2012年職稱英語衛(wèi)生類閱讀和完型新增文章衛(wèi)生類(A、B、C級(jí))

1、2012年職稱英語衛(wèi)生類新增文章篇目 HYPERLINK http:/club.topsa/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2700887&extra=page%3D1%26filter%3Dauthor%26orderby%3Ddateline%26orderby%3Ddateline 2012年職稱英語理工、綜合和衛(wèi)生教材（電子版已經(jīng)發(fā)布，歡迎下載）閱讀理解（5篇）第八篇 Eat Healthy（2011年綜合類 第一篇）第十九篇 Prolonging Human Life（2011理工類 第十九篇）*第二十四篇 Sleep Lets Brain File Mem

2、ories（2011年理工類第二十八篇；綜合類第二十篇）+第三十四篇 Who Want to Live Forever? （2011年綜合類第三十一篇）+第四十篇 Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others（2011年理工類第四十五篇）完形填空（5篇）第二篇Going on a diet 已有 *第八篇 Old And Active已有+第十二篇 Dreams已有+第十四篇 A Health Profile（2009年綜合類教材）+第十五篇 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years（2011綜合類教材）譯文見最后

3、注：1、+表示A級(jí)文章；*表示B即文章；其他為C級(jí)文章；2、完形填空，請(qǐng)參見第18頁(yè)；3、2012年詞匯部分與2011年教材相比未作任何變化。閱讀理解第八篇 Eat HealthyClean your plate! and Be a member of the clean-plate -club! Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，its accompanied by an appeal: Just think about those starving orphan

4、s in Africa! Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying clean the plate, perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter

5、 puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much fo

6、od rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller porti

7、ons. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at

8、 the survey indicates that many Americans who cant afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.Its not that working class Americans dont want t

9、o eat healthy. Its just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next years Christmas presents.詞匯:orphan /?:f?n / n.孤兒belly /beli/ n.肚子nutrition / nju:tri?n / n.營(yíng)養(yǎng)waistlin

10、e / weistlain / n.腰圍paycheck / peit?ek / n.薪金支票注釋:1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盤俱樂部的成員2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨餓的孤兒們!3. take too many bites 吃得太多4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended

11、 by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根據(jù)今日美國(guó)刊登的一個(gè)故事，服務(wù)員給每個(gè)顧客一盤飯菜，其量是政府推薦的2至4倍。5. Its just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like agood deal. 事情是這樣的，美國(guó)工人覺得做許多個(gè)小時(shí)低收入的工作下來，盤子里的飯菜量小有點(diǎn)不合算。練習(xí)：1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their

12、childrenAto save food.Bto wash the dishes.C not to waste food.Dnot to eat too much2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions?A Because Americans associate quantity with value.B Because Americans have big bellies.C Because Americans are good eaters.D Because Americans are greedy.3. What happ

13、ened in the 1970s?A The US government recommended the amount of food a restaurant gave to a customer.B Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions.C The United States produced more grain than needed.D The American waistline started to expand.4. What does the survey indicate?AMany

14、poor Americans want large portions.B Twenty percent Americans want smaller portions.C Fifty seven percent Americans earn $150 ,000 per year.D Twenty three percent Americans earn less than $25,000 per year.5. Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?A They work long hours.BThey l

15、ive from paycheck to paycheck.C They dont want to be healthy eaters.DThey want to save money for their children答案與題解:1. C 本題問的是:美國(guó)父母總是叫他們的孩子干什么?文章開頭說到，每個(gè)美國(guó)孩子都能從父母或爺爺奶奶那里聽到這樣的話，吃光你盤子里的東西，做清盤俱樂部的成員。這些話表達(dá)的意思就是不要浪費(fèi)糧食。因此 C 是正確的答案。2. A 本題問的是:美國(guó)飯館為什么飯菜給得多？第二段相關(guān)的話是這么說的：美國(guó)人在傳統(tǒng)上把東西值不值是跟數(shù)量聯(lián)系在一起，因此大多數(shù)的飯館給的量大。這些

