英語的正確翻譯的理論知識

1、英語的正確翻譯的理論知識Lecture One An introduction Contents of this lectureA brief introduction to this course ;2. Course arrangement；3. Requirements of this course ;4. An introduction to translation； Translation Theory and Practice is a course for English major of senior ones. It demands you to go on training

2、 your basic language skills and learn more about English major. Meanwhile, it demands you go on enlarging your scope of knowledge and strengthening your sensibility to cultural differences so as to improve your ability to translate between English and Chinese . 理論性；實(shí)踐性翻譯是一項(xiàng)艱辛的勞動It is probably the mo

3、st complex type of events in the history of the cosmos. (I.A. Richards ,1953)It is quite demanding. Many people hold that exceptional translators are born, not made. (e.g. Nida)Potential translators must have a high level of aptitude for the creative use of language.It is not a peripheral discipline

4、, but what it involves goes beyond the boundary of any particular branch of learning.It is not inter-lingual transfer, but cross-cultural transfer. (Mary Snell-Hornby)Prerequisites of a translatorThe enhancement of our political consciousnessThe betterment of our command of the relevant languagesThe

5、 broadening of the range and scope of our general knowledge.By Zhou En-laiCourse arrangementIntroduction Translation theoryTranslation skills and practiceExercisesRequirements1. Class attendance (If your absence goes to three times, including the third one, your final marks will be decreased. )2. Cl

6、ass performance (Every one of you will be demanded to translate/interpret in the class and I will record them)To sum upWhy( 為何翻譯？)What(何為翻譯？)How(翻譯何為？)Basic Knowledge of Translation Theory TranslationTranslation criteria or principleTranslation strategiesLiteral translation and liberal translationTe

7、rms“洪荒造塔語言殊，從此人間要象胥”（馬祖毅，2004：1）Translation exists because men speak different languages. (Steiner,2001:51)斯坦納說：“翻譯之所以存在，是人們講不同的語言?！薄罢且?yàn)檎Z言不通，人們才產(chǎn)生要對話的欲望才產(chǎn)生翻譯”（鄭海凌，2000：5）西歐所以能有今天的文明，用一個(gè)西方學(xué)者的話來說，這要“歸功于翻譯者”。（Kelly：1979：1）五千年來，雖然經(jīng)歷了不少波折，走過了不少坎坷的道路，但是中華文化卻一直沒有消逝？“倘若拿河流來作比，中華文化這一條大河，有水滿的時(shí)候，也有水少的時(shí)候，但卻從未枯

8、竭。原因就是有新水注入。注入的次數(shù)大大小小是頗多的。最大的有兩次，一次是從印度來的水，一次是從西方來的水。而這兩次的大注入依靠的都是翻譯。中華文化所以能常葆青春，萬應(yīng)靈藥就是翻譯。翻譯之為用大矣哉！”（林煌天，1997：季羨林序）The definition in the old days翻譯活動在中國由來己久，在禮紀(jì).王制中就有記載：“中國、夷、蠻、戎、狄五方之民，言語不通，嗜欲不同。達(dá)其志，通其欲，東方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄踶，北方曰譯。”（馬祖毅，2004:2）在此后，翻譯已經(jīng)并正在經(jīng)歷著發(fā)展的高潮。 “譯即易，謂換易言語使相解也?！辟Z公彥(618-907) 唐朝“夫翻譯者，謂翻梵天之

9、語轉(zhuǎn)成漢地之言。音雖似別，義則大同?！狈ㄔ?960-1279) 宋代The British scholar Dr. Samuel Johnson once said: “To translate is to change into another language, remaining the sense.”The current definition(1) Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language, fi

10、rst in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. -NidaCatford defines translation as “the replacement of texual material in one language (SL) by equivalent texual matererial in another language (TL)” (1965:21)A good translation is one which has the merit of the original work is so completely

11、transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.-Tytler The current definition(2)The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) b

12、y equivalent textual material in another language (TL) -Prof. Huang Long Translatology 翻譯是把一種語言所承載的文化信息轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種另一種語言的文化信息，它包括語內(nèi)翻譯、語際翻譯和符際翻譯。（曹明倫）翻譯是把一種語言表達(dá)的意義用另一種語言表達(dá)出來，以達(dá)到溝通思想情感、傳播文化知識、促進(jìn)社會文明，特別是推動譯語文化興旺昌盛的目的。（孫致禮）In summary Translation is the information transferring between two languages and the cu

13、ltural communication between two language families.Translation is a rendering from one language into another. Translation is an art, a bilingual art, a craft, a skill, an operation and communication.Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another l

14、anguage.Basic points in Translation1. Binary oppositioneg: Synchronic perspective - Diachronic perspective prescriptive-descriptive Literal translation - Liberal translation 2. Differences between Chinese and Western Translation Studies:各自產(chǎn)生于各具特色的中國和西方文化中華民族與西方民族的思維方式不同，差距很大。中國譯論：產(chǎn)生于中國文化，是主觀印象式的理論。特

