國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)克魯格曼教材答案完整版

1、國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)克魯格曼教材答案-HUAS8Q8-HUAH168844ProblemsandAnswerstoChapter2QI：CanadaandAustraliaare(mainly)English-speakingcountrieswithpopulationsthatarenottoodifferentinsize(Canadasis60percentlarger).ButCanadiantradeistwiceaslarge,relativetoGDP,asAustralia?s.Whyshouldthisbethecase加拿大和澳大利亞都是英語(yǔ)國(guó)家，兩國(guó)的人口規(guī)模也相當(dāng)(加拿大多60

2、$),但是相對(duì)各自的GDP而言，加拿大的貿(mào)易額是澳大利亞的兩倍，為什么如此？Al:AccordingtoGravityModel,GDPisnottheonlyfactortoexplainthevolumeoftradebetweentwocountries,becausedistanceisalsoanimportantfactor.Consideringthedistance,thetransportationcostofAustraliaisrelativelyhigherthanthatofCanada,sotheattractivenessoftradeisreduced.Howe

3、ver,CanadaisclosetotheUSAwhichisalargeeconomywhileAustraliaisnotclosetoanylargeeconomy,makingCanadamoreopenwhileAustraliaismoreautarky.GDP不是解釋兩國(guó)貿(mào)易量的唯一重要因素，距離也是至關(guān)重要的因素之一?？紤]到距離，澳大利亞的進(jìn)出口運(yùn)輸成本相對(duì)更高，因此減少了貿(mào)易吸引力。因?yàn)榧幽么笈c美國(guó)相鄰，而澳大利亞不與任何一個(gè)大經(jīng)濟(jì)體相鄰，這使得加拿大更加開(kāi)放，而澳大利亞更加自給自足。Q2:MexicoandBrazilhaveverydifferenttradingpat

4、terns.MexicotradesmainlywiththeUnitedStates,BraziltradesaboutequallywiththeUnitedStatesandwiththeEuropeanUnion;MexicodoesmuchmoretraderelativetoitsGDP.Explainthesedifferencesusingthegravitymodel.墨西哥和巴西各自的貿(mào)易模式不同。墨西哥主要與美國(guó)貿(mào)易，巴西與美國(guó)和歐盟的貿(mào)易量大致相當(dāng)。墨西哥的貿(mào)易量相對(duì)其GDP而言很大。用引力模型解釋這種現(xiàn)象。A2:MexicoisclosetotheUnitedStat

5、es,butisveryfarfromtheEuropeanUnion,soMexicosvalueoftradewiththeUnitedStatesislarge.BrazilisfarfromboththeUnitedStatesandEuropeanUnion,thus,Brazil?svolumeoftradewiththeUnitedStatesandwiththeEuropeanUnionisgenerallyequivalent.Mexico，svolumeoftradeislargerthanBrazils,fortworeasons:oneisthatMexicoisadj

6、acenttotheUnitedStateswhichisalargeeconomy;theotheristhatMexicoisoneofthemembersofNAFTA.Brazilisfarfromanylargeeconomy,andthesizeoftheeconomyforthecountrieswhichhavesignedfreetradeagreementswithBrazilisrelativelysmall.墨西哥與美國(guó)毗鄰，但是距離歐盟很遠(yuǎn)，因此它與美國(guó)的貿(mào)易量很大。巴西離美國(guó)和歐盟都很遠(yuǎn)，因此巴西與美國(guó)和歐盟的貿(mào)易量大致相當(dāng)。墨西哥貿(mào)易量比巴西大，其原因一方面由于墨

7、西哥離大經(jīng)濟(jì)體美國(guó)近，另一方面由于它是北美貿(mào)易協(xié)定的成員國(guó)之一。巴西遠(yuǎn)離任何一個(gè)大經(jīng)濟(jì)體，與它簽訂自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定的國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模都比較小。Q3：Equation(2.1)saysthattradebetweenanytwocountriesisproportionaltotheproductoftheirGDPs.DoesthismeanthattheGDPofeverycountryintheworldweretoincreaseby50%,worldtradewouldincreaseby125%AnalyzethequestionusingthesimpleexampleshowninTab

