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1、文獻(xiàn)出處: Blach J. Financial Risk Identification Based on the Balance SheetInformation. Managing and Modelling of Financial Risks, 2016,1: 10-19.第一部分為譯文,第二部分為原文。默認(rèn)格式:中文五號(hào)宋體,英文五號(hào)Times New Roma,行間距1.5倍?;谫Y產(chǎn)負(fù)債表信息的財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識(shí)別摘要:現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)暴露不斷增加,所有企業(yè)都要承擔(dān)不同類型的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本文研究財(cái)務(wù) 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的定義,組成部分,因素和后果,以及通過資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表提供的信息的使用來識(shí)別和分析 財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。此外,
2、還介紹了這種財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估方法的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),以100個(gè)最大波蘭公司10年 (2000-2009年)的匯總數(shù)據(jù)為例,測試了根據(jù)資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表信息確定財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的潛力。關(guān)鍵詞:財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),財(cái)務(wù)分析,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估,資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表。引言現(xiàn)代社會(huì)往往被描述為“風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)”,這意味著社會(huì)的財(cái)富生產(chǎn)伴隨著社會(huì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)生產(chǎn)。 因此,在這種環(huán)境下經(jīng)營的企業(yè),被迫采取不同類型的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識(shí)別,以發(fā)展自己,提高效率。 考慮到不同類型的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),有各種各樣的企業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行分析和分類。企業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最重要的類型之 一是財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)定義及其組成部分文獻(xiàn)中沒有統(tǒng)一的財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)定義。但問題始于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的一般定義。在理論上,提出了風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 定義的兩個(gè)概念。第一個(gè)-負(fù)面概念將風(fēng)
3、險(xiǎn)描述為潛在損失的威脅。第二個(gè)-中立概念表明, 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不僅是威脅,也是機(jī)會(huì),所以風(fēng)險(xiǎn)意味著獲得不同于預(yù)期的結(jié)果的可能性。因此,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的定義主要取決于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的方法,并且可能導(dǎo)致管理者采取的不同行動(dòng)。如果 采取負(fù)面做法,管理人員的主要目標(biāo)是盡可能減少潛在的損失,并設(shè)法避免危險(xiǎn)行為,以穩(wěn) 定公司的情況。在第二種情況下,經(jīng)理們不僅要盡量減少損失,還要盡量利用承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),改 善公司狀況。因此,可以從中性或消極的角度分析任何類型的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在金融理論中,也可以找到不同的金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)意義。在狹義上,金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)被描述為由于代 替普通股的債務(wù)而由股東承擔(dān)的額外風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,在這個(gè)意義上,金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等同于資本結(jié)構(gòu) 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。廣義
4、上,金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)定義為由于不同類型因素的影響,現(xiàn)金流量,財(cái)務(wù)結(jié)果和公司價(jià)值 的波動(dòng);主要是市場,如:利率,匯率,商品和股票價(jià)格。所以根據(jù)這個(gè)定義,財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是 對(duì)公司財(cái)務(wù)狀況的任何變化負(fù)責(zé)的。在本文中,應(yīng)用了金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的狹義定義,除資本結(jié)構(gòu)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)外,還包括兩個(gè)額外的組成部 分:流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和破產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(或長期穩(wěn)定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)),與公司融資決策。因此,本文分析的財(cái)務(wù) 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與融資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相同,包括三個(gè)部分:利用債務(wù)資本融資部分資產(chǎn)的資本結(jié)構(gòu)風(fēng)險(xiǎn);流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與公司通過使用能夠快速轉(zhuǎn)換為現(xiàn)金(流動(dòng)資產(chǎn))的資產(chǎn)支付短期負(fù)債 的能力相關(guān)聯(lián);與用于購買長期資產(chǎn)(固定資產(chǎn))的資金來源及長期破產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)的長期穩(wěn)定性風(fēng) 險(xiǎn)。值得一提的是,
