電動(dòng)汽車發(fā)展：過去、現(xiàn)在與未來外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文翻譯

1、共 5 頁(yè) 第 頁(yè)譯文標(biāo)題電動(dòng)汽車發(fā)展：過去、現(xiàn)在與未來原文標(biāo)題Electric Vehicle Development: The Past, Present & Future作者Lixin Situ譯名國(guó)籍中國(guó)香港原文出處 HYPERLINK /document/5228601/?reload=true&part=1 /document/5228601/?reload=true&part=1譯文：摘要當(dāng)比傳統(tǒng)的石油燃燒發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)更環(huán)保時(shí)，這種車輛被認(rèn)為是綠色環(huán)保的，其中包括混合動(dòng)力汽車，插電式，燃料電池，生物燃料等可以改善燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性的任何非傳統(tǒng)汽車。電動(dòng)汽車的發(fā)展已有一百多年，但由于各種原因的解

2、釋，未能在各階段得到公眾的認(rèn)可。雖然電動(dòng)汽車從未大量生產(chǎn)，但混合動(dòng)力汽車近年來取得了勢(shì)頭。福特已經(jīng)推出了第二代HEV，通用還宣布在2010年首次亮相Volt 。與常規(guī) HEV相比，插電是混合動(dòng)力汽車開發(fā)的新趨勢(shì)，因?yàn)橹灰旭偩嚯x小于充電閾值，那么電動(dòng)模式下行駛距離可以延長(zhǎng)并達(dá)到零排放的可能性。然而，最近汽車行業(yè)的電氣化趨勢(shì)已經(jīng)發(fā)展一段時(shí)間了并將使汽車行業(yè)發(fā)生徹底的革命。隨著電動(dòng)汽車技術(shù)的正確政策和政策的推進(jìn)，電動(dòng)汽車的發(fā)展前景將是未來發(fā)展的重點(diǎn)。關(guān)鍵字 ：電動(dòng)汽車混合動(dòng)力插入 綠色 歷史1 引言與能源獨(dú)立和環(huán)境問題相關(guān)的替代燃料車輛，特別是電動(dòng)和混合動(dòng)力電動(dòng)汽車已成為全球政府政策的一部分。美國(guó)

3、要求制定更嚴(yán)格的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。中國(guó)今年發(fā)布新能源汽車政策，加快推行電力配置，2011 年達(dá)到 500k 的目標(biāo)。香港在不久的將來也建立了電動(dòng)汽車應(yīng)用的明確愿景。至于汽車行業(yè)，汽油價(jià)格大幅上漲至超過2 美元水平和市場(chǎng)對(duì)此類汽車的需求后，無聲的綠色解決方案將經(jīng)歷重大轉(zhuǎn)型。該行業(yè)推出更多的燃油高效HEV和較少污染的車輛進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)。隨著過去幾年油價(jià)急劇上漲，這一現(xiàn)象推動(dòng)了純電動(dòng)汽車的發(fā)展，重新吸引了汽車制造商和政府。消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)在替代燃料車輛以及HEV和電動(dòng)車輛方面帶來了顯著的增長(zhǎng)。Polk Company進(jìn)行的HEV研究表明，美國(guó)和西歐的HEV銷售市場(chǎng)份額呈上升趨勢(shì)。事實(shí)上，OEM廠商的HEV模型選擇從2

4、000年的兩倍(Insight Prius )增長(zhǎng)到今天的二十多歲。2007 年，HEV的銷售量已經(jīng)超過了30萬輛HEV。來自O(shè)EM的 HEV和電動(dòng)車輛的進(jìn)一步已知承諾將進(jìn)一步改善HEV生產(chǎn)。增加插電式和電動(dòng)汽車，將加強(qiáng)和加快目前的電氣化趨勢(shì)。第一款插電式混合動(dòng)力車雪佛蘭Volt ，以及北美最終消費(fèi)者的一批計(jì)劃中的電動(dòng)汽車，將為市場(chǎng)帶來一輪新能源汽車。一、電動(dòng)車發(fā)展歷史電動(dòng)汽車的發(fā)展歷史悠久。自從發(fā)明電動(dòng)機(jī)以來，電動(dòng)汽車已經(jīng)有150 多年了。從簡(jiǎn)單的不可充電到現(xiàn)代技術(shù)控制系統(tǒng)，電動(dòng)汽車的發(fā)展可分為三個(gè)階段：A. 早期發(fā)展階段電動(dòng)汽車被認(rèn)為是最早的汽車之一，遠(yuǎn)優(yōu)于內(nèi)燃機(jī)。在20 世紀(jì) 20 年代