8、le2-2.方程(2.1)表明兩個(gè)國(guó)家之間的貿(mào)易和它們的GDP乘積成正比。這是否意味著如果每個(gè)國(guó)家的GDP增加50%,世界的貿(mào)易量就增加125%分析這個(gè)問(wèn)題用表格2-2的簡(jiǎn)單例子。A3：Yes.IfbothcountriesGDPincreaseby50%,otherthingsequal,multiplyingtherighthandsideofequation(2.1)by(1+50%)*(1+50%)=225%andmultiplyingthelefthandsideofequation(2.1)by1+125%=225%,therefore,thevolumeoftradewillin

9、crease125%.UsingTable2-2,iffourcountriesGDPallincrease50%,thevolumeoftradewillincrease125%correspondingly,sothefirstlineofthetablewillbecome:-1.6*225%=3.60.4*225%=0.90.4*225%=0.9CountryAsGDPincreasesto4*(1+50%)=6(3.6+0.9+0.9=5.4).Accordingtotheassumption,theresultsarereasonablebecausetheresultsmeant

10、hatpartofcountryAsincomeisconsumedonimportsandpartofcountryAsincomeisconsumedondomesticproducts,althoughtheportionconsumeddomesticallyissmallerthanthatofimports.是的。如果兩個(gè)國(guó)家的GDP均增加50%,其他條件不變，方程(2.1)的右邊乘以(1+50%)*(1+50%)=225%,方程式的左邊乘以1+125%=225%,所以，世界的貿(mào)易量就增加125%o結(jié)合表格2-2,如果四個(gè)國(guó)家的GDP都增加50%倍,貿(mào)易量也增加125%,則表格第一

11、行的數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)為：一1.6*225%=3.60.4*225%=0.90.4*225%=0.9A國(guó)的GDP增加到4*(1+50%)=6(3.6+0.9+0.9=5.4)。根據(jù)假設(shè),這個(gè)結(jié)果是合理的因?yàn)檫@意味著A國(guó)的支出一部分從國(guó)外進(jìn)口一部分收入用于消費(fèi)本國(guó)的產(chǎn)品，雖然用于本國(guó)消費(fèi)的部分少于對(duì)其他國(guó)家的進(jìn)口。Q4:Overthepastfewdecades,EastAsianeconomieshaveincreasedtheirshareofworldGDP.Similarly,intra-EastAsiantradethatis,tradeamongEastAsiannationshasgrowna

12、sashareofworldtrade.Morethanthat,EastAsiancountries3doanincreasingshareoftheirtradewitheachother.Explainwhy,usingthegravitymodel.在過(guò)去的幾十年中，東亞國(guó)家增加了它們?cè)谑澜鏕DP中的份額。同樣，不僅東亞國(guó)家整體的貿(mào)易在世界貿(mào)易中的份額增加了，而且東亞國(guó)家內(nèi)相互間的貿(mào)易也增加了。應(yīng)用引力模型解釋這一現(xiàn)象。A4:Inthepast,EastAsiancountriesareallsmalleconomies,meaningthattheirsizeofeconomiesi

13、ssmallandtheyareunabletoimportalotofgoods.AstheseEastAsiancountriesbecomericher,thedemandincreasesandtheycanimportmorethanbefore.ConsideringthatEastAsiancountrieshavebeenrichcountries,theybecometradingpartnerswitheachother;however,theymainlyimportedgoodsfromrichcountries.Basedongravitymodel,evenifth

