五章節(jié)國際貿(mào)易支付課件

1、Chapter 5Payment of Goods Warming upWhen we buy something is our daily life, we often pay the cash in the spot. But is there other means, for example, when you buy something on the internet?Then will we pay cash in spot in international trade? If not, how can we deal with that?ContentsCredit Instrum

2、ents Used in Settlement of TradeBill of exchangePromissory noteCheck Methods of Settlement for International TradeRemittanceCollection Letter of CreditFactoringForfeiting 1. Credit Instruments Three credit instruments commonly usedBills of exchange 匯票 Promissory notes 本票Checks 支票Negotiable instrumen

3、tsFunctions a means of payment a credit instrumenta transferable instrumentParties to a negotiable instrument - immediate parties - remote partiesBill of exchangeThe definition Addressed by one person (the drawer) to another (the drawee), signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom

4、it is addressed (the drawee, who when he signs, becomes the acceptor) to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable future, a sum certain in money, to or to the order of a specified person, or the bearer (the payee). (Bill of Exchange Act, 1882 of the UK)匯票是由一個人簽發(fā)給另一個人的無條件書面命令，要求受票人見票時或于未來某一規(guī)定的或可以

5、確定的時間，將一定金額的款項支付給某一特定的人或其指定的人或持票人。The essentials of a bill of exchangeThe word “exchange”Name and address of the draweeDrawers signatureDate and place of issueAmount of moneyPlace of paymentName or business entity of the payee一張合格的匯票一般應(yīng)具備一下內(nèi)容表明“匯票”的字樣無條件支付的委托確定的金額付款的期限付款的地點受票人(drawee)的名稱收款人(payee) 的

6、名稱出票日期和地點出票人及其簽字或蓋章出票根據(jù)Acts of a bill of exchange (匯票的票據(jù)行為)Usually (see the illustration)Issuance 出票人簽發(fā)匯票并交付給收款人的行為Presentment 提示是持票人將匯票提交付款人要求承兌或付款的行為 Acceptance 指付款人在持票人向其提示遠(yuǎn)期匯票時，在匯票上簽名，承諾于匯票到期時付款的行為 Payment 付款人在匯票到期日，向提示匯票的合法持票人足額付款 Endorsement 指匯票的持票人在匯票的背面簽上自己的名字，或再加上受讓人的名字，并把匯票交給受讓人的行為Dishonor

7、 and resource 付款人拒絕付款/持票人有權(quán)向其前手追索，包括所有的前手，直至出票人背書拒付Consumers9Endorsement an act of negotiation and should be normally effected on the back of a draft and signed by the endorser; the endorsement must be made for the whole amount of the draft.Blank endorsementSpecial endorsementRestrictive endorsement

8、Types of endorsementConditional endorsementDishonor a failure or refusal to make acceptance on or payment of a draft when presentedpayeeNotice of dishonorProtestRight of resourcesdrawerAcceptance for honor supra protestPayment for honor supra protestGuaranteeDiscountingClassification of bill of exch

9、angeAccording to the drawerBankers draftTrade bill According to the acceptorTraders acceptance billBankers acceptance billAccording to the tenorSight bill Time bill or usance bill According to whether commercial documents are attached theretoClean bill Documentary bill Promissory notes (本票)The defin

10、itionan unconditional promise in writing made by one person (the maker) to another (the payee or the holder) signed by the maker engaging to pay on demand or at fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to or the order of a specified person or bearer本票是一個人向另一個人簽發(fā)的，保證于見票時或定期或在可確定的將來的時間

11、，對某人或其指定人或持票人支付一定金額的無條件的書面承諾Essentials to a promissory noteThe words “promissory note” clearly indicatedAn unconditional promise to payName of the payee or his orderMakers signaturePlace and the date of issuePeriod of payment A certain amount of moneyPlace of paymentplease find out all the essential

12、s in the sampleCharacteristics of a promissory notes1A unconditional promise允諾式的票據(jù)234The basic parties: the maker and the payee當(dāng)事人只有出票人和收款人No need to accept the instrument if it is payable at a fixed or determinable future time無需承兌Only a original note一式一份Check The definitionAn unconditional order in