5、后期至 20 世紀(jì) 30 年代，汽油車輛的登記比例為3： 1，汽油車輛占有率高達(dá)20。這是一種主要的運(yùn)輸工具，在馬車上得到了廣泛應(yīng)用，在當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)輸中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。直到 1930 年， 電動(dòng)汽車領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層被汽油車開發(fā)所取代，無法重新獲得以下原因：汽油成熟度可以合理成本大批量生產(chǎn)。隨著模具制造過程革命的大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，車輛突然向公眾開放，并作為改善生活的途徑。汽油車在性能和成本方面都領(lǐng)先于超級(jí)電動(dòng)汽車。城市間旅行的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施改善和需求需要較長(zhǎng)的旅行距離，以前無法利用電動(dòng)車輛。缺乏充電基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施開發(fā)，可靠的電力傳輸和有限的旅行距離，電動(dòng)汽車不再適應(yīng)消費(fèi)者需求，并失去了普通汽油車的優(yōu)勢(shì)。有限的或沒有電氣基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

6、支持迫使早期電動(dòng)汽車的辭呈和豐富。汽油廣泛發(fā)現(xiàn)，廉價(jià)燃料的準(zhǔn)備就緒也促成了汽油車輛的普及。汽油在20 世紀(jì) 30 年代為車輛運(yùn)輸提供了直接的便宜的能源。它可以通過容器攜帶，從而使擁有車輛的流動(dòng)性得以擴(kuò)大。B.中期發(fā)展（20世紀(jì) 30年代至 80年代）電動(dòng)汽車的生產(chǎn)和發(fā)展在1935 年內(nèi)燃機(jī)接管后的個(gè)人運(yùn)輸中停止。與歐佩克的政治敏感性在20 世紀(jì) 60 年代和 70 年代創(chuàng)造了能源獨(dú)立的必要性。美國(guó)政府和環(huán)境保護(hù)主義者重新制定了更嚴(yán)格的燃油效率標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并引發(fā)了該期間董事會(huì)對(duì)電動(dòng)汽車的興趣。70 年代初的能源危機(jī)驅(qū)使美國(guó)郵政服務(wù)放置了大量的350 EV測(cè)試車隊(duì)。它是中期發(fā)展的最高節(jié)點(diǎn)。然而，部分原因

7、是由于業(yè)績(jī)有限，其他政府優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)，董事會(huì)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施配置的缺乏和公司參與的范圍，這一時(shí)期的發(fā)展很慢。C.現(xiàn)代發(fā)展現(xiàn)代EV發(fā)展由通用汽車公司生產(chǎn)的EV1車隊(duì)主導(dǎo)。在能源部資助的計(jì)劃之后，福特開發(fā)了EV Ranger接收卡車，豐田提供Rav4 EV，而本田在20世紀(jì) 90年代末和 21 世紀(jì)初期也有EV可用。不幸的是，由于政治，經(jīng)濟(jì)，教育和技術(shù)這個(gè)復(fù)雜的問題，包括車輛生產(chǎn)成本和安全問題，電動(dòng)車可用性的短暫增長(zhǎng)并沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)到商業(yè)生產(chǎn)中。EV1， Ranger， Rav4和本田EV僅用于艦隊(duì)測(cè)試，幾乎所有車輛已經(jīng)停產(chǎn)，銷毀和回收利用。只有少數(shù)電動(dòng)車在電動(dòng)汽車愛好者手中幸存下來。D.現(xiàn)代HEV發(fā)展然而，在19