15、點(diǎn)：個(gè)性的，聯(lián)想發(fā)揮式的，不乏真知灼見，言簡意賅，但缺乏系統(tǒng)性和可操作性。 西方譯論：客觀分析式的理論?？茖W(xué)的、客觀的、系統(tǒng)的、往往具有自身的體系性，具有與之相關(guān)的一系列術(shù)語，可操作性強(qiáng)。 Classification of Translationa) In terms of languages 1. Translation from native languages into foreign languages 2.Translation from foreign languages into native languages b) In terms of mode 1. oral inte

16、rpretation 2.written translation 3. machine translation C).SL and TL: Interlingual translation, Intralingual translation, Intersemiotic translationd). In terms of disposal (處理方式)1.full-text translation （全文翻譯)2. abridged /adapted translation （摘譯/輯譯) 譯寫？e) In terms of materials to be translated 1.Mate

17、rials for science and technology 2.translation of literary works such as novels ,stories, prose , poetry ,drama etc.3.translation of materials in political field such as treatises on social problems, reports, speeches etc. 4.translation of practical writings such as official documents, contracts and

18、 agreement, notices, receipts, etc. Translation Criteria or PrincipleTytlers translation criteriaYanfus translation criteriaOthers translation criteriaTytlers Essay on the Principles of Translation, 1790 A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; The style and

19、 manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original; A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. Yan FusFaithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance“Faithfulness” means the full and complete conveying of the original content of thought; “Expressiveness” de

20、mands that the version should be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense; “Elegance” refers to the use of classical Chinese before the Han Dynasty. Others translation principles (1)Lu Xuns: Rather be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language) in opposition

21、 to Liang Shi-qius translation principle in 1930s. Fu Leis : TL should be similar to SL both in Form and in Spirit. Liu Zhongdes : faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness. faithfulness: to be faithful to the content of the original; expressiveness: to be as expressive and smooth as the original;

22、closeness: to be as close to the original style as possible.(信、達(dá)、切)Liang Shiqiu s and Zhao Jingshens : “Its better to have a smooth version than a faithful one.”中國傳統(tǒng)譯倫四大支柱：案本-求信-神似-化境Others translation principles (2)Eugene A. Nidas : Dynamic equivalence or Functional equivalence or Equivalent-effect

23、 theory. The translator is to produce as nearly possible the same effect on his readers as was produced on the readers of the original. Others translation principles (3)Peter Newmarks : Semantic translation and Communicative translation.Semantic translation: The translator attempts, within the bare

24、syntactic and semantic constraints of the TL, to produce the precise contextual meaning of the author. Semantic translation focuses primarily upon the semantic content of the source text.Communicative translation: The translator attempts to produce the same effect on the TL readers as was produced b

25、y the original on the SL readers. Communicative translation focuses essentially upon the comprehension and response of receptors. Translation criteria Faithfulness and smoothness Faithfulness refers to that content and style of TL should be faithful to the SL.Smoothness requires that version should

26、be clear and distinct, flowing and easy to read without signs of the mechanical word-for-word translation, of obscure language, of grammatical mistakes, confused structure and logic.Translation strategies: foreignization and domestication Foreignization: If the translators preference is placed on pr

27、eserving the language and cultural differences of the Source Text, we call this kind of approaches or its translation foreignizing or foreignization.（ SL culture-oriented strategy）Domestication: the method or practice of adapting the translation to the norms and values of the Target Language and cul

28、ture is called domesticating or domestication. （TL culture-oriented strategy）Examples (1) 謀事在人，成事在天。（曹：95）Man proposes, Heaven disposes. (Yang: 90)Man proposes, God disposes. (Hawkes: 152)Examples (2)Unless youve an ace up your sleeve, we are dished.除非你有錦囊妙計(jì)，否則我們是輸定了。除非你手中藏有王牌，否則我們是輸定了。Examples (3)A

29、mong Wolves one must howl.入鄉(xiāng)隨俗在狼群中你就得嗥Go to law for a sheep, you lose a cow.撿了芝麻，丟了西瓜。（歸）為一只羊打官司，卻損失了一頭牛。（異）Two basic translation methods Literal Translation means word-for-word translation. It takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of

30、 translation. It strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech.Liberal Translation is also called Free Translation. It is a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original w

31、ithout trying to reproduce its sentence pattern or figures of speech.Examples (1)To kill two birds with one stone.一石二鳥一箭雙雕，一舉兩得Examples (2)The worst wheel of a cart creaks most.最壞的車輪最會嘎吱響。才學(xué)最差，叫喊最響；出力最少，抱怨最忙；能貓不叫，叫貓不能。Examples (3)樹倒猢猻散When the tree falls, the monkeys scatter.Members run away when th

32、e family falls. / Rats leave a sinking ship.Terms (1) Polysemy: One word has various parts of speech and various meaning. Firth said: “Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”Examples Examples (1) I want my martini dry. There are still some dry states in the United States.She prefers dry

33、 bread. 我的馬丁尼酒不要甜的。在美國尚有幾洲禁酒。她喜歡無奶油的面包。Examples (2)The cows are dry. He gave us a dry lecture yesterday.I am sure what he presented was a dry fact. 這些母牛缺奶。昨天他給我們作了一個(gè)枯燥無味的講演。我相信，他所列舉的是鐵一般的事實(shí)。Terms (2)Commendatory and derogatory words: Commendatory word means a praising word, or a word in good sense.