5、提供意義上的財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)只是整體企業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的一部分。在制定公司風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管 理過程的綜合方法時(shí),應(yīng)考慮到其他類型的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。盡管有不同的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)定義方法,現(xiàn)代企業(yè)必須意識(shí)到風(fēng)險(xiǎn)敞口,并應(yīng)采取針對(duì)可接受風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 水平的計(jì)劃風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理流程形式的行動(dòng)。這個(gè)過程包括三個(gè)階段:分析,操縱和監(jiān)測風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理過程從風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析開始,使公司能夠識(shí)別不同類型的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),識(shí)別風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,并通 過測量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)敞口來評(píng)估風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的潛在后果。下一階段-風(fēng)險(xiǎn)操縱-包括針對(duì)每種類型的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)準(zhǔn)備 的各種行動(dòng)方案。該公司可以使用傳統(tǒng)(例如保險(xiǎn))和現(xiàn)代(例如衍生品)的各種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理 工具,這些工具應(yīng)適合公司的獨(dú)特情況和需求。應(yīng)持續(xù)監(jiān)測和控制采取的行動(dòng),檢查結(jié)果, 并將其與計(jì)
6、劃進(jìn)行比較,并在需要時(shí)引入修改。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)監(jiān)控使公司能夠預(yù)測風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平,并為未 來準(zhǔn)備公司的行為。因此,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估是一個(gè)持續(xù)的過程,是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的重要組成部分,并在 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)監(jiān)測的第一和第三階段實(shí)現(xiàn)。有許多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估方法-其中之一是財(cái)務(wù)分析,可以在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)監(jiān)測階段使用。財(cái) 務(wù)分析是一種財(cái)務(wù)管理工具,使用不同的信息來源,了解公司過去和現(xiàn)在的活動(dòng)以及現(xiàn)在和 未來的財(cái)務(wù)狀況。財(cái)務(wù)分析中使用的最重要的信息來源是會(huì)計(jì)系統(tǒng)提供的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表,將公司 的多元化活動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)化為一組客觀數(shù)據(jù),用于說明公司的業(yè)績,問題和前景6,第3頁。財(cái)務(wù) 報(bào)表中包含的財(cái)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)可用于確定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)類型及其因素,識(shí)別企業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的原因和后果,分析風(fēng) 險(xiǎn)
7、管理工具的結(jié)果,并預(yù)測未來風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平。值得一提的是,可以為公司的內(nèi)部目的以及外部方面準(zhǔn)備財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析-也就是說,有 興趣評(píng)估公司財(cái)務(wù)狀況(當(dāng)前和未來)的利益相關(guān)方-主要是股東和潛在投資者,包括考慮 向公司提供資本的債權(quán)人。這組聲明用戶的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析與公司的內(nèi)部使用情況有所不同,因?yàn)?他們對(duì)整體公司的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)估計(jì)包含在公司預(yù)期投資回報(bào)率中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。使用資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表信息評(píng)估財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的第一個(gè)要素是資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表,顯示公司在一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的財(cái)務(wù)狀況,包括公司的 資產(chǎn)和對(duì)這些資產(chǎn)的負(fù)債和權(quán)益。資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表的基本要素列于表1。通過使用資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表信息,可以確定和分析財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的三個(gè)組成部分:資本結(jié)構(gòu)風(fēng)險(xiǎn), 流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和破產(chǎn)風(fēng)
8、險(xiǎn)(圖1)。要分析資本結(jié)構(gòu)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),應(yīng)該計(jì)算公司用于資產(chǎn)資產(chǎn)的債務(wù)與權(quán)益資本的D / E比(債務(wù) 權(quán)益比)2oD / E比率是顯示公司使用的財(cái)務(wù)杠桿的最重要的負(fù)債比率之一。這個(gè)比例越高, 使用債務(wù)資本相關(guān)財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也更高。該比率的最優(yōu)值被描述為1到3-在這種情況下,公司 可以利用債務(wù)資本(主要是稅盾)的所有優(yōu)勢(shì),沒有太高的財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。顯然,提出了理 論研究的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)結(jié)果,在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中,每個(gè)公司都應(yīng)該考慮到其特征和獨(dú)特的情況來尋找其最 優(yōu)值-這個(gè)問題與尋求最優(yōu)資本結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān)。當(dāng)需要更詳細(xì)的資本結(jié)構(gòu)信息時(shí),可以計(jì)算額外的比例,如:債務(wù)與資產(chǎn)比率(D / A),顯示債務(wù)資本融資公司資產(chǎn)的一部分;股權(quán)與資產(chǎn)比率
9、,顯示部分屬于股東的資產(chǎn);保留利潤與資產(chǎn)比率,顯示公司本身產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)部股權(quán)資本資產(chǎn)的部分資產(chǎn),從而顯示其 獨(dú)立于外部資金來源;資產(chǎn)長期債務(wù)資本-顯示部分由長期債務(wù)資本資助的資產(chǎn);長期債務(wù)資本與權(quán)益-顯示僅考慮長期債務(wù)的財(cái)務(wù)杠桿水平;對(duì)權(quán)益的有息負(fù)債-顯示財(cái)務(wù)杠桿水平僅考慮與利息支付有關(guān)的債務(wù)資本;長期債務(wù)資本與總負(fù)債的比率,顯示公司負(fù)債結(jié)構(gòu)4。描述公司資本結(jié)構(gòu)的更詳細(xì)比例 可以在需要時(shí)構(gòu)建。金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析的第二個(gè)要素與流動(dòng)性有關(guān)。公司流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的基本分析可以根據(jù)資產(chǎn)負(fù) 債表信息使用流動(dòng)性比率進(jìn)行。流動(dòng)資金比率有三種:現(xiàn)金流,現(xiàn)金流和現(xiàn)金比例。流動(dòng)比率等于流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)除以流動(dòng)負(fù)債,表示可用于履行流動(dòng)負(fù)債
10、下列所有到期債務(wù)的流 動(dòng)資產(chǎn)金額。該比率的最優(yōu)值在1.5-2.0之間-這意味著低于1,5,公司可能會(huì)及時(shí)支付其當(dāng) 前的義務(wù),而在相反的情況下,如果高于2,0-這可能導(dǎo)致由于現(xiàn)金余額過多,應(yīng)收賬款緩慢 或過期庫存(流動(dòng)性)而導(dǎo)致的效率較低。第二流動(dòng)性比率更保守,因?yàn)榭紤]到不包括庫存的現(xiàn)有資產(chǎn)作為其最不流動(dòng)的部分。流 動(dòng)資產(chǎn)與存貨和流動(dòng)負(fù)債之間的快速比率一般標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為1比1。快速比率的解釋與當(dāng)前比率相 似;更高的價(jià)值意味著流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低;然而,它可能是較低效率的信號(hào)。類似信息由現(xiàn)金 比例提供,其中現(xiàn)金除以流動(dòng)負(fù)債。由于這些比率是通過使用資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表信息計(jì)算的,因此 其結(jié)果是靜態(tài)的,數(shù)據(jù)僅在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日才
11、有效。為了分析流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,經(jīng)理可 以使用現(xiàn)金流量表和現(xiàn)金支付比率(現(xiàn)金覆蓋率)。除流動(dòng)性比率外,為了評(píng)估公司的流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn),可以計(jì)算和分析凈流動(dòng)資金的水平。凈 營運(yùn)資金定義為公司由固定資本資助的流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)的一部分7,可以計(jì)算為流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)與流動(dòng)負(fù) 債之間的差額。可以將凈流動(dòng)資金與總資產(chǎn)進(jìn)行比較,表明公司作為凈營運(yùn)資金的資產(chǎn)百分 比。凈流動(dòng)資金在公司中的主要作用是流動(dòng)性儲(chǔ)備的增加,被認(rèn)為是公司實(shí)力最重要的方面 之一。流動(dòng)資金凈值越高,流動(dòng)性狀況越明顯,流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越低,公司效率問題也應(yīng)受到考 慮,因?yàn)閮袅鲃?dòng)資金水平越高,資本成本越高。所以有一點(diǎn),凈營運(yùn)資金的進(jìn)一步增加變得 無效。財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的第
12、三要素與公司的長期穩(wěn)定性和財(cái)務(wù)平衡有關(guān)。確認(rèn)公司長期資產(chǎn)長期 融資資金短期資金短期資金的長期資金余額。否則,公司失去財(cái)務(wù)余額,可能導(dǎo)致金融不穩(wěn) 定,公司長期償付能力可能導(dǎo)致破產(chǎn)的問題。為了分析公司的財(cái)務(wù)平衡,可以使用兩個(gè)黃金規(guī)則。按照第一條(一)規(guī)定,固定資產(chǎn) 應(yīng)當(dāng)由權(quán)益資本所涉;只有在這種情況下才能保持財(cái)務(wù)平衡。第二條(二)規(guī)定的限制較少, 固定資產(chǎn)可以由固定資本,包括股本資本和長期債務(wù)資本組成。如果至少保持第二黃金規(guī)則 (II),公司保持財(cái)務(wù)平衡,破產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很低。否則潛在破產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大。總而言之,資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表信息可用于確定和評(píng)估財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的三個(gè)組成部分,顯示其范圍, 原因和潛在后果(圖1)。然而