13、 writing addressed by the customer (the drawer) to a bank (the drawee) signed by that customer authorizing the bank to pay on demand a specified sum of money to or to the order of a named person or to bearer (the payee)支票是以銀行為付款人的即期匯票，即存款人對銀行的無條件支付一定金額的委托和命令。出票人在支票上簽發(fā)一定的金額，要求受票的銀行于見票時立即支付一定金額給特定人或持票

14、人。Essentials to a check1 The word “check” clearly indicated2 An unconditional order in writing3 Name of the paying bank4 Drawers signature5Place and date of issue19687 A sum certain in money Address of the paying bank Name of the payeeClassification of check Crossed checkGeneral crossing / special c

15、rossing 劃線支票O(jiān)pen checkWithout crossing / cash 普通支票Certified check“guarantee for the payment” the bank 保付支票Bankers checkBankers demand draft 銀行支票Check payable to orderWith a designated payee and signature or personal stamp required 記名支票check payable to bearerCan be paid without signature or personal

16、stamp不記名支票Case study某年秋季廣交會期間，廣東省A進(jìn)出口公司與香港H公司簽約出口一批工藝品。次年1月，H公司到A公司送交廣東省某銀行香港分行面額26.5萬港幣的支票一張，隨即要求提貨。由于支票上簽字不全，A公司要求重開。但對方強(qiáng)烈要求，我方告知了提貨地點。幾天后H公司重新開來同樣金額的支票，我方交中國銀行辦理托收，卻是一張無法兌現(xiàn)的空頭支票。A公司這才發(fā)現(xiàn)對方已從我工廠倉庫如數(shù)提走貨物。2. Methods of settlement for international tradeWhich method of payment in international trade s

17、hould be used? What are the key factors in determining the payment method?Payment methodsRemittance(匯付) Collection(托收) Letter of credit (信用證)Commercial credit商業(yè)信用Bank credit銀行信用(1) Remittance (匯付)Definition The importer (payer) asks his bank to send a sum of money to the exporter (beneficiary) abroa

18、d by one of the transfer methods at his option.Parties involved remitter匯出款項的人，通常是進(jìn)口商beneficiaryremitting bankpaying bank收取款項的人，通常是出口商受匯款人委托匯出款項的銀行，通常是進(jìn)口地的銀行受匯出行委托解付匯款的銀行，通常是出口地銀行Three basic ways for remittance (匯付的種類)Mail transfer (M/T) (信匯)Telegraphic transfer (T/T) (電匯)Remittance by bankers (D/D)

19、 demand draft (票匯)Time-consuming / low cost使用不廣泛，甚至停用More prompt / more expensive使用廣泛Time-consuming / low cost使用不廣泛The T/T or M/T process收款人（出口商）匯款人（進(jìn)口商）匯入行（解付行）匯出 行申請回執(zhí)通知書簽章解付M/T process is similar to that of T/T; only the documents are slightly different.M/T advicetelecommunication123456The D/D pr

20、ocess (D/D is a variation of M/T)收款人（出口商）匯款人（進(jìn)口商）匯入行（解付行）匯出 行申請開匯票出票核對付款Documents needed: bank draft / advice of drawing郵寄匯票寄付訖借寄通知書并索償寄匯款通知書和匯票1235674Practice of remittance in trade settlementPayment after arrival of the goods (貨到付款)出口商在沒有收到貨款以前,交出單據(jù)或貨物,然后由進(jìn)口商主動匯付貨款的方法, 也可以叫open account transaction

21、 Feature: 取決于進(jìn)口商的信用,對進(jìn)口商有利;出口商不宜輕易采用此種方式Practice: 鞏固和擴(kuò)大市場; 長期供應(yīng)的鮮活商品;空運進(jìn)出口;寄售出口業(yè)務(wù)中;產(chǎn)品滯銷或試銷Payment in advance (預(yù)付貨款)進(jìn)口商先將貨款匯付給出口商,出口商收到貨款后再發(fā)貨的方法. Feature: 出口商可以預(yù)先得到一筆資金;而進(jìn)口商要過早地墊付出資金,承擔(dān)出口商延遲交貨或不交貨的風(fēng)險Practice: 特殊加工要求的商品;市場暢銷而又稀缺的商品進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易Case study1998年3月18日，國內(nèi)某外貿(mào)公司（賣方）與香港D商社（買方）簽訂了一份金額為10萬美元的貿(mào)易合同，合同規(guī)定：

