investors need financial data in order to compare prospective investments. Also many laws r

12、equire that extensive financial information be reported to the various levels of government. Businesses usually publish such reports at least annually. To meet the needs of the external users, a framework of accounting standards, principles and procedures known as “generally accepted accounting prin

13、ciples” have been developed to insure the relevance and reliability of the accounting information contained in these external financial reports. The subdivision of the accounting process that produces these external reports is referred to as financial accounting.Another important function of account

14、ing is to provide the management inside an organization with the accounting information needed in the organizations internal decision-making, which relates to planning, control, and evaluation within an organization. For example, budgets are prepared under the directions of a companys controller on

15、an annual basis and express the desires and goals of the companys management. A performance report is supplied to help a manager focus his attention on problems or opportunities that might otherwise go unnoticed. Furthermore, cost-benefit data will be needed by a companys management in deciding amon

16、g the alternatives of reducing prices, increasing advertising, or doing both in attempt to maintain its market shares. The process of generating and analyzing such accounting information for internal decision making is often referred to as managerial accounting and the related information reports be

17、ing prepared are called internal management reports. As contrasted with financial accounting, a management accounting information system provides both historical and estimated information that is relevant to the specific plans on more frequent basis. And managerial accounting is not governed by gene

18、rally accepted accounting principles.Chapter 2 Accounting environmentThe growth of organizations, changes in technology, government regulation, and the globalization of economy during the twentieth century have spurred the development of accounting. As a result, a number of specialized fields of acc

19、ounting have evolved in addition to financial accounting and managerial accounting, which include auditing, cost accounting, tax accounting, budgetary accounting, governmental and not for-profit accounting, human resources accounting, environmental accounting, social accounting, international accoun

20、ting, etc. For example, tax accounting encompasses the preparation of tax returns and the consideration of the tax consequences of proposed business transactions or alternative courses of action. Governmental and not-for-profit accounting specializes in recording and reporting the transactions of va

21、rious governmental units and other not-for-profit organizations. International accounting is concerned with the special problems associated with the international trade of multinational business organizations. All forms of accounting, in the end, provide information to the related users and help the

22、m make decisions. Accountant the environment has, the development closely with accountant related, and decided that accountant the thought that the accounting theory, accountant organize, accountant the legal system as well as the accountancy level of development historic condition and the particula

23、r case.Studies accountant the environment the influence which develops to accountant, should take accountant the goal, accountant suppose, the accounting standards as the clue.2.1 The goal of accountant is the starting point in which accounting environment affects the accounting information system E

24、ach kind of accountant under the pattern accountant the goal concrete difference may sum up as accountant the environment different result. Looking from longitudinal, the different historical period, accountant the environment is different, accountant the goal is also different, from this causes the

25、 accounting information existence huge difference; Looking from crosswise, different national accountant the environment is different, accountant the goal content has the difference, its accounting information is also unique. About accountant the goal, the theorists have “the policy-making useful vi

26、ew” and “the management responsibility view” the struggle. What policy-making useful view interdependence is the developed capital market, the resources request and is entrusted with something the relations are establishes through the capital market. Thus, the resources entrusting party and is entru

27、sted with something the side responsibility relations intermediary becomes because of the capital market fuzzy. But the responsibility view to base the resources request which forms in the direct intercourse with is entrusted with something the relations. Western various countries and the internatio

28、nal accounting standards committee approve the policy-making useful view. If the international accounting standards committee said that “must focus the attention to provide to the economic decision-making useful information”. Comparatively speaking, the management responsibility view depends on each

29、 other accountant the environment and the Chinese present stage economic reform and the development actual situation even more tallies. The current our country financial inventory accountings essential target, should locate, in approaches the trustee to report the fiduciary duty in the fulfillment s

30、ituation. Because of from the time, the management responsibility view mainly faces the future, but faces in the past and the present. But in accountant confirmed that the standard and the measurement foundations choices aspect, the foothold in the past and the present must be easier than in the fut

31、ure the foothold, provided the information quality even more drew close to the goal the request.Because just accountant the goal affects the accounting information systems basic reason, therefore, the environment embarks from accountant to accountant the goal locates, can cause the accounting theory

32、 to move toward the accounting practice from Yu the accounting practice.2.2 accountants supposed has promulgated accountant between the external environment close relations which depended on each other with it.Accountant supposes is the accounting personnel the reasonable judgment which locates to t

33、he accounting the change which does not decide accountant who the environment makes, is the accounting basic premise Accountant supposes to financial inventory accounting has the overall importance influence, it is the behavior main body and the general situation embarks from accountant constructs t

34、he system info, American Accounting standards Committee Respective Accountant Research departments first memoir is “accountants fundamental assumption”. Although theoretically speaking, the sound value information will have the guidance compared to the historical costs information regarding the user

35、 future economic decision-making, just like but US Chartered accountant the Association financial report Technical committee will publish the topic will be Improvement Enterprise Reported that - - Customer Guidance said that the numerous users did not advocate by the sound value pattern substitution

36、 historical costs pattern, its reason will mainly be stems from the guarantee financial report information consistency, reliable and the cost - benefit principle consideration. However, they advocate many kinds of measurement attribute mix valuation.Accountant supposes is based on the external envir

37、onment uncertainty proposed that therefore, may say that accountant supposes is the accounting theory and accountant the environment connected border meeting point, depends on each other accountant with it the environment to have the extremely close relationship.2.3 The accounting standards disclose

38、 accountant the environment to the accounting information requestAccountant the environment to accounting standards influence, may manifest in the accounting standards technical nature, the social two aspects.1. Technical nature. The accounting standards were considered that is one kind of pure obje

39、ctive restraint organization, one merely technicals standard method, its goal is enables accounting practice processing the science, to be reasonable, to be consistent. Since produces the behavior has universal restraint accountant after accountant the standard system, accountant reforms mainly disp

40、lays in accountant the standard systems reform, but accountant standard systems reform, displays for concrete accountant the computing technique innovation.2. Sociality. The different accounting standards will have the different accounting information, thus affects the different main body benefit, i

41、t will cause part of people to profit, but another part of people possibly suffer injury. The accounting standards produce the economic consequences prove its and impure objective. Accounting standards sociality materially is the economic interest question, immediate influence to economic interest b

42、etween related various aspects assignment. One of market economys base elements is the fair competition；All market economy participants cannot different form the rank difference because of the right status. If the administrative right trades the behavior with the market economy to unify in together,

43、 will destroy the market mechanism, will be unable to realize the market economy effective disposition resources function. Therefore accounting standards formulation organization must be the neutral organization, guarantees the accounting standards fairness and the rationality.Chapter 3 Accounting S

44、ystem Accounting system refers to establish accounting and accounting supervision procedure and method of business activities. Effective accounting system should do: 1. Confirmed and record all real business, timely and detailed description of economic business, so in the financial and accounting re

45、ports of economic business appropriately classified. 2. Measurement value of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports records in the appropriate monetary value. 3. Determine the time, business to business records in the appropriate accounting period. 4. In the financial and acco

46、unting reports, business and proper disclosure of expression related matters.有效會計(jì)體系任何事物差不多上在一定的環(huán)境條件下存在和進(jìn)展的, 作為人類重要實(shí)踐活動(dòng)之一的會計(jì)活動(dòng)也不例外。會計(jì)環(huán)境關(guān)于會計(jì)各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的順利展開具有基礎(chǔ)意義, 同時(shí)各個(gè)會計(jì)環(huán)境因素并不是孤立地對會計(jì)活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生阻礙, 研究會計(jì)環(huán)境體系的結(jié)構(gòu)以及體系中各個(gè)要素之間的相互關(guān)系能夠使我們在會計(jì)理論與實(shí)務(wù)領(lǐng)域更好地做到實(shí)事求是, 為構(gòu)建和諧會計(jì)環(huán)境體系明確方向, 從而促進(jìn)會計(jì)事業(yè)的可持續(xù)進(jìn)展。第一章 會計(jì)11 會計(jì)的概述今天的會計(jì)師是多種多樣的，因?yàn)樗麄兊墓?/p>

47、作任務(wù)不同。會計(jì)師可能是男性或女性，激進(jìn)或保守，但他們都具有分析能力。他們有的也許擁有藝術(shù)或電腦編程的背景，有的也許擁有不同的種族和文化背景。 擁有會計(jì)的背景能夠打開專門多不同企業(yè)的大門。簡言之，會計(jì)涉及到企業(yè)的所有層面采購、制造、營銷和分配。這確實(shí)是什么緣故會計(jì)能為從商經(jīng)驗(yàn)提供了這們一個(gè)良好基礎(chǔ)的緣故。會計(jì)是由于現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的巨大復(fù)雜性而成為必要的信息系統(tǒng)。12 會計(jì)的職能 會計(jì)的最重要職能之一是向有利害關(guān)系的使用者累積和報(bào)告有關(guān)某一組織的財(cái)務(wù)狀況和經(jīng)營成果的財(cái)務(wù)信息。這些使用者包括經(jīng)理人員、股東、銀行和其他債權(quán)人、政府機(jī)構(gòu)、投資顧問，以及寬敞公眾。例如，股東為了衡量治理當(dāng)局的業(yè)績和評價(jià)本人擁有