16、飯館樂于讓顧客們抱怨飯菜給得太多而不樂于讓他們抱怨飯菜給得太少。所以 A 是正確的答案。3. D 本題問的是：20 世紀(jì) 70 年代發(fā)生了什么？文章第三段是這樣說的：一位賓州大學(xué)營(yíng)養(yǎng)教授，Barbara Rolls ，告訴今日美國(guó)20 世紀(jì) 70 年代飯館給的飯菜的量開始增加，與此同時(shí)，美國(guó)人的腰圍也開始增大。所以 D 是對(duì)的。4. A 本題問的是：調(diào)查報(bào)告說明了什么？選項(xiàng) B、C和 D 所說的數(shù)字不對(duì)。因此唯有 A 是正確的。A說的是：許多美國(guó)窮人希望量大。這個(gè)信息可以在第四段中找到。相關(guān)的句子是這么說的：許多吃不起精美正餐的美國(guó)人仍然要量大。5. C 本題問的是:下面的哪種說法不帶合美國(guó)工

17、人的實(shí)際情況？ C 說的是：他們不想做吃得健康的人。這個(gè)說法是不對(duì)的。最后一段的第一句話是這么說的：美國(guó)工人不是不想做吃得健康的人。因此 C 正確。第十九篇 Prolonging Human LifeProlonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer

18、, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work

19、are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they

20、 could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a

21、certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged pe

22、ople; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often go on welfare if they have a serious illness.When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they

23、 would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making org

24、anizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply dumping grounds for the dying in which care is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.詞匯：dependency / dipend?nsi/ n.依賴性contempor

25、ary / k?ntemp?r?ri / .現(xiàn)代的obligation / ,?bliei?n / n. 義務(wù)insurance / in?u?r?ns / n. 保險(xiǎn)welfare / welf? / n.福利senile / si:nail / dj. 衰老的grave /reiv / dj. 嚴(yán)肅的convalescent /,k?nv?les?nt/ dj.康復(fù)的sponsor / sp?ns?/ v. 發(fā)起，資助institution /,institju:?n / n. 機(jī)構(gòu)注釋:1. Prolonging human life has increased the size of

26、the human population:延長(zhǎng)人類生命的結(jié)果使得人口的數(shù)量有了增加。句中的 prolonging human life是動(dòng)名詞短語。由動(dòng)名詞短語作句子的主語時(shí)，句中動(dòng)詞必須用單數(shù)形式。如 : Collecting stamps is his hobby.2. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago:如果今天活著的很多人生于一百年以前，他們會(huì)死于各種兒童疾病。3. Because more people live longer

27、, there are more people around at any given time:因?yàn)橛懈嗟娜藟勖L(zhǎng)，所以在任何一個(gè)特定的時(shí)間里的人也就更多。4. the dependency load: 撫養(yǎng)人口數(shù)量。5. In times of famine: 在饑荒年代6. go on welfare : 靠福利救濟(jì)go on 有許多意思，其中的一個(gè)意思是依靠過活。例:Many people go on welfare when jobs become scarce.(工作難找時(shí)，許多人靠政府救濟(jì)金過日子。)7. grave problems: 嚴(yán)重的問題8. convalescen

28、t hospitals: 康復(fù)醫(yī)院;療養(yǎng)院9. profit-making organizations: 贏利機(jī)構(gòu)10. dumping grounds: 垃圾場(chǎng)練習(xí):1. The writer believes that the population explosion results fromA an increase in birthrates.B the industrial development.C a decrease in death rates.D cultural advances.2. It can be inferred from the passage that in

29、 hunting and gathering cultures A it was a moral responsibility to keep old-aged people alive.B infants could be left dead in times of starvation. C parents had to impart the cultural wisdom of the tribe to their children. D death was considered to be freedom from hardships.3. According to the passa

30、ge, which of the following statements about retired people in the United States is true?A Many of them have a very hard life.B They cannot live a decent life without enough bank savings.C They rely mainly on their children for financial support.D Most of them live with their children and therefore a

31、re well looked after.4. In Paragraph 3, the phrase this need refers toA the need to prolong the lives of old people.B the need to enrich the life of the retired people.C the need to build profit-making nursing homes.D the need to take care of a sick and weak person.5. Which of the following best des