34、Derogatory word means a word to lessen or impair the power or authority or a word in bad sense. Examples Examples (1)Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times.很多人認(rèn)為他是現(xiàn)今最有野心的政客之一。Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work.他雖然很年輕，但是在研究工作中

35、很有雄心壯志。Example (2)They incited him to go into further investigation.他們鼓勵(lì)他做進(jìn)一步的調(diào)查。The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers.陰謀家煽動士兵們造軍官的反。Terms (3)Diction: It means proper choice of words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.Examples Examples (1

36、)We can make out the meaning of the word from the context.我們可以從上下文判斷出這個(gè)詞的意思。We should settle the disputes in the context of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)在和平共處五項(xiàng)原則的基礎(chǔ)上解決這些爭端。Examples (2)It is in this context that the tragedy of Sahara was born.撒哈拉沙悲劇正在這種情況下發(fā)生。We must operate within

37、 the context of the Olympian Spirit.我們必須按照奧林匹克精神辦事。Examples (3)In this context, Ive to call your attention to the fact that the peaceful trend in the Indo-China Peninsula is essential to peace in the world.就此而論，我不得不提醒大家注意這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：印度支那半島局勢的穩(wěn)定對世界和平來說是至關(guān)重要的。Examples (4)The traditional pattern of classroo

38、m experience at the college level brings the professor and a group of 20 to 30 students together for a 45-to-50 minute class session two or three times a week. The most common mode of instruction is the lecture.由一位教授和二三十名學(xué)生每周會晤兩三次，每次授課時(shí)間45分鐘到50分鐘，是大學(xué)程度課堂教學(xué)的傳統(tǒng)方式。最普遍的教學(xué)方式是講課。Terms (4)Repetition: In tr

39、anslation we are required to repeat words over and over again for clearness, for the sake of emphasis and for attractiveness (vividness).Examples Examples Big families had their own difficulties.大家庭有大家庭的難處。Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.無知是羨慕的根源，也是恐懼的根源。Terms (5)Amplificati

40、on: It means supplying necessary words in our translation work so as to make the version correct and clear. Words thus supplied must be indispensable either syntactically or semantically.Examples Examples (1)The number of children being excluded in the area is getting out of hand. 該地區(qū)學(xué)生被開除的現(xiàn)象已到了無法控制

41、的地步。“According to Dr. John,” he said, “the patients life is still in danger. The first aid must be rendered as soon as possible.”“根據(jù)約翰大夫的診斷，”他說，“這位患者的生命仍然處于危險(xiǎn)之中，必須盡快采取急救措施?！?Examples (2)Then a little over decade ago, Professors Hoyle, Bondi, and Gold, working at Cambridge, proposed an entirely diffe

42、rent scheme.然而三十多年前，劍橋大學(xué)的霍伊爾、邦迪和哥爾德三位教授卻提出了完全不同的學(xué)說。 Terms (6)Omission: In the process of translation we may make proper omission of some individual words in accordance with the corresponding laws inherent in the two languages concerned in order to retain and better express the original meaning.Examp

43、les Examples He who has never reached the Great Wall is not a true man.不到長城非好漢。As the temperature increases, the volume of water becomes greater.溫度增高，水的體積就會增大。Terms (7)Conversion: It means that in translation a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessarily to be turne

44、d into one of the same part of speech in another language.Examples Examples The turning point of my life was my decision to give up a promising business career and study music.我生活的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)是我決定不做發(fā)跡有望的商人而專攻音樂。A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Linc

45、oln Memorial.從他的辦公室窗口可以一眼看到華盛頓紀(jì)念碑和林肯紀(jì)念館的全景。Terms (8)Inversion: By inversion in translation we mean that the constituent elements of a sentence are arranged in way different from the general rules of word order of the language in question.Examples Examples Its good youve so considerate.你想得這樣周到很好。Form

46、erly a worker himself, he was now an engineer.他過去是工人，現(xiàn)在當(dāng)了工程師了。Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.萬一有什么困難，請給我們一個(gè)信。Terms (9)Negation: It means in translation some words, phrases or sentences with negative expression in SL may be transformed into affirmative expression in TL. Vice versa,

47、 some affirmative expression in SL may be transformed into negative expression in TL, to make the version clearer and more explicit. Examples ExamplesI wrote three books in the first two years, a record never reached before.我頭兩年寫了三本書，打破了以往的記錄。The machine is far from being complicated.這部機(jī)器一點(diǎn)也不復(fù)雜。Dont lose time in cleaning this machine.趕快把這部機(jī)器擦好。Terms (10)Division: It means the necessary splitting of a long sentence into shorter ones. Examples Examples There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited a