職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)衛(wèi)生類(lèi)A級(jí)真題2016年-真題-無(wú)答案

1、職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)衛(wèi)生類(lèi) A級(jí)真題2016年（總分100，考試時(shí)間90分鐘）第1部分：詞匯選項(xiàng)下面每個(gè)句子中均有1個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)畫(huà)有底橫線，請(qǐng)為每處畫(huà)線部分確定1個(gè)意義最為接近的選項(xiàng)。She is an artist whose work will undoubtedly withstand the test of time.A. gradeB.attractC. bearD.sufferHe wore a shabby thin overcoat in the cold winter so that he fell ill.A. bigB.newC. smallD.oldThey have built c

2、anals to irrigate the desert.A. water B. decorateC. changeD. visitWe are worried about this fluid situation full with uncertainty.A. changeableB. stableC. suitableD. adaptableThe way she looked after her young sister was really touching.A. disturbingB. connectingC. wavingD. movingHis answers were ob

3、scure andconfusing.A. obviousB. unclearC. clear D. directSome newspapers in the west are notably biased.A. whollyB.totallyC. especiallyD. fairlyOnly people over 18 are eligible to vote.A. honestB.enabledC. cleverD.qualifiedCompetitors must abide by the judges decision.A.keep B. readC. understandD. o

4、beyThe coastal area has very mild winter, but the central plains remain extremely cold.A. severeB. hardC. warm D. dryThe weather was so gorgeous that many people went outing.A. pleasantB. uncontrollableC. cloudyD. unbearableThe umbrella was ingeniously devised to fold up into the pocket.A. seriously

5、B. cleverlyC. attentivelyD. carefullyThe latest car model embodies the new research development.A. includesB. listsC. borrowsD.broadensThe new garment fits her perfectly.A. haircutB. clothesC. purseD. necklaceThe details of the costume were totally authentic.A. realB. outstandingC. creativeD. false第

6、2部分：閱讀判斷下面的短文后列出了7個(gè)句子，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容對(duì)每個(gè)句子做出判斷。Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart AttackGerman researchers *e up with a new generation of defibrillators （除顫器）and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection from sudden death from cardiac arrest （心臟驟停）.In Germany alone

7、around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the hearts rhythm. Those most at risk are patients who have already suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing life-threatening d

8、isruptions to heart rhythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devices take on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker. Heart specialists at Freiburgs University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator capable of generating

9、a six-channel electrocardiogram （ECG） within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of acute blood-flow problems and a pending （潛在的）heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics

10、 in Kaiserslautern have developed a *puter software that renders the evaluation of ECG data more precise.The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs. Many of the current programs only take into account a linear

11、correlation of the data. We are, however, making use of a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open *plex system, Hagen Knaf says. In this way changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into account. An old s

12、tudy of ECG data, based upon 600. patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the data considerably better.A new type of defibrillators can be used to prevent cardiovascular diseases.RightWrongNot mentioned

13、Cardiac arrest is caused mostly by disruption to the hearts rhythm.RightWrongNot mentionedDefibrillators are useful in curing patients constantly under the threat of heart attack.RightWrongNot mentionedThe *puter software is designed by a German Company.RightWrongNot mentionedThe non-linear process

14、has taken into account the individual variations in patients.RightWrongNot mentionedThe early-warning software is unique in its data collection.RightWrongNot mentionedThe researchers proved the validity of the new software via ECG data of an old study.A. RightWrongNot mentioned第3部分：概括大意與完成句子下面的短文后有

15、2項(xiàng)測(cè)試任務(wù)：（1）第2326題要求從所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為第25段每段 選才i 1個(gè)最佳標(biāo)題；（2）第2730題要求從所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為每個(gè)句子確定 1個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)。Sleep Well to Be WellDo you often feel tired in the morning even though youve been in bed for seven or eight hours the night before.* Like many people, you are not sleeping as much as you think you are. In other words,

16、your sleep efficiency is not that good.Sleep experts define sleep efficiency as the percentage of time lying down that you are actually sleeping. According to theExplanatory Journal, the science of sleep efficiency is still young. There is no specific number for efficiency thats been proven as linke

17、d to poor health. However, according to aNew York Timesreport about sleep quality, some experts estimate a rough ballpark （范圍）of 85 percent or above as a decent place to be. 3Short wavelength blue light, emitted （ 放出）by the sun and by the screens of computers, iPads and smartphones, stops production

18、 of the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin （ 褪黑素）and makes you feel more active. Blue light tells your brain its daytime. Experts suggest turning off *puters andsmartphones one hour or at least 30 minutes before bed.Go to bed and wake up at the same time, or relatively the same time, every day. Avoid

19、binge sleeping （狂睡）on the weekend. Consistency is the key to a good nights sleep, especially when it comes to waking up. When you have a consistent wake-up time, your brain accustoms to this and moves through the sleep cycle in preparation for you to feel rested and active at your wake-up time.One o