32、cribes the writers attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals?A Sympathetic.B Unfriendly.C Optimistic.D Critical.答案與題解 :1. C 第一段最后一句說： In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion. 事實(shí)上，是由于死亡率的下降，而不是出生率的上升

33、，導(dǎo)數(shù)了人口爆炸。因此，選項(xiàng) C是正確答案。2. B 第二段第四句說： In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. 在災(zāi)年，可能會(huì)容忍嬰兒死亡，因?yàn)?，如果他們的父母餓死了，他們也無法生存，而如果父母生存下來可重新生兒育女。因此，選項(xiàng) B是正確的答案。3. A 第二段倒數(shù)第二句是這么說的：In the

34、 United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. （在美國(guó)，許多退休人員依靠社會(huì)保障金生活，其數(shù)額之小差不多使人窮困潦倒。）可以看出，在美國(guó)許多退休人員的生活是很艱難的。這正是選項(xiàng)A表達(dá)的意思，因而選項(xiàng)A是正確的答案。4. D 第三段第三句：Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no o

35、ne at home who can care for a sick or weak person. （當(dāng)今，由于家庭中大多數(shù)人都出去工作或上學(xué)，家里常常沒有人來照顧有病或虛弱的人。）this need 出現(xiàn)在下面這個(gè)短語中：To meet this need（為了滿足這種需要），它指句子前面的care for a sick or weak person。這正是選項(xiàng)D表達(dá)的意思。5. D文章昀后一句說 : most of them are simply dumping grounds for the dying in which care is given by poorly paid, ov

36、erworked, and under-skilled personnel.大多數(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)只不過是傾倒垂死的人的垃飯場(chǎng)，所謂的照顧都是由收入低、超量工作、技術(shù)水平低下的人員提供的。作者如此措辭顯然是對(duì)大多數(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)烈批評(píng)。因此，選項(xiàng) D是正確答案。*第二十四篇 Sleep Lets Brain File MemoriesTo sleep. Perchance to file? Findings published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the t

37、heory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzzs.Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University5 and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically, they examined the electrical activity emanating from6 the som

38、atosensory neocortex (an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus, which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined. So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex) were

39、 followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation. A second study, also published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, links ag

40、e-associated memory decline to high glucose levels.Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes suffer from increased memory problems. In the new work, Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investiga

41、te whether sugar levels, which tend to increase with age, affect memory in healthy people as well. The scientists administered11 recall tests, brain scans and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the bodys tissues. Subjects with the poorest memory re

42、collection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. In addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar.Our study suggests that this impairment12 may contribute to the memory deficits13 that occur as peo

43、ple age. Convit says. And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition.14 Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check15, so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.詞匯：perchance p?t?:ns adv. 偶

44、然；可能online ?nlain n. 在線的stow st?u vt. 貯藏，堆裝emanate em?neit vi. 發(fā)源somatosensory ,s?um?t?sens?ri adj. 體覺的neocortex ,ni:?uk?:teks n. 新（大腦）皮質(zhì)oscillation ,?silei?n n. 振蕩intertwine ,int?twain v. 纏繞spindle spindl n. 紡錘體ripple ripl n. 波動(dòng)，脈動(dòng)diabetes ,dai?bi:ti:z n. 糖尿病recollection ,rek?lek?n n. 回憶shrinkage ?

45、ri?kid? n. 收縮impairment imp?m?nt n. 損傷intrigue intri: n. 引起。興趣（或好奇心）cognition k?ni?n n. 認(rèn)識(shí)注釋：1. file memories：歸檔并儲(chǔ)存記憶。 file：意為 to put or keep (papers,etc. ) in useful order for storage or reference（把歸檔）。2. To sleep. Perchance to file? ：從莎士比亞筆下哈姆雷特的獨(dú)白中的名句 To sleep: perchance to dream. 改編而來。3. the Pro

