雅思模擬試題1-閱讀(學(xué)術(shù)類)

1、Academic ReadingALL ANSWERS MUST BEWRITTEN ON THE ANSWER SHEET.The test is divided as fol lows:Read i ng Passage 1Reading Passage 2Reading Passage 3Questions 1 to 13Quest i ons 14 to 27Quest i ons 28 to 40Start at the beginning of the test and work through it. You should ansv/er a I I the questions.

2、 If you cannot do a particular question I eave it and go on to the next one. You can return to it Iater.TLME ALLOWED: 60 MINUTESNUMBER OF QUESTIONS: 40Read i ng Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based onReading Quest i ons 1-5Read i ng Passage 1 has seven paragr

3、aphs A-G.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E and G from the I ist of head i ngs be I ow. Wr i te the correct number (i-x) i n boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.List of HeadingsiThe prob Iem of deaIi ng with emergencies i n spacei iHow space b i omed i c i ne can he Ip pat i ents on Earthi i i

4、 Why acc i dents are so common i n outer spacei v What i s space b i omed i c i nev The psychological prob Iems of astronautsvi Conducting space biomedicaI research on Earthvi i The internaI damage caused to the human body by space traveIvi i i How space biomedicine first beganix The visible effects

5、 of space traveI on the human bodyx Why space biomed ici ne i s now necessary TOC o 1-5 h z Examp IeParagraph AAnsweri vParagraphBParagraphCParagraphDParagraphEExamp IeParagraph FAnsweri iParagraph GSpace travel AND healthSpace biomedicine i s a relatively new area of research both in the USA and in

6、 Europe. Its main objectives are to study the effects of space traveI on the human body, identifying the most critical medical prob Iems and finding solutions to those prob Iems. Space b i omed i c i ne centres are receiving i ncreas i ng d i rect support from NASA and/or the European Space Agency (

7、ESA).BThis i nvoIvement of NASA and the ESA ref Iects growing concern that the feasibi I i ty of trave I to other p Ianets, and beyond, i s no longer I imited by engineer ing constraints but by what the human body can actua I Iy withstand. The discovery of ice on Mars, for instance, means that there

8、 i s now no necessity to des i gn and deve I op a spacecraft large and pov/erfu I enough to transport the vast amounts of water needed to susta i n the crew throughout journeys that may Iast many years. Without the necessary protect ion and medicaI treatment, however, thei r bodies would be devastat

9、ed by the unremittingly hosti Ie envi ronment of space.cThe most obvious physical changes undergone by peopIe in zero gravity are essent ia I I y harmless; in some cases they are even amus ing. The b Iood and other fluids are no Ionger dragged down towards the feet by the gravity of Earth, so they a

10、ccumuI ate higher up i n the body, creat i ng what i s sometimes cal led fat face , together with the contrasting chicken legs syndrome as the Iower Iimbs become thinner.Much more ser ious are the unseen consequences after months or years i n space. With no gravity, there is less need for a sturdy s

11、keleton to support the body, with the resu11 that the bones weaken, re Ieas i ng calcium i nto the bIoodstream. This extra calcium can over Ioad the kidneys, leading ultimately to renaI fa iIure. Muse Ies too lose strength through I ack of use. The heart becomes sma I I er, losing the power to pump

12、oxygenated blood to a I I parts of the body, while the I ungs I ose the capacity to breathe fuI Iy. The digestive system becomes less efficient, a weakened immune system i s i ncreas i ng Iy unabIe to prevent d i seases and the h i gh I eve Is of so I ar and cosmic rad i at ion can cause var i ous f

13、orms of cancer.ETo make matters worse, a wide range of medica I difficulties can ar i se in the case of an accident or ser ious i I Iness when the patient is mi I I ions of k i I ometres from Earth. There i s simply not enough room avai I able inside a space vehicle to incIude a I I the equipment fr

14、om a hospital s casualty unit, some of which would not work proper Iy in space anyway. Even basic things such as a dr i p depend on gravity to funct i on, while standard resuscitation techniques become ineffective if sufficient weight cannot be app I i ed. The on I y solution seems to be to create e

15、xtreme I y sma I I med i ca I too Is and smart devices that can, for examp Ie, d i agnose and treat internaI injur ies using ultrasound. The cost of designing and producing this kind of equipment is bound to be, well, astronomicaI.FSuch cons i derat i ons have I ed some to quest i on the eth ics of