13、,在使用這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估方法時(shí),應(yīng)考慮財(cái)務(wù)分析的潛在問題 和限制。其中一個(gè)問題與財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表發(fā)行之日與余額日之間的時(shí)間延遲有關(guān)-在高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的市場 波動(dòng)期間,財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表中提供的信息可能無效。這可能導(dǎo)致根據(jù)過去趨勢(shì)預(yù)測未來經(jīng)營業(yè)績和 財(cái)務(wù)狀況的陷阱。財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的另一個(gè)問題是由公司可以使用的不同的會(huì)計(jì)方法和技術(shù)引 起的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表風(fēng)險(xiǎn),以改善其在財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表中的情況,并將其表現(xiàn)得比現(xiàn)實(shí)更好。其他關(guān)注的 領(lǐng)域與選擇適當(dāng)?shù)幕鶞?zhǔn)進(jìn)行比較,并對(duì)比率進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)慕忉尅X?cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估-一項(xiàng)實(shí)證研究為了說明基于資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表信息的金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識(shí)別的潛力,進(jìn)行了基本的實(shí)證研究。對(duì)100 家最大的波蘭公司進(jìn)行了分析,重點(diǎn)介紹資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表變化情況,以
14、了解其面臨的金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)變 化。這些公司代表除金融機(jī)構(gòu)以外的所有行業(yè)和行業(yè),如銀行,保險(xiǎn)公司,信托基金和投資 公司。所有公司均在證券交易所上市,并按營業(yè)額計(jì)算。分析期為2000年至2009年10年, 市場狀況和整體經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)的變化可能對(duì)分析公司的財(cái)務(wù)狀況有影響。研究的第一部分包括對(duì)資產(chǎn),權(quán)益和債務(wù)資本價(jià)值變動(dòng)的分析(圖2)。所有三個(gè)要素: 資產(chǎn),權(quán)益和債務(wù)資本在分析期間波動(dòng),但2000-2007年金融危機(jī)引發(fā)的2008-2009年度呈 上升趨勢(shì),呈下降趨勢(shì)。2000年,所有100家公司的總資產(chǎn)價(jià)值近25000萬歐元,然后迅 速上漲,2007年達(dá)到8.1億多歐元,2008年略有下降,2009年達(dá)到68
15、000萬歐元。資產(chǎn)總 值增長超過170%,這意味著盡管公司正在發(fā)展波動(dòng),市況變化,實(shí)現(xiàn)投資項(xiàng)目,導(dǎo)致資產(chǎn) 價(jià)值較高。在分析股本和債務(wù)資本的價(jià)值時(shí),可以觀察到類似的動(dòng)態(tài)變化。二零零零年的股本資本 超過一千萬歐元,而二零零三至二零零七年度則呈上升趨勢(shì),二零零七年年底達(dá)到4.2億多 歐元的最高值,二零零九年則下降至三億八千萬歐元。股權(quán)比例超過280%。在分析期間, 債務(wù)資本的價(jià)值近15000萬歐元,2007年的最高值近39000萬歐元,而且下降達(dá)到29000 萬歐元以上。債務(wù)資本整期動(dòng)態(tài)指數(shù)幾乎等于100%。值得一提的是,資本結(jié)構(gòu)的第一次變化也可以看出。第一期-2000-2003年,債務(wù)資本高 于權(quán)
16、益,下一期資本結(jié)構(gòu)變得更安全,因?yàn)楣杀举Y本高于債務(wù)。這些變化是由股權(quán)資本的動(dòng) 力指數(shù)高于債務(wù)的。研究的下一部分是針對(duì)D / E和D / A比率確定的資本結(jié)構(gòu)變化的問題, 以及以權(quán)益比率(ROE)衡量的股本資本的平均盈利能力變化,D / E和D / A比值在分析期 間波動(dòng),但資本結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生重大變化。D / E比率最高的是2001年,高于153%。2000-2003 年度D / E高于100%,這意味著資本結(jié)構(gòu)高度重視財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但不是太危險(xiǎn)。自2004年以 來,D /E低于100%,2008年的最低值等于72%。這些變化表明,分析公司決定使用比債 務(wù)更多的股本資本,因此其資本結(jié)構(gòu)變得更加安全和穩(wěn)定。
17、這里應(yīng)該提出一個(gè)問題-這樣的 決定的原因是什么?答案可以多樣化,因?yàn)槊總€(gè)公司都可能有其他動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行此類更改-僅列 出最可能的動(dòng)機(jī):難以獲得和高成本的債務(wù)資本,股本資本的可用性,包括留存利潤形式的 內(nèi)部來源以破產(chǎn)成本為形式的財(cái)務(wù)杠桿的負(fù)面后果。第二個(gè)比例分析D / A提供了類似的信息-在2000-2003年,超過50%的公司資產(chǎn)由債 務(wù)資本資助,自2004年以來,情況發(fā)生了變化-從2008年的42% (2008年)到48% 2007) 資產(chǎn)被負(fù)債所涵蓋。通過分析資本結(jié)構(gòu)的變化以及平均凈資產(chǎn)比率的變化,可以得出有趣的結(jié)論。認(rèn)識(shí)到使 用債務(wù)資本的主旨之一是獲得財(cái)務(wù)杠桿的積極影響,這被描述為由于使用債務(wù)