14、edistancebetweenSouthKoreaandTaiwanissmall,thevolumeofthetwocountriesisverysmallduetotheirsmallsizeofeconomies.Butnow,becausetheirGDPhaveincreased,thevolumeoftradebetweenthetwocountriesincreasedcorrespondingly.之前，東亞國(guó)家都是小經(jīng)濟(jì)體，這說(shuō)明它們的市場(chǎng)規(guī)模很小，不能大量進(jìn)口。隨著它們?cè)絹?lái)越富裕，消費(fèi)需求增加，它們也就能更多地進(jìn)口了。這樣，之前它們主要向富國(guó)出口，現(xiàn)在它們自己成為了富國(guó)，

15、互相也就成為了貿(mào)易對(duì)象。根據(jù)引力模型，當(dāng)韓國(guó)和臺(tái)灣GDP規(guī)模很小時(shí)，意味著盡管兩國(guó)的距離很近，但是兩國(guó)之間的貿(mào)易量很小?，F(xiàn)在它們GDP增加了，它們之間的貿(mào)易量也隨之增大了。Q5:Acenturyago,mostFrenchimportscamefromrelativelydistantlocations:NorthAmerica,LatinAmerica,andAsia.Today,mostFrenchimportscomefromotherEuropeancountries.Howdoesthisfitwiththechangingtypesofgoodsthatmakeupworldtra

16、de一個(gè)世紀(jì)以前，法國(guó)的進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品來(lái)自相對(duì)遙遠(yuǎn)的地區(qū)：北美、拉丁美洲，和亞洲I。今天，法國(guó)絕大部分進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品來(lái)自其他歐洲國(guó)家。這種變化是如何迎合不斷變化的世界貿(mào)易產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的？A5:Acenturyago,eachcountrystradingproductsaredeterminedbythecountry?sclimateandgeography.TheclimateandnaturalresourcesendowmentsinFrenchareverysimilartothatofotherEuropeancountries;therefore,Frenchcanonlyimportdiffe

17、rentproducts,suchas,cotton,rubber,andetc,fromotherwesternhemisphere(NorthAmerica,LatinAmerica)andAsia.However,afterindustrialrevolution,manufacturingtradeincreaseddramatically.Withthedevelopmentoftransportationandcommunicatetechnology,FrenchstradevolumewithotherEuropeancountriesincreasescorrespondin

18、gly,asthegravitymodelpredicteddirectly.一個(gè)世紀(jì)以前，各國(guó)貿(mào)易產(chǎn)品是由氣候和地理?xiàng)l件決定的。法國(guó)的氣候和自然資源稟賦和歐洲其他國(guó)家很相似，這樣法國(guó)只能從西半球其他國(guó)家、亞洲進(jìn)口像棉花、橡膠這樣的產(chǎn)品，從歐洲其他國(guó)家進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品很少。工業(yè)革命之后，制造品貿(mào)易增長(zhǎng)，并且隨著交通和通訊的改進(jìn)繼續(xù)擴(kuò)張，因此法國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)向與歐洲其他經(jīng)濟(jì)體大量開(kāi)展貿(mào)易是自然而然的，這就是引力模型的一個(gè)直接預(yù)測(cè)。Chapter3LHomehas1200unitsoflaboravailable.Itcanproducetwogoods,applesandbananas.Theunitlaborr

19、equirementinappleproductionis3,whileinbananaproductionitis2.Graphouttheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier：Whatistheopportunitycostofapplesintermsofbananas?Intheabsenceoftrade,whatwouldthepriceofapplesintermsofbananasbe?Intheabsenceoftrade,sincelaboristheonlyfactorofproductionandsupplydecisionsaredeterm

20、inedbytheattemptsofindividualstomaximizetheirearningsinacompetitiveeconomy,onlywhenPa/Pb=aLa/aLbwillbothgoodsbeproduced.SoPa/Pb=1.5在沒(méi)有貿(mào)易時(shí)，因?yàn)閯诜绞俏ㄒ坏纳a(chǎn)要素，并且供應(yīng)決定取決于個(gè)體嘗試最大化他們的在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的收入，只有當(dāng)兩件物品將被生產(chǎn)。因此HomeisasdescribedinproblemLThereisnowalsoanothercountry,Foreign,withalaborforceof800.Foreignsunitlaborrequi