16、i nvest i ng huge sums of money to help a handfuI of peopIe who, after all, are willingly risking the i r own hea I th i n outer space, when so much needs to be done a lot closer to home. It is now clear, however, that every problem of space trave I has a para I I e I prob I em on Earth that wi I I

17、benefit from the knowledge gained and the skills developed from space biomedicaI research. For instance, the very difficulty of treating astronauts in space has led to rapid progress in the field of telemedicine, which in turn has brought about deveIopments that enable surgeons to communicate with p

18、atients in i naccess i b I e parts of the v/or I d. To take another examp I e, systems i nvented to ster iIize waste water on board spacecraft could be used by emergency teams to f i Iter contaminated water at the scene of naturaI disasters such as floods and earthquakes. I n the same way, mini atur

19、e monitor i ng equipment, deveI oped to save we i ght i n space capsuIes, will eventuaI Iy become t i ny monitors that patients on Earth can wear without discomfort wherever they go.GNevertheI ess, there i s still one major obstacIe to carrying out studies into the effects of space traveI: hov/ to d

20、o so without going to the enormous expense of actuaI Iy work i ng i n space. To s imuI ate conditions i n zero gravity, one tr ied and tested method is to work under water, but the space biomedicine centres are a I so looking at other ideas. In one exper iment, researchers study the weakening of bon

21、es that results from prolonged inactivity. This wouId invoIve volunteers staying in bed for three months, but the centre concerned is confident there shouId be no great difficulty in finding peopIe willing to spend tweIve weeks lying down. Al I in the name of science, of course.Quest i ons 6 and 7An

22、swer the question below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Where, apart from Earth, can space traveIlers find water What happens to human Iegs dur i ng space traveI Questions 8-12Do the fol lowing statements agree with the writer s views in Reading Passage 1In boxes 8-12 on your answer s

23、heet wr iteYESif the statement agrees with tile views of the wr iterNOif the statement does not agree with the views of the wr iterNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passageThe obstacIes to going far into space are now medicaI, nottechnological.Astronauts cannot survive more than

24、 two years in space.It is moraI Iy wrong to spend so much money on space biomedicine.Some k inds of surgery are more successfu I when performed in space.Space b i omed i caI research can on Iy be done i n space.Quest i ons 13 and 14Comp Iete the tab Ie be IowChoose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the

25、passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 13 and 14 on your answer sheet.spaceTelemedicinetreating astronauts13remote areasinSteri1i zat i onster i1i z i ng wastewater14disaster zonesinMiniaturizationsaving weightwear i ngsma I IcomfortabIymonitorsAppIicationin AppIication on EarthRead i n

26、g Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2.VAN I SHEDWho pul led the pIug on the Mediterranean And couldit happen againBy Douglas McInnisCannes. Monte Car Io. St Tropez. Magic names all. And much of the enchantment comes from the deep bIue w

27、ater that Iaps the i r shores. But what if somebody puI Ied the pIug Suppose the Mediterranean Sea were to vanish, leaving behind an expanse of sa11 desert the size of India. Hard to imagine It happened.It wouId have Iooked Iike Death VaI Iey, says Bi I I Ryan, from the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observat

28、ory in New York, one of the I eaders of the team that discovered the Mediterranean had once dr ied up, then refiI led i n a de I uge of Bibi ical proportions. Between five and s i x mi I I ion years ago, the great desiccation touched off what sc i ent i sts ca I I me Mess ini an Salinity Crisis-a gI

29、obaI chemicaI imbaIance that tr iggered a wrenching ser i es of ext i net i ons and pIunged the Earth i nto an i ce age.The f i rst i nd i cat i ons of some extraord i nary past events came i n the 1960s, when geologists 20 discovered that major r i vers flowing into the Mediterranean had eroded dee

30、p canyons in the rock at the bottom of the sea. R i ver eros i on of bedrock cannot occur be I ov/ sea I eve I, yet somehow the R i ver Rhone i n the South of France had managed to create a channeI 1000 metres deep i n the sea floor, while the Nile had cut near I y 1500 metres into the rock off the

31、North Afr ican coast. There was more: despite the fact that the format i on of caves can on I y take p I ace above water, scientists 30 d i scovered a whole network beneath the i s I and of Ma I ta that reached an astonishing depth of 2000 metres be Iow sea I eve I.Further evidence came to I ight in