18、資本而導(dǎo)致的 股本回報(bào)率的增加。如果分析公司是真實(shí)的,則應(yīng)以最高的D / E或D / A值觀察到最高的 股本回報(bào)率。然而,在這種情況下,在2001年最高的D / E相當(dāng)于153%,ROE處于最低 水平等于3,2%。在2005年觀察到股權(quán)資本的利潤率最高-28.1 %,當(dāng)D / E等于76%。這 一觀察結(jié)果可以得出結(jié)論,可能分析的公司可能沒有可能利用高利息支付的財(cái)務(wù)杠桿的積極 影響,也可能是資本結(jié)構(gòu)中債務(wù)水平下降的原因。顯然,其他因素可能會(huì)影響企業(yè)的盈利能 力,僅列舉少數(shù)投資項(xiàng)目的有效性,經(jīng)營活動(dòng)的盈利能力或整體經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。但是對(duì)于詳細(xì)的 利潤分析,需要更多的信息。此分析的下一個(gè)要素是流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
19、圖4顯示了流動(dòng)比率和凈流動(dòng)資金的平均值以及分 析的公司集團(tuán)的第二個(gè)黃金規(guī)則(FC / FA)的比率。2000-2003年,流動(dòng)比率低于1,00,流 動(dòng)資金凈值為負(fù)(低于零),這意味著流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很高,公司按時(shí)支付所有流動(dòng)負(fù)債的能力 是很差。自2004年以來,情況有所改善,流動(dòng)比率高于1,00,流動(dòng)資金凈值為正。然而, 2005年可以觀察到最好的情況-目前的最高水平比例為1,6和2009年-目前的比例接近1,6, 凈營運(yùn)資金的最大值-超過8000萬歐元。結(jié)語,在分析期間,流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)正在下降,但流動(dòng) 性流動(dòng)性仍然不存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這些數(shù)據(jù)可能表明資本結(jié)構(gòu)的進(jìn)一步變化-因?yàn)檫@些公司正在使 用較少的短期負(fù)債來
20、為其現(xiàn)有資產(chǎn)提供資金。應(yīng)該再次提出類似的問題-這些變化的原因是 什么-因?yàn)榱鲃?dòng)負(fù)債被認(rèn)為是最便宜的融資方式。流動(dòng)性低的問題是短期負(fù)債下降的原因, 公司內(nèi)部做出決定,還是外部強(qiáng)加給他們?管理人員是否意識(shí)到與流動(dòng)資金流動(dòng)相關(guān)的潛在 威脅,并決定改善情況,或者可能是潛在的債權(quán)人評(píng)估公司的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很高,并決定限制其獲得 短期融資的機(jī)會(huì)。顯然,每個(gè)公司的答案可能會(huì)有所不同。凈流動(dòng)資金的變化與流動(dòng)性水平的變化有關(guān),但對(duì)于分析的最后一個(gè)要素-財(cái)務(wù)平衡分 析強(qiáng)調(diào)的破產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也很重要。固定資本與固定資產(chǎn)比較的FC / FA比率變化也列于圖4. 2000-2003年,固定資產(chǎn)比固定資產(chǎn)多,這意味著部分固定資產(chǎn)必須由短期
21、負(fù)債資助(凈流 動(dòng)資金為負(fù)數(shù)),因此流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大,缺乏財(cái)務(wù)平衡和相當(dāng)重大的破產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),情況非常困 難。自2004年以來,財(cái)務(wù)余額保持不變,長期資產(chǎn)由長期資本來源融資,流動(dòng)資金凈值為 正。分析公司具有長期穩(wěn)定性和額外的流動(dòng)性儲(chǔ)備,保證其活動(dòng)的健康和穩(wěn)定的基礎(chǔ)??偨Y(jié),分析期可分為兩個(gè)部分-第一個(gè)-2000-2003年和第二個(gè)-2004-2009年。第一期分 析公司的情況可以說具有相當(dāng)?shù)娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn),具有顯著的財(cái)務(wù)杠桿水平,流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和財(cái)務(wù)平衡不 足。第二期情況有所改善-隨著資本結(jié)構(gòu)安全,流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)下降,企業(yè)長期穩(wěn)定。結(jié)論本文的分析闡明了通過使用資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表信息確定公司財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的潛力。這個(gè)分析可以確 定主要的
22、問題和威脅,收到的結(jié)論可以作為財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃和財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測的基礎(chǔ)。但是,為了全 面了解公司的健康狀況,應(yīng)采用財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的其他部分以及會(huì)計(jì)制度和公司以外的其他信息以 及更為復(fù)雜的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估方法。Financial Risk Identification based on the Balance Sheet InformationAbstract:The exposure to risk in modern economy is constantly growing. All enterprises have to take up different types of risks. This paper i
23、s devoted to financial risk - its definition, components, factors and consequences and the way it can be identified and analyzed by the usage of information provided by the balance sheet. The advantages and limitations of this method of financial risk assessment are also presented. The potential of
24、identifying financial risk based on the balance sheet information is illustrated on the example of aggregated data for 100 biggest Polish companies for 10 years period (2000-2009).Key words:Financial risk, financial analysis, risk assessment, balance sheet.IntroductionModern society is often describ
25、ed as “the society of risk”,which means that the social production of wealth is accompanied by the social production of risk. Therefore, enterprises operating in such environment, are forced to take up different types of risk, in order to develop themselves and increase their effectiveness. Thus the