20、f the biggest peaks in melatonin production happens during the 1 to 3 pm time frame, which explains why most people feel sleepy in the afternoon. If you arent getting enough sleep at night, youre likely going to feel an overwhelming desire to sleep in the afternoon. When this happens, youre better o

21、ff taking a short nap than resorting to caffeine or strong tea to keep you awake. A short nap will give you the rest you need to get through the rest of the afternoon, and youll sleep much better in the evening than if you drink caffeine or take a long afternoon nap.Paragraph 2Define the sleep relat

22、ed termsTake napsTurn off the devices emitting blue lightKeep a consistent sleep scheduleImprove sleep qualityAvoid blue light at nightParagraph 3Paragraph 4Paragraph 5The tiredness in the morning even after many hours in bed is due to.a long afternoon napthe peak production of melatoninpoor healthl

23、ow sleep efficiencygood sleep efficiencyexposure to blue lightSleeping less than 85% of the time spent lying in bed might cause.A lower production of the hormone melatonin is due to.A strong desire to sleep in the afternoon is the result of.第4部分：閱讀理解下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，為每題確定1個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)。第一篇Can Added

24、 Calcium Help Older Bones?New Zealand researchers say guidelines advising seniors to consume at least 1,000 to 1,200 milligrams of calcium a day are misplaced.No proof was found that boosting calcium intake beyond normal dietary levels strengthens olderbones or prevents fractures, said researcher Dr

25、 Mark Bolland, a professor at the University of Auckland. Weve gathered all the clinical studies of calcium supplements and dietary calcium intake for both bone density and fractures, said Bolland. Taken together, we think this is the strongest possible evidence that taking calcium supplements will

26、not be beneficial unless there are, clear medical reasons that a calcium supplement is needed, he said.Moreover, excess calcium supplementation can be harmful, he and other experts said. The findings probably will surprise clinicians and patients, Bolland said, because they have received very strong

27、 messages for many years about the importance of calcium for bone health in guidelines for osteoporosis （骨質(zhì)疏松癥 ）management and by osteoporosis advocacy groups. Clinical trials have shown that calcium supplements often cause minor gastrointestinal （ 胃腸的） side effects such as constipation （便秘）,Bolland

28、 said. They also cause a small increased risk of kidney stones, heart attacks, high calcium levels and hospitalization with acute gastrointestinal symptoms. He also said. The small risk of these important adverse effects, together with the moderate risk of minor side effects such as constipation, ou

29、tweighs any benefits of calcium supplements on fracture.However, Dr Duffy MacKay, president for the Council for Responsible Nutrition, disagreed with Bollands conclusions, and countered that scientific evidence does show that calcium reduces fracture risk. The degree of benefit varies from study to

30、study, he said. However, the largest benefit is generally found in those who take their calcium supplements throughout the entirety of a study. Other important factors that influence the benefit of calcium supplementation include giving calcium supplements with other important bone nutrients includi

31、ng vitamin D and vitamin K.Dr Bolland says that calcium intake beyond normal dietary levels has. A. a positive effect on older bonesan effective power on healing fracturesnot been beneficial to the legs D. not been proved effectiveThe clinical studies have been gathered to investigate.A. both calciu

32、m supplements and calcium intake B. either calcium supplements or calcium intake C. either bone density or fracturesD. both bone density and fracturesThe findings about the excess calcium intake are surprising because they are. A. put forward by famous researchersadvocated in the guidelines for bone

33、 health C. different from the long-standing concepts D. only discussed within a few yearsThe adverse effects from the calcium supplements include the following EXCEPT.A. constipationB. forgetfulnessC. heart attacksD. kidney stonesAccording to Dr MacKay, the most important factor affecting the result

34、 of the study is. A. the continuous intakethe amount of intakethe age of patientsthe gender of patients第二篇Deforestation and Desertification（沙漠化）The Sahel zone lies between the Sahara desert and the fertile savannahs （熱帶大草原 ）of northern Nigeria and South Sudan. The *es from Arabic and means marginal

35、or transitional, and this is a good description of these semi-arid （ 半干旱）lands, which occupy much of the Western African countries of Mall, Mauritania, Niger, and Chad.Unfortunately, over the last century the Sahara desert has steadily crept southwards eating into once productive Sahel lands. United

36、 Nations surveys show that over 70 percent of the dry land in agriculture use in Africa hasdeterioratedover the last 30 years. Droughts have become more severe, the most recent lasting over twenty years in parts of the Sahel region. The same process of desertification is taking place across southern

37、 Africa as the Kalahari desert advances into Botswana and parts of South Africa.One of the major causes of this desert advance is poor agricultural land use, driven by the pressures of increasing population. Overgrazing keeping too many farm animals on the land means that grasses and other plants ca

38、nnot recover, and scarce water supplies are exhausted. Overcultivation trying to grow too many crops on poor land results in the soil becoming even less fertile and drier, and beginning to break up. Soil erosion （ 侵蝕）follows, and the land turns into desert.Another cause of desertification is loss of