21、rementinappleproductionis5,whileinbananaproductionitis1.b.Construe3.Nowsuppapples/da.Graol7口cvaSbnunvc/nc+Sncceu：414+；ac-Fv/%n+4ForeignsPPFQ*bananafora.Graphmerelativeaemanacurvealongwithrnerelativesupplycurve：VWhenthemarketachievesitsequilibrium,wehaveDq=2+。*=(-IRQb+Q，Pb/RDisahyperbolay=xWhatisthee

22、quilibriumrelativepriceofapples?TheequilibriumrelativepriceofapplesisdeterminedbytheintersectionoftheRDandRScurves.RD:x=-yxe0,0.5)y=1.5RS:PealPebPaIP/.Inthistwo-countryworld,Homewillspecializeintheappleproduction,exportapplesandimportbananas.Foreignwillspecializeinthebananaproduction,exportbananasan

23、dimportapples.ShowthatbothHomeandForeigngainfromtrade.InternationaltradeallowsHomeandForeigntoconsumeanywherewithinthecoloredlines,whichlieoutsidethecountriesproductionpossibilityfrontiers.Andtheindirectmethod,specializinginproducingonlyoneproductionthentradewithothercountry,isamoreefficientmethodth

24、andirectproduction.Intheabsenceoftrade,Homecouldgainthreebananasbyforegoingtwoapples,andForeigncouldgainbyoneforegoingfivebananas.Tradeallowseachcountrytotradetwobananasforoneapple.HomecouldthengainfourbananasbyforegoingtwoappleswhileForeigncouldgainoneapplebyforegoingonlytwobananas.SobothHomeandFor

25、eigngainfromtrade.國(guó)際貿(mào)易允許本國(guó)和外國(guó)任何地方在分界線之內(nèi)消耗，在一國(guó)生產(chǎn)可能性邊境之外說(shuō)謊。并且間接方法，專(zhuān)門(mén)研究導(dǎo)致一生產(chǎn)比直接生產(chǎn)然后只換與其他國(guó)家，是一個(gè)高效率的方法。在沒(méi)有貿(mào)易時(shí)，首頁(yè)可能由前面二個(gè)蘋(píng)果獲取三個(gè)香蕉，并且外國(guó)可能由一前面五個(gè)香蕉獲取。貿(mào)易允許每個(gè)國(guó)家為一個(gè)蘋(píng)果換二個(gè)香蕉。首頁(yè)只能由前面二個(gè)蘋(píng)果然后獲取四個(gè)香蕉，當(dāng)外國(guó)時(shí)能由前面二個(gè)香蕉獲取一個(gè)蘋(píng)果。因此首頁(yè)和從貿(mào)易的外國(guó)獲取。Supposethatinsteadof1200workers,Homehad2400.Findtheequilibriumrelativeprice.Whatcanyousa

26、yabouttheefficiencyofworldproductionandthedivisionofthegainsfromtradebetweenHomeandForeigninthiscase?RD:x=yxe0J)y=1.5RS:x=ye1.5,5xe(L+sy=5.2.x=y=1.53AP(a!Peb=.5Inthiscase,Foreignwillspecializeinthebananaproduction,exportbananasandimportapples.ButHomewillproducebananasandapplesatthesametime.Andtheopp

27、ortunitycostofbananasintermsofapplesforHomeremainsthesame.SoHomeneithergainsnorlosesbutForeigngainsfromtrade.在這種情況下，外國(guó)將專(zhuān)門(mén)研究香蕉生產(chǎn)，出口香蕉和進(jìn)口蘋(píng)果。但是本國(guó)同時(shí)將生產(chǎn)香蕉和蘋(píng)果。并且香蕉的機(jī)會(huì)成本根據(jù)蘋(píng)果的本國(guó)的依然是同樣。因此本國(guó)不獲取也不丟失，而是從貿(mào)易的外國(guó)獲取。SupposethatHomehas2400workers,buttheyareonlyhalfasproductioninbothindustriesaswehavebeenassuming,Cons