26、ir exposure to risk is constantly growing.There is a huge variety of corporate risks that are analyzed and classified taking into account different types of criteria. One of the most important types of corporate risk is financial risk.Defining financial risk and its componentsThere is no unified def
27、inition of financial risk in the literature. But the problem begins with the general definition of risk.In the theory there are presented two conceptions of risk definition. The first one - the negative conception describes risk as a threat of potential loss. The second one 一 the neutral conception
28、suggests that risk is not only a threat but also an opportunity, so the risk means the possibility of obtaining results different than expected.Thus the definition of risk depends mainly on the approach towards risk and it may result in different actions taken up by the managers. In case of the nega
29、tive approach, the main aim of the managers will be to minimize the potential loss and try to avoid risky actions, in order to stabilize the situation of the company. In the second situation, the managers will not only try to minimize the loss, but also try to take advantage of the undertaken risk a
30、nd improve the situation of the company. Thus financial risk, as any type of risk, can be analyzed from neutral or negative perspective.In the theory of finance, one can also find different meaning of financial risk.In narrow meaning the financial risk is described as the additional risk borne by th
31、e shareholders due to the substitution of debt for common stock. Thus, in this meaning, financial risk is an equivalent to the capital structure risk.In broad meaning, the financial risk is defined as any fluctuation in the cash flows, financial results and the companys value due to the influence of
32、 different types of factors; mainly market ones, such as: interest rates, exchange rates, commodity and stock prices. So, according to this definition financial risk is responsible for any changes in the financial condition of the company.In this paper the narrow definition of the financial risk is
33、applied, with one modification - two additional components are included in the financial risk besides the capital structure risk 一 liquidity risk and insolvency risk (or long-term stability risk) which are connected with the financing decisions of the company. Therefore financial risk analyzed in th
34、is paper would be equal to the financing risk including three components:capital structure risk arising by using debt capital to finance part of the companys assets;liquidity risk connected with the ability of the company to pay its short term liabilitiesby using assets that can be quickly converted
35、 into cash (current assets);long-term stability risk connected with the sources of finance used to buy long-termassets (fixed assets) and long-term insolvency risk.It is worth mentioning that financial risk in presented meaning is only one part of the overall corporate risk. There are many others ty
36、pes of risk which should be taken into account while preparing an integrated approach to risk management process in the company.Despite different approaches to risk definition, modern companies must be aware of their exposure to risk and should take up actions in a form of planned risk management pr