8、99 年至 21 世紀(jì)初期，純電動(dòng)汽車出現(xiàn)了一種新型的電動(dòng)汽車。本田向美國(guó)市場(chǎng)推出首款HEV，本田Insight ，為汽車行業(yè)帶來了另一個(gè)里程碑。隨著市場(chǎng)的接受和普銳斯的成功，HEV技術(shù)顯示出成熟和潛力。福特在“曼哈頓坦克”活動(dòng)期間推出了第一款美國(guó)混合動(dòng)力電動(dòng)汽車 Escape SUV HEV，并在充氣城市交通中注冊(cè)了600 英里/坦克，開啟了HEV中美國(guó)新時(shí)代的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。截至2008年，HEV銷售總額達(dá)到2.5以上。深刻的是，豐田，本田和福特的下一代HEV已經(jīng)在2009年引入了更新技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步細(xì)化。燃油效率也有所提高。 豐田是HEV競(jìng)技場(chǎng)的明顯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，以其“協(xié)同驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)”的體積和范圍。本田和福特

9、公司正在配備完整的混合動(dòng)力車。通用在混合客車和卡車方面也提供了“雙?！奔夹g(shù)。E.未來發(fā)展隨著汽油價(jià)格快速上漲，再加上環(huán)保問題，社會(huì)責(zé)任重新得到社會(huì)責(zé)任。電動(dòng)車等AFV突然變得流行起來。隨著幾年前Chevy Volt 插件概念的推出以及日產(chǎn)的純電動(dòng)汽車，新一輪的電動(dòng)汽車發(fā)展已經(jīng)在未來幾年復(fù)活到OEM的周轉(zhuǎn)計(jì)劃中。這一EV趨勢(shì)的結(jié)果將在未來三年內(nèi)出現(xiàn)。與以往的電動(dòng)汽車發(fā)展相比，有以下幾個(gè)因素可以確保未來的發(fā)展取得成功：汽車經(jīng)營(yíng)者是開發(fā)電動(dòng)汽車的直接目標(biāo)客戶。市場(chǎng)驅(qū)動(dòng)的方法始終以合理的成本和性能創(chuàng)造出具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和吸引力的產(chǎn)品。早期的技術(shù)和環(huán)境采用者將是最初的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和用戶。他們?cè)敢庵С植⒂心芰τ绊懗晒?/p>

10、。各種教育計(jì)劃和電動(dòng)汽車計(jì)劃也改變了對(duì)燃油效率車輛的普遍了解以及他們的好處。電動(dòng)汽車的熱烈接受在未來幾年是高的。電站和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展合作受到不同層次的關(guān)注。正在探索各種商業(yè)模式。行業(yè)和政府相信，最終計(jì)劃將在電動(dòng)汽車大規(guī)模發(fā)布之前達(dá)到。儲(chǔ)能技術(shù)的改進(jìn)使得鋰電池的使用在車輛上變得安全。系統(tǒng)管理的復(fù)雜化升級(jí)，并將電動(dòng)汽車提升到可比較的內(nèi)燃機(jī)水平。最后，適當(dāng)?shù)恼呤切袠I(yè)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。特別稅收優(yōu)惠和補(bǔ)貼將抵消消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買電動(dòng)汽車的負(fù)擔(dān)。在政府愿意提供財(cái)務(wù)和戰(zhàn)略支持的情況下，對(duì)產(chǎn)品的投票是自信的。三，結(jié)論像許多新興技術(shù)一樣，電動(dòng)汽車的開發(fā)和應(yīng)用已經(jīng)存在了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，但直到最近，技術(shù)還沒有真正起飛。盡管HEV是汽油