46、ceedings: (科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)、會(huì)議文獻(xiàn))匯編，常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。4. zzz：（擬聲詞）打鼾聲 5. Rutgers University：美國(guó)新澤西州立大學(xué) (the State University of New Jersey)。6. emanating from：發(fā)源于。7. neocortex：新(大腦)皮質(zhì)，尤指大的高等哺乳動(dòng)物大腦中新生長(zhǎng)的部分，也叫做 neopallium。neo-：前縀，意思是新的。8. thehippocampus：大腦側(cè)面腦室壁上的隆起物，也稱海馬狀突起，在泛記過程中起主要作用。9. tens of milliseconds：幾十毫秒10. age-assoc

47、iated memory decline：與年齡相關(guān)的記憶衰退11. administer：實(shí)施12. this impairment：指上句中 hippocampus shrinkage.13. memory deficits：記憶衰退14. the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition：令人興奮的可能性，即不斷改善葡萄糖容許量可以完全改變對(duì)某些與年齡相關(guān)的認(rèn)知問題。15. keep glucose leve

48、ls in check：限制葡萄糖水平。 in check：在控制中，被阻止。練習(xí)：1. Which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence To sleep. Perchance to file? A Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep?B Does brain have memories when one is sleeping?C Does brain remember files after one falls asl

49、eep?D Does brain work on files in sleep?2. What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University?A The electrical activity is emanating from the somatosensory neocortex.B Oscillations in brain waves are from hippocampus.C Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus wo

50、rk together in memory consolidation.D Somatosensory neocortex plays it primary role in memory consolidation.3. What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4?A People with poor memory have high glucose tolerance.B People with good memory h

51、ave low glucose tolerance.C Memory level has nothing to do with glucose tolerance.D The poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance.4. In what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage?A There is no relation between memory and hippocampus shrinkage.B The more hippocampus shrinks, the poorer

52、 ones memory.C The more hippocampus shrinks, the better ones memory.D The less hippocampus shrinks, the poorer ones memory.5. According to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym? A To prevent hippocampus shrinkage. B To control weight.C To exercise.D To control glucose

53、levels.答案與解釋 :1. A文章第一段告訴我們，科學(xué)新發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)一步支持了一種理論，即，當(dāng)人體進(jìn)入睡眠狀態(tài)時(shí)，大腦對(duì)在白天形成的記憶進(jìn)行組織和儲(chǔ)存。 To sleep. Perchance to file?見注釋 1和注釋 2。2. C 第二段告訴我們，科學(xué)家分析了老鼠的腦電波，尤其是從 somatosensory neocortex和 hippocampus兩個(gè)區(qū)域發(fā)出的腦電波。該段是后兩句指出，這兩個(gè)大腦區(qū)域的活動(dòng)是互相作用的。第二段并沒有說 somatosensory neocortex或 hippocampus起主導(dǎo)作用。3. D 該段倒數(shù)第二句提供了答案。4. B 第四段的后一句

54、中 their brain scans，指上句中的 subjects 5. D 鍛煉身體和體重控制能保持葡萄糖水平，閑此，去健身房就有了另外一個(gè)理由。+第三十四篇 Who Want to Live Forever?If your doctor could give you a drug that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long ，would you take it?The good news is that we may be drawing near to that date，Scientists have alread

55、y extended the lives of flies ，worms and mice in laboratories. Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years. This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing our dreams，spending time with our loved ones，watchi

56、ng our families grow and have families of their own.Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking, says Dr Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. It would also raise productivity by adding to the year we can work.Longer

57、 lives dont just affect the people who live them. They also affect society as a whole. We have war，poverty，all sorts of issues around，and I dont think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer, says US bioethicist Daniel Callahan.The question is What will we get as a society? I

58、 suspect it wont be a better society.It would certainly be a very different society. People are already finding it more difficult to stay married. Divorce rates are rising. What would happen to marriage in a society where people lived for 140 years? And what would happen to family life if nine or 10

59、 generations of the same family were all alive at the same time?Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-old parents，or brothers and sisters born 50 years apart. We think of an elder sibling as someone who can protect us and

60、offer help and advice. That would be hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation.Working life would also be affected，especially if the retirement age was lifted. More people would stay in work for longer. That would give us the benefits of age-skill，wisdom and good judgmen