32、 1970, when an international team chugged across the Mediterranean in a dr i I I ing ship to study the sea f Ioor near the Spanish island of Majorca. Strange things started turning up in core samp Ies: Iayers of microscopic pI ants and soi I sandwiched between beds of sa It more than two ki lometres

33、 below today s sea I eve I. The p I ants had grown in sun I ight. Al so di scovered inside the rock were fossi I i zed shaI Iow-water she I Ifish, together with salt and si It: particles of sand and mud that had once been carr ied by r i ver water. Could the sea fIoor once have been near a shore Ii

34、neThat question Ied Ryan and his feI low team Ieader, Kenneth Hs u , to piece together a stagger ing chain of events. About million years ago, they cone I uded, the Mediterranean was gradua I I y cut off from the At I ant i c Ocean when cont i nenta I dr i ft p i nned Morocco aga i nst Spa i n. As t

35、he open i ng became both narrower and shaI lower, the deep outward f Iow from sea to ocean was progressi ve I y cut off, I eav ing on I y the sha I low inward f Iow of ocean water into the Mediterranean. As this water evaporated, the sea became more saline and creatures that couldn， t hand Ie the ri

36、sing salt content per i shed. The sea s inter ior was dead as a door nail, except for bacter ia, says Ryan. When the shaI Iow opening at Gibraltar final Iy c I osed completely, the Mediterranean, with on I y r i vers to feed it, dr ied up and died.Meanwhi Ie, the evaporated water was falling back to

37、 Earth as rain. When the fresh water reached the oceans, it made them I ess saline. With I ess saIt in it to act as an antifreeze, parts of the ocean that would not norma I I y freeze began to turn to i ce. The ice ref I ects sun I i ght i ntospace,says Ryan. The pIanet cools. You dr i ve yourseIf i

38、nto an ice age.EventuaI Iy, a smaI I breach in the Gibraltar dam sent the process into reverse. Ocean water cut a tiny channeI to the Mediterranean. As the gap enlarged, the water fI owed faster and faster, unt iI the torrent r i pped through the emerging Straits of GibraItar at more than 100 knots.

39、 4The Gibraltar Fa I Is were 100 times bigger than Victor ia Falls and a thousand times grander than Niagara, Hs u wrote in his book The Mediterranean was a Desert (Pr i nceton University Press, 1983).I n the end the rising waters of the vast i n I and sea drowned the falls and warm v/ater began to

40、escape to the Atlantic, reheating the oceans and the p I anet. The sal inity crisis ended about million years ago. It had I asted rough Iy 400, 000 years.Subsequent drilling expeditions have added a few wr inkIes to Ryan and Hs 口 s scenar io. For example, researchers have found saIt deposits more th

41、an two k i I ometres thick - so thick, some be I i eve, that the Mediterranean must have dr ied up and ref i I led many times. But those are just geologicaI detai Is. For tour i sts the crucial question i s, could it happen again Shou Id Ma Iaga start stockp i Ii ng dynamiteNot yet, says Ryan. If co

42、nt inentaI dr ift does resea I the Mediterranean, it won t be for severaI million years. Some future creatures may face the i ssue of how to respond to nature , s c I osure. It s not something our species has to worry about.Questions 15-19Comp Iete the summary be Iow.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS

43、from the passage for each answer.Wr ite your answers i n boxes 15-19 on your answer sheet.The 1960s d i scovery of 15 i n the bedrock of theMediterranean, as we I I as deep caves beneath Ma Ita, suggested something strange had happened in the region, as these features must have been formed sea I eve

44、 I. Subsequent examination of the off Majorca provided more proof. Rocksamp Ies from 2000 metres down conta i ned both vegetation and 18 that could not have I ived in deep v/ater, aswe I I as 19 originally transported by r i ver.Questions 20-22Comp I ete each of the fol lowing statements with the be

45、st end i ng from the box be I ow.Wr i te the appropr i ate Ietters A-G i n boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet.The extra ice d id not absorb the heat from the sun, so.The speed of the water from the At I ant i c i ncreased as.The Earth and its oceans became warmer when.AAfr ica and Europe crashed i nto