11、車的良好替代品，并被媒體廣泛宣傳，但它只是作為中間步驟或近期解決方案的代表。政府法規(guī)和環(huán)境前景，特別是推動(dòng)運(yùn)輸電氣化的采用。電動(dòng)車將是最終目標(biāo)。事實(shí)上，隨著OEM到 2012年為終端消費(fèi)者推出更多的電動(dòng)汽車模型，電動(dòng)汽車的展示將被廣泛認(rèn)可和認(rèn)可。隨著新型電動(dòng)汽車的發(fā)展，同時(shí)也將引進(jìn)電力電子技術(shù)相關(guān)技術(shù)的巨大機(jī)遇。利用這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，為綠色發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn)。原文：AbstractA vehicle is consider Green when it more environmentally friendly than the traditional petroleum combustion engine,

12、 in which includes any nontraditional vehicle like, HEV, Plug In, EV, Fuel Cell, Bio fuel etc. that improves fuel economy. The development of electric vehicle has been over a hundred years but failure to gain the public acceptancei n various stages due to various reasons which explained. While EV wa

13、s never mass produced, Hybrid electric vehicle gains the momentum in recent years. Ford has launched its second generation of HEV and GM also announced the debut of th Volt in 2010. Comparing to the regular HEV, Plug in is the new trend in hybrid auto development due to extend travel range in electr

14、ical mode and a possibility of a zero emission as long as travel distance is less than charging threshold. However, more recently, an electrification trend in automotive industry has been evolved and will revolutionize the industry. With the correct policy and government help and advancement of elec

15、tric vehicle technology, the prospect of Electric Vehicle will be bright and the focus point of future development.Key words: electric vehicle, hybrid, plug in, green, historyINTRODUCTIONAs associated with energy independence and environmental issue, alternative fuel vehicle, especially Electric and

16、 Hybrid electric vehicle has become part of the governmen policy all over the world. The united State mandates a stricter fuel economy standard. China issued a new energy vehicle policy to accelerate & subsidize the deployment of electric this year and set a goal of 500k for 2011. Hong Kong also set

17、 a clear vision for E application in the near future.As for the auto industry, a silent green resolution is undergo significant transformation after gasoline price rose significantly to exceed US$2 level and market demands for such vehicle. The industry introduced more fuel efficient HEVs and less p

18、olluted vehicles to the market. As Oil price surged rapidly during the last few years, the phenomenon has pushed pure electric vehicle development regaining traction among automakers and governments.The consumer market has brought significant gain in alternative fuel vehicle as well as HEV and elect

19、ric vehicles. A HEV study (Fig. 1) conducted by Polk & Company indicated an upward trend of market share of HEV sales in United State and Western Europe. An even bigger share of HEV and EV were predicted when they combined. In fact, selection of HEV models from OEMs have grown from two (Insight & Pr

20、ius) in 2000 to more than twenties as today. Sales of the HEV are in the fast track along with more than 300,000 HEV sold in 20072. Further known commitments of HEV and electric vehicle from OEM will improve the HEV production even more. Adding plug-in and electric vehicle to the line up will streng

21、then and accelerate the current electrification trend.Chevy Volt, the first plug-in hybrid, and a bunch of planned electric vehicles saluted for end consumer in the North America will lead to a round of new energy vehicle in the market.HISTORY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENTThe development of electr

22、ic vehicle has a long history. Since the invention of electric motor, electric vehicle has been around for 150 years. From simple non-chargeable to modern state of art control system, the development of Electric vehicle can be classified into three stages:Early development stageElectric vehicle was

23、considered among the earliest automobile and well ahead of combustion engine. It dominated the vehicle registration with 3:1 comparing to gasoline vehicles in the late 1920s to 1930s and held most of the land vehicle performance record in early 1900s. It was a major transportation tool and widely us

24、ed in the society for local transportation improved from horse carriages.Until 1930, electric vehicle leadership was overtaken by gasoline vehicle development and was never able to reclaim the status for following reasons: Maturity of Gasoline vehicle and can be mass produced at a reasonable cost. W

25、ith the mass production of Model T & manufacture process revolution, vehicles became suddenly available to general public and proceed as a way to improve life; Gasoline vehicle took over as the leader and surpass electric vehicle both in performance and cost. Infrastructure improvement and demand of