22、由買方開出即期不可撤銷的信用證向賣方付款。但過了合同約定的開證日期仍未見買方開來信用證，賣方多次查詢，對方才告知“因開證行與賣方銀行并無業(yè)務(wù)代理關(guān)系，故此證己開往有代理關(guān)系的某地銀行轉(zhuǎn)交”此時，船期已到、因合同規(guī)定貨物需直接運抵加拿大，而此航線每月只有一班船，若錯過這一次船期，則要推遲至下一個月才能裝船，這樣，將造成利息和費用的損失。這時，港商提出改用電匯方式把貨款匯來，以促成該筆生意。鑒于以上情況，賣方只好同意并要求對方提供匯款憑證傳真件，確認(rèn)后馬上發(fā)貨。次日，港商便傳來了銀行的匯款憑證，賣方財務(wù)人員持該匯款傳真件到銀行核對簽字無誤后以為款項已匯出，便放心地安排裝船。但出運后10多天，賣方才

23、發(fā)覺貨款根本未到賬，大呼上當(dāng)。原來，該港商資信甚差，經(jīng)營作風(fēng)惡劣，瞄準(zhǔn)賣方急于銷貨的心理，先購買一張小額匯票，涂改后，再傳真過來，冒充電匯憑證，蒙騙賣方，使其遭受重大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。本案例中本來是預(yù)定采用信用證的支付方式，這種方式對出口商較為有利，可是賣方在買方遲遲未開信用證，且對買方的資信沒有仔細(xì)調(diào)查的情況下沒有堅持采用信用證的支付方式，接受了進(jìn)口商提出的采用電匯這種有極大風(fēng)險的支付方式。而且賣方財務(wù)人員在收到修改后的電匯憑證后立即持該匯款傳真件到銀行核對，確定簽字無誤后以為款項已匯出，便馬上安排裝船，沒有等款項完全到賬，從而將預(yù)付貨款變?yōu)榱素浀礁犊睿忠淮蜗蚋唢L(fēng)險邁進(jìn)。總而言之，由于出口商的大

24、意與急于爭取客戶導(dǎo)致了其重大損失。(2) Collection (托收)Definition It means the mechanism for handling financial and commercial documents by banks in accordance with instruction from principal in order to:To obtain payment and/or acceptance Deliver documents against payment and/or against acceptance, orDeliver document

25、s on other terms and conditionsFinancial documentsBill of exchangePromissory notesChecksOther similar instrumentsCommercial documentsInvoicesTransport documentsDocuments of titleOther similar documentsUniform rules for collection 522 (URC 522) 托收統(tǒng)一規(guī)則Types of collection In terms of documents relatedc

26、ollectionClean collection(光票托收) Documentary collection (跟單托收)D/PD/Aat sightafter sightD/P documents against payment at sight (即期匯票) / after sight (遠(yuǎn)期匯票)D/A documents against acceptanceParties involved in collectionCustomers representative in case of need (需要時的代理) 發(fā)生拒付時，可代替委托人處理貨物的存?zhèn)}、保險、轉(zhuǎn)售、運回等事宜。Part

27、ies involved principal委托人，通常為出口商remitting bankCollecting bankPresenting bank托收行，也稱出口地銀行代收行，也稱進(jìn)口地銀行提示行，提示匯票和單據(jù)的銀行（代收行也可兼任）drawee付款人，通常為進(jìn)口商Procedures of collection1 簽訂托收條款；2 發(fā)貨轉(zhuǎn)船；3 獲得貨運單據(jù)4 托收申請； 5 接收委托； 6 寄托收委托書7 提示匯票； 8 付款； 9 交單10 提貨； 11 交貨； 12 貸記13 收入賬戶 收款人（出口商）匯款人（進(jìn)口商）匯入行（解付行）匯出行輪船公司123101197861213