28、tructtheworldrelativesupplycurveanddeterminetheequilibriumrelativeprice.Howdothegainsfromtradecomparewiththoseinthecasedescribedinproblem4?Inthiscase,thelaborisdoubledwhiletheproductivityoflaborishalved,sotheeffectivelaborremainsthesame.Sotheanswerissimilartothatin3.AndbothHomeandForeigncangainfromt

29、rade.ButForeigngainslessercomparewiththatinthecase4.Pa/PbTheWorldRelativeSupplyCurvect*必/.勸=5a/a仿=小=0.5Koreanworkersearnonly$2.50anhour;ifweallowKoreatoexportasmuchasitlikestotheUnitedStates,ourworkerswillbeforceddowntothesameleveLYoucantimporta$5shirtwithoutimportingthe$2.50wagethatgoeswithit.”Disc

30、uss.Infact,relativewagerateisdeterminedbycomparativeproductivityandtherelativedemandforgoods.KoreaslowwagereflectsthefactthatKoreaislessproductivethantheUnitedStatesinmostindustries.Actually,tradewithalessproductive,lowwagecountrycanraisethewelfareandstandardoflivingofcountrieswithhighproductivity,s

31、uchasUnitedStates.Sothispauperlaborargumentiswrong.實(shí)際上，相對(duì)工資率取決于比較生產(chǎn)力和對(duì)物品的相對(duì)需求。Koreas低工資反射事實(shí)韓國(guó)比多數(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的美國(guó)較不有生產(chǎn)力的。實(shí)際上，與一個(gè)較不有生產(chǎn)力，低工資國(guó)家的貿(mào)易可能培養(yǎng)國(guó)家福利和生活水平有高生產(chǎn)力的，例如美國(guó)。因此這個(gè)叫花子勞方論據(jù)是錯(cuò)誤的。JapaneselaborproductivityisroughlythesameasthatoftheUnitedStatesinthemanufacturingsector(higherinsomeindustries,lowerinothers),w

32、hiletheUnitedStates,isstillconsiderablymoreproductiveintheservicesector.Butmostservicesarenon-traded.SomeanalystshavearguedthatthisposesaproblemfortheUnitedStates,becauseourcomparativeadvantageliesinthingswecannotsellonworldmarkets.Whatiswrongwiththisargument?Thecompetitiveadvantageofanyindustrydepe

33、ndsonboththerelativeproductivitiesoftheindustriesandtherelativewagesacrossindustries.Sotherearefouraspectsshouldbetakenintoaccountbeforewereachconclusion:boththeindustriesandservicesectorsofJapanandU.S.,notjustthetwoservicesectors.Sothisstatementdoesnotbadeonthereasonablelogic.所有產(chǎn)業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)取決于產(chǎn)業(yè)的相對(duì)生產(chǎn)力和橫

34、跨產(chǎn)業(yè)的親戚薪水。因此，在我們得出結(jié)論之前，有四個(gè)方面應(yīng)該考慮到：產(chǎn)業(yè)和日本和美國(guó)，不僅二個(gè)服務(wù)部門(mén)的服務(wù)部門(mén)。不因此這個(gè)聲明在合理的邏輯出了價(jià)。AnyonewhohasvisitedJapanknowsitisanincrediblyexpensiveplace;althoughJapaneseworkersearnabouttheseuneastheirU.S.counterpeurts,thepurchasingpoweroftheirincomesisaboutone-thirdless.Extendyourdiscussingfromquestion7toexplainthisobs