37、ocess aiming at acceptable level of risk. This process includes three stages: analysis, manipulation and monitoring of risk.Risk management process starts with risk analysis, which enables the company to identify different types of risk, to recognize risk factors and to evaluate the potential conseq
38、uences of risk by measuring risk exposure. Next stage - risk manipulation - includes different scenarios of actions that are prepared for each type of risk. The company can use variety of risk management tools, both traditional (e.g. insurance) and modern ones (e.g. derivatives), that should be tail
39、ored to companys unique situation and needs. Taken actions should be continuously monitored and controlled to check up their results, compare them to the plan and introduce modification if it is required. Risk monitoring enables the company to forecast the level of risk and prepare the companys acti
40、ons in future. Thus, the risk assessment is a continuous process that is an important part of the risk management, and is realized at the first and the third stage 一 risk analysis and monitoring of risk.There are many risk assessment methods 一 one of them is financial analysis, that can be used both
41、 at the stage of risk analysis and risk monitoring. Financial analysis is a financial management tool that uses different sources of information concerning companys past and current activities as well as its present and future financial situation. The most important sources of information used in th
42、e financial analysis are financial statements provided by the accounting system, translating a companys diverse activities into a set of objective numbers that inform about the companys performance, problems and prospects 6, p.3. Financial data included in the financial statements can be used to ide
43、ntify the types of risk and their factors, to recognize the reasons and consequences of the corporate risk, to analyze the results of risk management tools and to forecast the level of risk in future.It is worth mentioning that analysis of the financial risk can be prepared for internal purposes of
44、the company and also for the external parties 一 that is any stakeholders that are interested in assessing the financial situation of the company (current and future) these are mainly shareholders and potential investors, including creditors thinking about providing capital to the company. Risk analy
45、sis for this group of the statement users is a little bit different than for companys internal purposes 一 as they are interested in the overall companys risk to estimate risk premium included in the expected rate of return on investment made in the company.Using balance sheet information to assess t
46、he financial riskThe first element of the financial statement is the balance sheet presenting the companys financial position at a single point of time, including companys assets and the liability and equity claims against those assets. Basic elements of the balance sheet are presented in table 1.By
47、 using balance sheet information the three components of the financial risk can be identified and analyzed: capital structure risk, liquidity risk and insolvency risk (figure 1).To analyze the capital structure risk one should calculate the D/E ratio (debt -to-equity ratio) comparing debt to equity
48、capital used by the company to finance its assets2. D/E ratio is one of the most important indebtedness ratios showing the financial leverage used by the company. The higher this ratio is, the higher financial risk connected with using debt capitalby the company. The optimal value for this ratio is