46、 each other.B water started flowing from the Med iterranean.Cthe sea was cut off from the ocean.Da I I the fi sh and pI ant Ii fe i n the Mediterranean d i ed.E the Earth started to become co Ider.F the channeI grew bigger, creating the waterfaI Is.G a I I the ice on earth melted.Quest i ons 23-27Ch

47、oose the appropr iate letters A, B, C or D and wr ite them in boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet.What, accord ing to Ryan and Hs u , happened about million years ago A Movement of the cont i nents sudden Iy cIosed the Straits of Gibraltar.BThewater I eve I of the At I ant i c Ocean graduaI Iy fell.CTh

48、efIow of water into theMediterranean wasimmediate Iy cutoff.DWater stopped flowing fromthe Mediterraneanto the At I ant i c.Whyd i d most of the animaland pI ant Ii fe i nthe Mediterraneand i eA The water became too saIty.B There was such a lot of bacter ia in the water.C The r i vers did not provid

49、e saIt water.D The sea became a desert.Accord i ng to the text, the events at GibraI tar Ied toA a permanent coo Ii ng of the Earth.B the beginning and the end of an ice age.C the format i on of waterfaI Is eIsewhere i n the worId,D a I ack of saIt i n the oceans that cont i nues to thi s day.More r

50、ecent stud i es show thatA Ryan and Hs口 s theory was correct in every detaiI.B the Mediterranean was never cut off from the At I ant i c.C it may have been cut off more than once.D it might once have been a freshwater Iake.At the end of the article, Ryan suggests thatA the Mediterranean wiI I never

51、dry up again.B humans wi I I have the techno Iogy to prevent it drying up again.C the Mediterranean is certain to dry up again one day.D humans wi I I never see the Mediterranean dry up.Read i ng Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Quest ions 28-40, which are based onReading Passage 3.Dogs

52、: a Iove storyAGenetic studies show that dogs evolved from wolves and rema i n as s imi I ar to the creatures from which they came as humans with different physicaI character ist ics are to each other, which is. to say not much different at all, Even in the most changeabIe mi tochondr ia I DNA marke

53、rs - DNA handed down on the mother ? s si de - dogs and wo I ves d i ffer by not much more than one per cent says Robert Wayne, a geneticist at the University of California at Los Ange Ies.BWo If-1 ike species go back one to two million years, says Wayne, whose genetic work suggests dogs of some sor

54、t began breaking away about 100, 000 years ago. Wolf and ear Iy human fossi Is have been found cIose together from as far back as 400, 000 years ago, but dog and human foss i I s date back on Iy about 14,000 years, a I I of which puts wo Ives and/or dogs i n the company of man or his progenitor ? s

55、before the deveIopment of farming and permanent human sett I ements, at a t i me when both spec i es surv i ved on what they could scratch out hunting or scavenging.cWhy wouId these competitors cooperate The answer probabIy Iies in the s imi I ar soc i a I structure and s i ze of wo I f packs and ea

56、r Iy human cIans, the compatibi Iity of thei r hunt ing object i ves and range, and the wi I I i ngness of humans to accept i nto camp the most supp I i ant wo I ves, the young or I ess threatening ones.Certa i n wolves or protodogs may have worked thei r way c I ose to the f i re r i ng after sme I

57、 I i ng someth i ng good to eat, then i nto ear I y human gather i ngs by proving he IpfuI or unthreatening. As wander ing packs of twenty- five or thi rty wolves and cIans of I ike- numbered nomad i c humans roamed the Iandscape in tandem, hunting big game, the animals hung around campsites scaveng

58、ing Ieftovers, and the humans might have used the wolves super i or scent i ng ability and speed to Iocate and track prospective kills. At night, wolves with thei r keen senses couId warn humans of danger approaching.ETimes might not have been as hard back then as i s common Iy thought, i n many i n

59、stances food would have been pI ent i fuI, predators few, and the boundar i es between humans and wildlife porous. Through those pores sIi pped smaI I er or I ess threatening wolves, which from Ii v i ng i n packs where a I pha bosses re i gned wou I d know the tr i cks of subserv i ence and cou I d

60、 adapt to humans in charge. Puppies i n part icu I ar wou Id be hard to res i st, as they are today. Thus was a union born and a process of domestication begun.FOver the mi I lennia, admission of certain wolves and protodogs into human camps and excI usion of larger, more threatening ones led to the