35、ervation.(Hint:Thinkaboutwagesandtheimpliedpricesofnon-tradegoods.)TherelativehigherpurchasingpowerofU.S.issustainedandmaintainedbyitsconsiderablyhigherproductivityinservices.Becausemostofthoseservicesarenon-traded,Japanesecouldnotbenefitfromthoselowerservicecosts.AndU.S.doesnothavetofacealowerinter

36、nationalpriceofservices.SothepurchasingpowerofJapaneseisjustone-thirdoftheirU.S.counterparts.美國(guó)的相對(duì)更高的購(gòu)買(mǎi)力由它的在服務(wù)的相當(dāng)?shù)馗叩纳a(chǎn)力承受并且維護(hù)。由于大多那些服務(wù)non-traded,日語(yǔ)不可能受益于那些更低的服務(wù)費(fèi)用。并且美國(guó)不必須面對(duì)服務(wù)的一個(gè)更低的國(guó)際價(jià)格。因此日語(yǔ)的購(gòu)買(mǎi)力是他們的美國(guó)相對(duì)物的三分之OHowdoesthefactthatmanygoodsarenon-tradedaffecttheextentofpossiblegainsfromtrade?Actuallytheg

37、ainsfromtradedependedontheproportionofnon-tradedgoods.Thegainswillincreaseastheproportionofnon-tradedgoodsdecrease.Wehavefocusedonthecaseoftradeinvolvingonlytwocountries.Supposethattherearemanycountriescapableofproducingtwogoods,andthateachcountryhasonlyonefactorofproduction,labor.Whatcouldwesayabou

38、tthepatternofproductionandinthiscase(Hint:Tryconstructingtheworldrelativesupplycurve.)Anycountriestotheleftoftheintersectionoftherelativedemandandrelativesupplycurvesexportthegoodinwhichtheyhaveacomparativeadvantagerelativetoanycountrytotherightoftheintersection.Iftheintersectionoccursinahorizontalp

39、ortionthenthecountrywiththatpriceratioproducesbothgoods.Chapter4In1986,thepriceofoilonworldmarketsdroppedsharply.SincetheUnitedStatesisanoil-importingcountry,thiswaswidelyregardedasgoodfortheU.S.economy.YetinTexasandLouisiana1986wasayearofeconomicdecline.Why?ItcandeducethatTexasandLouisianaareoil-pr

40、oducingstatesofUnitedStates.Sowhenthepriceofoilonworldmarketsdeclined,therealwageofthisindustryfellintermsofothergoods.Thismightbethereasonofeconomicdeclineinthesetwostatesin1986.2oAneconomycanproducegood1usinglaborandcapitalandgood2usinglaborandland.Thetotalsupplyoflaboris100units.Giventhesupplyofc

41、apital,theoutputsofthetwogoodsdependsonlaborinputasfollows：Toanalyzetheeconomy,sproductionpossibilityfrontier,considerhowtheoutputmixchangesaslaborisshiftedbetweenthetwosectors.Graphtheproductionfunctionsforgood1andgood2.Graphtheproductionpossibilityfrontier.Whyisitcurved?ThePPFiscurvedduetodeclinin

42、gmarginalproductoflaborineachgood.Thetotallaborsupplyisfixed.SoasLxrises,MPLtfalls;correspondingly,asL：falls,MPL：rises.SoPPgetssteeperaswemovedownittotheright.Themarginalproductoflaborcurvescorrespondingtotheproductionfunctionsinproblem2areasfollows:Supposethatthepriceofgood2relativetothatofgood1is2

43、.Determinegraphicallythewagerateandtheallocationoflaborbetweenthetwosectors.Withtheassumptionthatlaborisfreelymobilebetweensectors,itwillmovefromthelow-wagesectortothehigh-wagesectoruntilwagesareequalized.Soinequilibrium,thewagerateisequaltothevalueoflabor*smarginalproduct.假設(shè)勞方自由地是在區(qū)段之間的機(jī)動(dòng)性，它從低工資的區(qū)段