48、的股份，必須取得財(cái)務(wù)信息：銀行及其他債權(quán)人在同意企業(yè)貸款之前，必須考察這家企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)實(shí)力；潛在投資者需要利用財(cái)務(wù)信息對預(yù)期的投資進(jìn)行比較。同樣，許多國家的法律都要求企業(yè)向各級政府報(bào)告廣泛的財(cái)務(wù)信息。企業(yè)通常至少每年地公布這類財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告。為了滿足報(bào)告使用者的需求，為此，美國制定了一套包括會計(jì)準(zhǔn)則、會計(jì)原則和會計(jì)程序的框架即“公認(rèn)會計(jì)原則”，以保證這些對外報(bào)告提供的財(cái)務(wù)信息具有相關(guān)性和可靠性。會計(jì)過程中形成這類對外報(bào)告的分支，稱為財(cái)務(wù)會計(jì)。會計(jì)的另一個(gè)重要職能是向某一組織的治理當(dāng)局提供該組織內(nèi)部決策所需的會計(jì)信息，這些決策包括某一組織內(nèi)的打算、操縱和評價(jià)。例如，由公司總會計(jì)師指導(dǎo)編制的年度預(yù)算闡明公

49、司治理當(dāng)局的意愿與目標(biāo)。業(yè)績報(bào)告有助于經(jīng)理人員把注意力集中于那些可能被忽視的問題或機(jī)遇。成本效益數(shù)據(jù)則能夠關(guān)心公司治理當(dāng)局對諸如減低價(jià)格、增加廣告費(fèi)用、或同時(shí)減低價(jià)格和增加廣告費(fèi)用以保持市場份額等多種選擇方案進(jìn)行決策。形成和分析這種用于內(nèi)部決策的會計(jì)信息的程序通常稱為治理會計(jì)，其所提供的信息報(bào)告稱為內(nèi)部治理報(bào)告。與財(cái)務(wù)會計(jì)不同，治理會計(jì)信息系統(tǒng)在更加頻繁基礎(chǔ)上同時(shí)提供與具體打算相關(guān)的歷史信息和預(yù)測信息。而且，治理會計(jì)不受公認(rèn)會計(jì)原則的約束。二十世紀(jì)中各類組織的增長、技術(shù)革新、政府監(jiān)管以及經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化都推動(dòng)了會計(jì)的進(jìn)展。從而出現(xiàn)一系列除財(cái)務(wù)會計(jì)和治理會計(jì)以外的會計(jì)新領(lǐng)域：審計(jì)，成本會計(jì)，稅務(wù)會計(jì)，

50、預(yù)算會計(jì)，政府用非贏利組織會計(jì)，人力資源會計(jì)，環(huán)境會計(jì)，社會會計(jì)，國際會計(jì)，等等。例如，稅務(wù)會計(jì)涉及納稅申報(bào)單的編制以及研究經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)或不同措施可能產(chǎn)生的納稅阻礙，政府及非營利組織會計(jì)專注于記錄和報(bào)告不同政府部門和其他非營利組織的經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)。國際會計(jì)研究跨國公司在國際貿(mào)易過程中遇到的專門會計(jì)問題。總之，任何會計(jì)的目的差不多上為了向使用者提供有助于他們決策的信息。眾所周知，財(cái)務(wù)會計(jì)確認(rèn)、計(jì)量和記錄的目的是向外界提供真實(shí)有用的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告，最新的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告應(yīng)揭示對報(bào)告運(yùn)用者決策最相關(guān)的全部信息，即關(guān)于會計(jì)主體以后現(xiàn)金流量時(shí)機(jī)、金額、不確定性的信息。財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的核心是財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，通過財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表向信息運(yùn)用者提供對決策

51、有用的信息。但在傳統(tǒng)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表中，往往存在如下局限性：首先，傳統(tǒng)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表有固定的格式、固定的填列方式及項(xiàng)目，對金融衍生工具等專門業(yè)務(wù)往往無法反映；其次是傳統(tǒng)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表以歷史成本為基礎(chǔ)提供信息，導(dǎo)致市場價(jià)格波動(dòng)劇烈的金融衍生工具難以準(zhǔn)確披露；縣后是傳統(tǒng)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表僅記錄能夠用貨幣予以量化的信息，金融衍生工具由于其本身特征，往往難以準(zhǔn)確可能以后金額，故在會計(jì)報(bào)表中披露也有一定困難。由于以上緣故，金融衍生工具不能在該財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表中得以反映，而只能作為表外業(yè)務(wù)，在表外作附往講明，投資者甚至是企業(yè)高層決策者也無法從財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表上直接了解金融衍生工具的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀況。但在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，金融衍生工具交易額十分巨大，交易十分復(fù)雜，其作為表外業(yè)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的隱蔽性埋伏著巨大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的危機(jī)，對任何一個(gè)會計(jì)主體而言都不可等閑視之。但由于其不完全符