39、 tree cover. Trees are cut down for use as fuel and to clear land for agricultural use. Tree roots help to bind the soil together, to conserve moisture, and to provide a habitat for other plants and animals. When trees are cut down, the soil begins to dry and loosen, wind and rain erosion increase,

40、other plant species die, and eventually the fertile topsoil may be almost entirely lost, leaving only bare rock and dust.The effects of loss of topsoil and increased drought are irreversible. They are, however, preventable. Careful conservation of tree cover and sustainable agricultural land use hav

41、e been shown to halt deterioration of soils and lessen the effects of shortage of rainfall. One project in Kita in south-west Mall funded by UNDP has involved *munities in sustainable management of forest, while at the same time providing a viable （ 有活力的 ）agricultural economy. This may be a model fo

42、r similar projects in other West African countries.The Sahel zone is an area which.is covered with sand and grasshas a long historyoccupies much of South Nigeriabelongs to SudanWhat is the situation about the desertification in Africa?The deserts are replaced with grasslands.The deserts are expandin

43、g.The deserts are moving northwards.The deserts are being deserted.The word deteriorated in Paragraph 2 means.A. deepenedB. sufferedC. slippedD. worsenedWhat is the root cause of desertification?Poor fanning.Overpopulation.Radical climate change.Disappearance of rare plant species.In order to preven

44、t desertification, the author proposes.making good use of international aidsdeveloping a sustainable agricultural economygaining international supportconverting agricultural land into forest第三篇Living Alone Could Be Good for Your WeightGood news for people living alone: A *ing paper shows that single

45、 adultsof any sexual orientation are physically healthier when it comes to body mass index (BMI). The study, which appears in the January edition of theJournal of Family Issues, found that living without a partnereither divorced or never married is associated with lower body weight.On the other hand

46、, co-habiters and married people, whether male or female, had higher BMIs, a calculation of weight and height that studies have linked to chronic conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, some types of cancers, and, ultimately, higher rates of mortality.Sociologist Jay Teachman of Western Washingt

47、on University used 20 years of data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth and more than 3,000 participants to examine body weight, marital status, and what he calls relationship transitions that is, breakups.He tracked peoples BMIs from adolescence to middle age (between 39 and 42 years

48、 old) and found people experienced a short-term weight loss after divorce, which he believes is probably stress-induced. Generally, Teachman thinks, couples that live together are heavier because theyre more likely to share meals and cook together.The divorce effect fades over time, Teachman toldSci

49、ence of US. But the data show that the appearance effect persists. Single people are thinner and likely more concerned about how they look because they are in the dating market.His research is a departure from some of the conventional wisdom that coupled people tend to be fitter and adds a wrinkle t

50、o the numerous links between marriage and positive health outcomes. Nevertheless, Teachman acknowledges a caveat in his work: The difference in body weight between a married and single individual was about three pounds at any point in time. At higher BMIs, a three-pound spread could push the average

51、 respondent into the obese category and the individuals in this study were fairly young. Since the data cut at age 42, people still had a lot of potential weight-gaining decades ahead of them.According to the study, a person living without a partner is.unwilling to increase weight in a short timemor

52、e likely to have a better body mass indexnot able to live a proper life D. reluctant to get marriedPeople with higher BMIs are easily caught by the following diseases EXCEPT.A. metabolic diseases B. cardiovascular diseases C. some types of cancers D. lung diseasesAccording to Teachman, couples that

53、live together are heavier because they. A. experience the sad time togethershare their happy emotionsgive birth to babies D. eat and cook together 4. According to Teachman, single people are driven to keep body shape by. A. their strong desire to live alone B. their belief in the research resultsC.

54、their expectation to start a new love story D. the impairment to their lifestylesTeachmans conclusion differs from the conventional ideas possibly because.the participants promised not to increase their weightthe relationship between the married and the single is unstable C. the participants were al

55、l under 42 years oldD. the relationship between marriage and health outcomes is doubtful第5部分：補(bǔ)全對(duì)話下面的短文有5處空白，短文后有6個(gè)句子，其中5個(gè)取自短文，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容將其分別 放回原有位置，以恢復(fù)文章原貌。Ceremonial （儀式性的 ）bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath

56、, or sauna, which may be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. 1 Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges. The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that natura

57、lly filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. 2 Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and

58、 wood-burning stoves are available.Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving. Those with muscle aches or arthritis （ 關(guān)節(jié)炎）may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation （ 炎癥）.Asthma （氣喘）patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathin

59、g. Saunas do not cure *mon cold but they may help to alleviate congestion （ 阻塞）and speed recovery time. 3 The sauna could be considered to follow the old saying starve a cold, feed a fever. The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place.Sauna is good for

60、your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adultssweat about 2 lbs of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the bodys physiological mechanisms will q