44、將移動(dòng)向high-wage區(qū)段，直到薪水被調(diào)平。因此在平衡，工資率與labors邊際產(chǎn)品的價(jià)值是相等的。Theabscissaofpointofintersectionillustratedaboveshouldbebetween(20,30).Sinceweonlyhavetofindouttheapproximateanswer,linearfunctioncouldbeemployed.ThelaborallocationbetweenthesectorsisapproximatelyLi=27andLc=73.Thewagerateisapproximately0.98.被說(shuō)明的交點(diǎn)橫

45、坐標(biāo)以上應(yīng)該之間(20,30)。因?yàn)槲覀儽仨氈话l(fā)現(xiàn)近似答復(fù)，線性函數(shù)可能被使用。在區(qū)段之間的The辛苦分派是大約L127和L2=73。工資率是大約0.98oUsingthegraphdrawnforproblem2,determinetheoutputofeachsector.Thenconfirmgraphicallythattheslopoftheproductionpossibilityfrontieratthatpointequalstherelativeprice.TherelativepriceisP/P尸2andwehavegottheapproximatelaboralloca

46、tion,sowecanemploythelinearfunctionagaintocalculatetheapproximateoutputofeachsector:Qi=44andQ二二90.相對(duì)價(jià)格是P2/P2,并且我們有近似辛苦分派，因此我們可以再使用線性函數(shù)計(jì)算每個(gè)區(qū)段近似產(chǎn)品：Ql=44和Q2=90oSupposethattherelativepriceofgood2fallsto1.Repeat(a)and(b).Therelativedeclineinthepriceofgood2causedlabortobereallocated:laborisdrawnoutofprodu

47、ctionofgood2andentersproductionofgood1(Li=62,L：=38).Thisalsoleadstoanoutputadjustment,thatis,productionofgood2fallsto68unitsandproductionofgood1risesto76units.Andthewagerateisapproximatelyequalto0.74.在導(dǎo)致的價(jià)格的相對(duì)衰落的好2將被再分配的勞方：勞方被畫(huà)出于生產(chǎn)好2并且輸入好1的生產(chǎn)(L1=62,L2=38)。這也導(dǎo)致輸出調(diào)整，即，好2個(gè)秋天到68個(gè)單位的生產(chǎn)和生產(chǎn)好1上升到76個(gè)單位。并且工資率

48、是大約相等到0.74oQ=9(3)Calculatetheeffectsofthepricechangeontheincomeofthespecificfactorsinsectors1and2.WiththerelativepricechangefromP:/Pt=2toP/P1二1,thepriceofgood2hasfallenby50percent,whilethepriceofgood1hasstayedthesame.Wageshavefallentoo,butbylessthanthefallinP：(wagesfellapproximately25percent).Thus,t

49、herealwagerelativetoP:actuallyriseswhilerealwagerelativetoPifalls.Hence,todeterminethewelfareconsequenceforworkers,theinformationabouttheirconsumptionsharesofgood1andgood2isneeded.相對(duì)價(jià)格變動(dòng)，而價(jià)格的好1停留了同樣，從P2/P1=2到P2/PF1,價(jià)格的好2由50%下落了。薪水由較少比在P2的秋天下落了，但是（薪水落大約25%）。因此，當(dāng)實(shí)際工資相對(duì)P1落時(shí)，實(shí)際工資相對(duì)P2實(shí)際上上升。因此，確定工作者的福利救濟(jì)后

50、果，關(guān)于他們的消耗量份額的信息好1和好2是需要的。Inthetextweexaminedtheimpactsofincreasesinthesupplyofcapitalandland.Butwhatifthemobilefactor,labor,increasesinsupply?a.Analyzethequalitativeeffectsofanincreaseinthesupplyoflaborinthespecificfactorsmodel,holdingthepriceofbothgoodsconstant.Foraneconomyproducingtwogoods,XanY,wi

