英文學(xué)術(shù)論文常用高級詞匯和精美句型

1、英文學(xué)術(shù)論文常用高級詞匯和精美句型.與時間相關(guān)的no change on 1-day intervals for 3 consecutive daysat given intervals of time (30, 50, and 90 min)for a given exposure timeincreased with age.for different time span.After the scheduled time, each sample was tested.-throughout the entire test period.It will decrease as time p

2、asses.表示增加或下降的An increase in the FA content decreased the decrease with increase in deceases as increases, and increases as increase.As - is lowered.augmentThe cumulative AE energy increases with a stepwise pattern in which each sudden jump of energy can be related to-develop at an increasing rate w

3、ith time.表示原因，由哪些因素決定probably due to A possible mechanism contributing to the reduction ofisThis might be attributed to -depends on the two main mechanisms- is a common cause of- is the essential parameter governing the , contributing in part to the interface separation phenomenon, besides the above

4、-described possible interfacial material toughening mechanism.the cause of this resides in Two parameters are considered in this study to evaluate the strengthening effectiveness with regard to the amount of FRP (i.e., the number of layers of sheets) and construction imperfections.表示展示。exhibit川ustra

5、tepresentreflectdepict- is plot in describe.表示某種摻量。high volume fly ashcontain high percentages of fly ash as a replacement of cement (0,15,30 by weight of total cementitious materials) for concrete incorporating 30% and 40% fly ash.increase the amount of fly ash in concreteas partial cement replacem

6、ent materialswith partial fly ash substitution are incestigated.the dosage of fly ashwith a certain amount of fly ash added.性能的詞匯mechanical propertytransport propertyworkabilityflexibilitysustainabilityserviceability.表示測試examine.表示超過 exceed.有關(guān)圖片或表格的As seen from Table 2,The result of - are presented

7、in Table 4.A was plotted against square root of time (t0.5 in min0.5)was monitored with the SC3000 which was positioned, as seen in Fig.2a.Sketch of the experimental setupAT is plotted as absolute value against the impact energy in Fig.9Fig.5(c) and (d) shows the load versus strain and midspan defle

8、ction versus strain curves of the concrete.至于，對于而言As forIn the case of .表示比較，對比The mixture containing 10% FA replacement showed higher strength than mixtures containing 40% and 70% FA replacement.As compared to A is higher than when it substitutesin contrast to Existing damages may lead to catastrop

9、hic failures at loading stages earlier than those corresponding to intact specimens.- is comparable to or greater than these values are theoretically detectable.The test results were compared with the axial stress-strain behavior of water saturated specimen to that of dry specimens.a tremendous amou

10、nt of AE activities, much greater than that of CB, was recorded because .表示效果更明顯The effect was more pronounced with increased 一dominanthave determinant impact on .表示結(jié)構(gòu)或材料致密matrix densificationpore structure densificationthe pore system becomes finer and less connected.影響Increases in FA contents show

11、ed no significant effect onseemed to be insensitive to become decisive for the durability of the concreteThe durability of concrete structures has substantial economic, social, and environmental implications. Deicers may also pose detrimental effects on.因此Consequently,As a result,.表示評價，評估quantifyeva

12、luateassessinterpret.學(xué)科術(shù)語（阻抗譜）impedance responseEIS spetraelectrode arcs in a Nyquist plot （plot of real vs. imaginary impedance）Rct1 extracted from the model captures the changes in microstructure with time.（孔特征）pore structure distributiontotal porositypore structurepore networkpore wallstortuous p

13、athways（摻合料）fly ashslagsilica fumesupplementary cementing materialsmineral additiveslow-and high-calcium fly ash（測試方法）SEM : Scanning electron micrographpigmentationX-ray diffraction analysismicroscopy observationultrasonic speed measurementacoustic emission techniqueaccelerated ageing test（土建工程）civi

14、l infrastructureswide use in Civil Engineeringhistorical heritagemasonry structuresconcrete structures, pavements, and bridge decks（測試儀器）vibrated for 30 sec on a vibration tabletesting machine with maximum load capacity of 50kN.the hammer is hemispherical 24mm in diameter（測試試劑）coupling agent between