49、described as 1 till 3 一 in this situation the company can use all the advantages of the debt capital (mainly tax shield) without too high risk of financial distress. Obviously, presented standard results from theoretical studies, in real world each company should look for its optimal value taking in
50、to account its characteristics and unique situation 一 this problem is connected with searching for the optimal capital structure.When more detailed information on capital structure is needed there can be calculated additional ratios, such as:debt to assets ratio (D/A) showing the part of the company
51、s assets financed by debtcapital;equity to assets ratio showing part of the assets that belongs to the shareholders;retained profit to assets ratio showing part of the assets financed by the internal equitycapital generated by the company itself, thus showing its independence from external sources o
52、f finance;long-term debt capital to assets 一 showing part of the assets financed by long -term debt capital;long-term debt capital to equity 一 showing the level of financial leverage taking into account only long-term debt;interest-bearing liabilities to equity 一 showing the level of financial lever
53、age taking into account only debt capital which usage is connected with interest payments;long-term debt capital to total debt showing the structure of the companys liabilities4. More detailed ratios describing companys capital structure can be constructed when needed5.The second element of the fina
54、ncial risk analysis is connected with liquidity. The basic analysis of the companys liquidity risk can be conducted by the usage of liquidity ratios based on the balance sheet information. There are three basic liquidity ratios: current, quick and cash ratio.Current ratio equals to current assets di
55、vided by current liabilities and indicates the amount of current assets available to meet all of the maturing obligations listed under current liabilities. The optimal value for this ratio is between 1,5 -2,0 - this means that below 1,5 the company may have problems with paying its current obligatio
56、ns on time, and in the opposite situation, when it is higher than 2,0 - this may lead to lower efficiency due to excess cash balances, slow paying receivables or obsolete inventory (over liquidity).Second liquidity ratio is more conservative as it takes into account current assets excluding inventor
57、y as the least liquid part of them. The general standard for quick ratio is 1 to 1 between current assets without inventory and current liabilities. The interpretation of the quick ratio is similar to the current ratio; higher value means lower liquidity risk; however it may be a signal of lower eff
58、ectiveness. Similar information is provided by the cash ratio, in which cash is divided by current liabilities. As these ratios are calculated by the usage of balance sheet information, their results are static, and the data are valid only for the balance sheet day. To analyze the dynamic changes in
59、 the liquidity risk, the managers can use the cash flow statement and the cash sufficiency ratios (cash coverage ratios).In addition to liquidity ratios, in order to assess the liquidity risk of the company, the level of net working capital can be calculated and analyzed. Net working capital is defi
60、ned as part of the companys current assets financed by the fixed capital? and it can be calculated as the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Net working capital can be compared to total assets indicating the percentage of assets that a company carries as net working capital.
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