51、thlabordemandsreflectedbytheirmarginalrevenueproductcurves,thereisaninitialwageofwxandaninitiallaborallocationofLx=0 xAandL7=0：,A.Whenthesupplyoflaborincreases,therightboundaryofthediagramillustratedbelowpushedoutto0/.ThedemandforlaborinsectorYispulledrightwardwiththeboundary.Thenewintersectionofthe

52、labordemandcurvesshowsthatlaborexpandsinbothsectors,andthereforeoutputofbothXandYalsoexpand.Therelativeexpansionofoutputisambiguous.Wagespaidtoworkersfall.baGraphtheeffectontheequilibriumforthenumericalexampleinproblems2and3,givenarelativepriceof1,whenthelaborforceexpandsfrom100to140.Withthelawofdim

53、inishingreturns,thenewproductionpossibilityfrontierismoreconcaveandsteeper(flatter)attheendswhentotallaborsupplyincreases.Liincreaseto90from62andLincreasesto50from38.Wagesdeclinefrom0.74to0.60.ThisnewallocationoflaborleadstoanewoutputmixofapproximatelyQt=85andQ:=77.Chapter4IntheUnitedStateswhereland

54、ischeap,theratiooflandtolaborusedincattlerisingishigherthanthatoflandusedinwheatgrowing.Butinmorecrowdedcountries,wherelandisexpensiveandlaborischeap,itiscommontoraisecowsbyusinglesslandandmorelaborthanAmericemsusetogrowwheat.CanwestillsaythatraisingcattleislandintensivecomparedwithfarmingwheatWhyor

55、whynotThedefinitionofcattlegrowingaslandintensivedependsontheratiooflandtolaborusedinproduction,notontheratiooflandorlabortooutput.TheratiooflandtolaborincattleexceedstheratioinwheatintheUnitedStates,implyingcattleislandintensiveintheUnitedStates.Cattleislandintensiveinothercountriestooiftheratioofl

56、andtoNowsupposethatthelaborsupplyincreasefirstto800,then1000,then1200hours.UsingadiagramlikeFigure4-6,traceoutthechangingallocationofresources.Whatwouldhappenifthelaborsupplyweretoincreaseevenfurther?Atconstantfactorprices,somelaborwouldbeunused,sofactorpriceswouldhavetochange,ortherewouldbeunemploy

57、ment.“Theworldspoorestcountriescannotfindanythingtoexport.Thereisnoresourcethatisabundantcertainlynotcapitalorland,andinsmallpoornationsnotevenlaborisabundant.Discuss.Thegainsfromtradedependoncomparativeratherthanabsoluteadvantage.Astopoorcountries,whatmattersisnottheabsoluteabundanceoffactors,butth

58、eirrelativeabundance.Poorcountrieshaveanabundanceoflaborrelativetocapitalwhencomparedtomoredevelopedcountries.TheU.S.labormovement-whichmostlyrepresentsblue-collarworkersratherthanprofessionalsandhighlyeducatedworkers-hastraditionallyfavoredlimitsonimportsformless-affluentcountries.Isthisashortsight

59、edpolicyofarationaloneinviewoftheinterestsofunionmembersHowdoestheanswerdependonthemodeloftradeIntheRicardo?smodel,laborgainsfromtradethroughanincreaseinitspurchasingpower.Thisresultdoesnotsupportlaboruniondemandsforlimitsonimportsfromlessaffluentcountries.IntheImmobileFactorsmodellabormaygainorlose

60、fromtrade.Purchasingpowerintermsofonegoodwillrise,butintermsoftheothergooditwilldecline.TheHeckscher-Ohlinmodeldirectlydiscussesdistributionbyconsideringtheeffectsoftradeontheownersoffactorsofproduction.Inthecontextofthismodel,unskilledU.S.laborlosesfromtradesincethisgrouprepresentstherelativelyscar