15、 the sensor and the concrete surface（操作工藝）The molds were stripped after 24 hoursEach measure was performed on five samples and the results averaged.Aggregates were carefully sieved and remixed to conform to the ASTMC33 grading standard. reference specimensSpecimens were cylindrical with a diameter o

16、f 55mm and a length of 115mmOne of the beams was tested in its virgin condition to serve as reference.the CFRP was intentionally bonded without adhesive in the centermost 10% and 20% area of the bonding area of the CFRP sheets.Four AE sensors of Model SE900-MWB, produced by the firm DECI, having a f

17、requency range of 100-900 kHz were mounted on the specimen surface using a tape.Artificial defect type 1 was cubic-like （3.8cm-by-3.8cm-by-2.5cm）, and artificial defect type 2 was delamination-like （7.6cm-by-7.6cm-by-0.5cm）.（環(huán)境類別）high atmospheric humiditysea waterrain wateracid rainexposure to freez

18、e-thaw cyclesdeteriorating chemicalsalkaline environmentenvironmental variablesto simulate the environmental conditions in regions with average relative humidity conditionsaggressive media/influencesChloride-laden environement(材料性能)compressive strength-fcb (MPa)flexural tensile strength-ftb (MPa)ten

19、sile strength-ftf (MPa)ultimate strain- e (%)elastic modulus-Ef (GPa)Axial strainlateral strainYoung s modulusPoission s ratio(材料形狀)the outer concrete layercoverconcrete ”.表示相同were nearly same.A behave like BA similar trend is also observed in the E/h ratio, see Fig.11(b).某種程度 the extent of the redu

20、ction.某些配比water to binder ratios (W/B)weight to strength ratio.表示抵制high resistance toresistance against carbonation.方程，公式in Eq.(1).Eqs.(2)-(7):.參考文獻(xiàn)1this was also confirmed by several studies 口This result was also confirmed by previous research. , which has been quantified in .Similar results were r

21、eported by other researchers This is consistent with otherreports.Based on the previous studies in the open literature/in previous publicationsNumerous surveys have indicated thatIn the study of researchfrom the review of the literature.參考文獻(xiàn)2 have been quoted in literature.In particular there i s al

22、so published work about real time monitoringDetailed surveys and literature accounts on the carbonation problem and related aspects concerning the durability ofconcrete-based materials can be found, for instance, in 1 劉 and references therein.We do not go into detail in what the modelling of the hyd

23、ration is concerned but rather refer the reader to 7,12T4 for fairly detailed descriptions of the involved physicochemicalprocesses and to 15,16 for a presentation of a few qualitative (mathematical) issues concerning some of the existing hydration models.In a study undertaken by , it was shown that

24、 7.Vast majority of existing works in the literature assume a uniform corrosion pattern around the ，e.g. -3.缺陷，缺點，不足Another explanation forlies in there are certain limitationsthey suffer from serious limitations ofWhen applied to , limitations include the need to .表示變化modifications and variationsan

25、 altered matrix microstructuretransformations.根據(jù)based on the procedure outlined in procedures fully conformed to the stipulations set forth in ASTMC 192Tests have been performed on the materials constituents following relevant test standards -are based on the fundamental principle that .情況不同，現(xiàn)象不同mig

26、ht have lead to different observationsIn the study of research.研究意義The understanding of is a crucial step.The tests performed in this study are also a contribution towards the application of AE techniques for on-site healthmonitoring of strengthened masonry structures. have made FRPs an e fficient s

27、olution for strengthening purposeit is of utmost importance understanding the material behavior in order to improve the material performance and to elongate its lifetime.NDT technique is developed mainly to overcome this obstacle, while providing desired levels of resolutions for different inspectio

28、n purposes.關(guān)系密切，相關(guān)性- is closely related to .is closely linked to - is connected to The correlation betweenand- is correlated to - is intrinsically dependent on .研究領(lǐng)域的缺乏efforts in the direction of - are very limited.Despite the numerous contributions of investigation regarding thethere is no common u