26、 inter-city travel required a longer travel distance that was never able to exploit by electric vehicle before. Lacking of charge infrastructure development, reliable electricity transmission and limited travel distance, electric vehicle no longer suited for consumer demand and lost the edge to regu

27、lar gasoline vehicle. Limited or no electrical infrastructure support forced the resignation and abundance of earlier electric vehicle.Widely discovery of gasoline in the sate and ready availability of cheap fuel also contributed the spread of gasoline vehicle. Petrol in the 1930s provided a direct

28、cheap source of energy for vehicle transportation. It could be carried around by container which enabled and extended the mobility of owning a vehicle.Midterm development (1930s-1980s)Electric vehicle production and development came to a halt as personal transportation after combustion engine took o

29、ver in 1935. Political sensitivity with OPEC created a necessity of energy independence during the 1960s and 1970s. U.S Government and environmentalist reintroduced tougher fuel efficient standard for the industry and ignited a board interest in electric vehicle in the period. Energy crisis in early

30、 70s driven the US postal service placed a large order of 350 EV test fleet. It is the highest node of midterm development. However, partly due to limited performance, other governmental priorities, lack of board infrastructure support and range of corporation participation, the development quiet do

31、wn quickly during this period.Modern DevelopmentModern EV development was dominated by EV1 who produced by GM for fleet application. Following a program funded by Department of Energy, Ford developed EV Ranger pick up truck, Toyota provided Rav4 EV and Honda had an EV available as well during late 1

32、990s and early 2000s. Unfortunately, this short surge of EV availability did not realized into commercial production because of a complicated issue of politics, economic, education and technology that includes vehicle production cost and safety concerns. EV1, Ranger, Rav4 and Honda EV were intended

33、for fleet test only, almost all the vehicles has been discontinued, destroyed and recycled. Only a handful of electricvehicles were survived under the hands of EV enthusiasts.Modern HEV developmentHowever, in 1999 and early 2000s, a new type of electric vehicle emerged from pure electric vehicle. Ho

34、nda introduced the first HEV, Honda Insight, to the US Market that brought another milestone in auto industry. With brisk market acceptance and success of the Prius, HEV technology shows it maturity and potential. Ford introduced the first American hybrid electric vehicle, Escape SUV HEV, during the

35、 ,Manhattan on a Tank? event and registered 600 miles/tank in congestive city traffic that opened a new era of competition in US among HEVs. By year of 2008, the HEV sales were more than 2.5% for total sales volume. In deep, the next generation of HEV from Toyota, Honda and Ford has introduced into

36、2009 with further refinement along updated technology. Fuel efficiency has improved as well.Toyota is the clear leader in the HEV arena base on volume and range of models wit it “ synergyd rive system ” H. onda and Ford are right behind with their offering in full hybrids. GM offers its “ twom ode”

37、technology in hybrid passenger cars and trucks as well.Future DevelopmentAs gasoline price rise rapidly, combined with environmental concern, the society renews the call for social responsibility. Electric Vehicle and other AFV suddenly becomes popular again.With announcement of the Chevy Volt plug-

38、in concept couple years ago and pure electric vehicle from Nissan, a new round of EV development has resurrectedin to OEM?s cycle plan in the up coming years. The fruit of this EV trend will be seen in the next three years.Comparing to previous electric vehicle development, there are a few factors t

39、hat will ensure this initiation be successful in the future:Vehicle operators are the direct target customers of developing EV. Market driven approach always creates competitive and attractive products at reasonable cost and performance.Early technology and environmental adopter will the initial lea

40、ders and users. They are willing to support and has the capability to influence the success. Also various education programs and EV initiatives transform general understanding of fuel efficient vehicles and their benefits. Warm acceptance of electric vehicle is high in the coming years.Cooperation i

41、n charge station and infrastructure development has gained attention at different level. Various business models are being explored. The industry and governmen are confident that final plan will reach prior to the mass launch of electric vehicle.Energy storage technology improvement makes lithium battery application became safe in vehicle. Sophistication of system management upgrades and improves electric vehicle to a compara