29、nderstanding about the effect of Due to inconsistency on understanding of inner , further investigation is still regular.Actual data on - is sparse, not always well documented and, when available, not easily accessible to the designer. Few research works published in the last years on this subject i

30、ndicate Aspects such as failure initiation, interfacial damage propagation and localization, as well as nondestructive bond quality monitoring are still open.However, significantly more literature is needed that addresses the numerous andvarious conditions that are inherent in applying the AE techni

31、que to the assessment of .侵入，滲入penetrationcarbonation propagationchloride diffusing/contamination.如前所述As aforementioned,As already specified (stated),.建立establishconstruct.與結(jié)合in conjunction withA laser vibrometer and an acoustic excitation can be combined to form a standoff system that is capable of

32、 locating and measuring defects in matwrials.破壞environmental induced defectsmatrix crackingsurface bucklingdelaminationfibre shear-outfibre rupture/fibre breakagethe failure mode of RC beams occurs in a brittle mannerlaminate separationfiber pullout.期望，需要It is anticipated that There is a general nee

33、d for NDT methods that can be conducted from a distance because standoff capacity confers numerous advantages as mentioned previously.后面介紹，隨后提及is further discussed in the following section., as will be 川ustrated in subsequent sections.The results obtained from the shear bond tests and the AE data ar

34、e next presented and discussed.成為一種可能 have demonstrated to be an attractive alternative for rehabilitation or renewal of civil infrastructures, providing significant advantages to the restoration applications not often attainable with conventional materials.特殊混凝土，加固混凝土，特殊材料，試件Fibre-Reinforced Polyme

35、r (FRP)glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)-wrapped concrete columnartificially damaged GFRP-concrete specimensFRP composite jacketing systemplain concrete beamcontrol specimen.文章目的The objective is to initiate the creation of a user-friendly health monitoring system for RC structures strengthened w

36、ith CFRP sheets using AE techniques.this study aims to develop a .世界各地混凝土協(xié)會American Concrete Institute (ACI)American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)Canadian Society of Civil Engineers (CSCE)Japanese Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE).其他f川 in the pore

37、space enclosed by cement hydrates-due to both the fulf川ment ofsystematic laboratory testingIt is always the case that service life design句型匯總：.分類敘述The results indicate that: (i)；(ii) ；(iii) The results in SRG-strengthened specimens were equal to 14.4% and 20% for reference and aged specimen, respect

38、ively.It can be observed that the CoV of the reference GFRP-brick specimens is very low, while for the aged specimens this value is larger.This paper is structured in the following order:.越.越 The larger the size of the aggregate, the more segment the deflection of propagating and the greater the FRP

39、 can form.舉例子 Once inside, water may alter the properties of the polymer either in a reversible manner, for example by plasticization, or in an irreversible manner, for example by hydroxylation.結(jié)合FRP debonding from masonry substrate can be accompanied by failure of the bricks, debonding in the ，debo

40、nding in the or a combination of these fracture processes.In most studies mentioned therein, however, AE is not suggested as a stand-alone tool, but is rather used to indicate qualitative trends or to complement other methods in the investigation of damage progression.公式含義 Ib=(T + 心(1)With t being t

41、he standard deviation and心 being the mean value of the amplitudes of agroup of AE hits.觀點分歧 With respect to , the scientific community is divided into two main groups. One group is mainly interested in The attention of the second group is instead driven towards the.當(dāng)，某某條件時 the developed AE model is

42、recommended in cases where matrix cracking is the dominant damage mode. The analysis is valid only when: (1) ;(2) ;(3) ；and (4).解決問題 - has limitations such as To cover the limitation of , acoustic emission was introduced to study .應(yīng)用 The external plating of RC structures with CFRP sheets is now a wi

43、dely recognized repair and retrofit technique to prolong their service life.鑒于 Standoff methods of damage detection have numerous advantages over contact measurement methods since they allow for measurement of damage in locations that are physically difficult to access, such as high above the ground or over water.精美句子：Since the high probability of impact-damaging composite materials during manufacture, service and maintenance, it is of paramount importance the knowledge of the impact proc