28、54收款人（出口商）匯款人（進(jìn)口商）匯入行（解付行）匯出行輪船公司12310119786131454121 簽訂托收條款；2 發(fā)貨轉(zhuǎn)船；3 獲得貨運單據(jù)4 托收申請； 5 接收委托； 6 寄托收委托書7 提示匯票； 8 承兌； 9 交單10 提貨； 11 交貨； 12 匯票到期付款13 匯交D/A款項；14 收入賬戶Under the term of documents against payment after sight, how can the importer get the documents in advance?Make the advanced payment against

29、documents提前付款贖單Borrow documents against Trust Receipt憑信托收據(jù)借單(e.g.:D/P.T/R)The characteristics of collectionWhat are the risks in collection for exporter and importer respectively?Based on commercial credit商業(yè)信用為基礎(chǔ)的結(jié)算方式More safer than remittance比較安全Unequal cash balance資金流通不平衡Case study X月X日，國內(nèi)A公司同南美客商

30、B公司簽訂合同，由A公司向B公司出口貨物一批，雙方商定采用跟單托收結(jié)算方式了結(jié)貿(mào)易項下款項的結(jié)算。A公司的托收行是Aa銀行，南美代收行是Bb銀行，具體付款方式是D/P90天。但是到了規(guī)定的付款日，對方毫無付款的動靜。更有甚者，全部單據(jù)已由B公司承兌匯票后，由代收行Bb銀行放單給B公司。于是A公司在Aa銀行的配合下，聘請了當(dāng)?shù)剌^有聲望的律師對代收行Bb銀行將D/P遠(yuǎn)期作為D/A方式承兌放單的責(zé)任向法院提出起訴。當(dāng)?shù)胤ㄔ阂詰T例為依據(jù)，主動請求我方撤訴，以調(diào)解方式解決該案例。經(jīng)過雙方多次談判，該案終以雙方互相讓步而得以妥善解決。1.南美習(xí)慣將D/P遠(yuǎn)期自動轉(zhuǎn)為D/A，謹(jǐn)慎使用D/P，2.如果必須使用

31、D/P，那應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確計算貨運時間，合理確定遠(yuǎn)期時間。Case study某進(jìn)出公司對外出口某種貨物，該商品在新加坡市場的銷售情況日趨良好，逐漸成為搶手貨。新加坡貿(mào)發(fā)公司來電訂購大批商品，但堅持用匯付方式支付。此時，公司內(nèi)部就貨款支付方式產(chǎn)生不同的意見，一些業(yè)務(wù)員認(rèn)為匯付的風(fēng)險較大，不宜采用，主張使用信用證方式；但有些人認(rèn)為匯付方式可行；還有一部分業(yè)務(wù)員認(rèn)為托收可行。如果你是出口公司的業(yè)務(wù)員，應(yīng)當(dāng)如何選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)闹Ц斗绞?？并說明理由。（3）letter of credit (信用證)Definition A written promise of a bank, undertaken on behalf

32、 of a buyer, to pay a seller the amount specified in the credit provided the seller complies with the terms and conditions set forth in the credit.Characteristics of L/CThe issuing bank takes primary liabilities for payment L/C serves as self-sufficient instrumentL/C follows pure documents principle

33、The main parties involvedapplicant（進(jìn)口商） issuing bankbeneficiary（出口商）1申請開證2寄信用證Advising bank3將信用證通知受益人Confirming bank 在L/C上加具保兌的銀行Negotiating bank 對交來符合L/C規(guī)定的跟單匯票墊款或辦理貼現(xiàn)的銀行Accepting bank 在匯票正面簽字承諾到期付款的銀行Paying bank 指開證行在L/C中指定的一家銀行，并授權(quán)其在單據(jù)相符時付款Reimbursing bank 開證行指定的對議付行、承兌行或付款行進(jìn)行償付的代理人The processing

34、 of L/CApplicant(importer)Issuing bankBeneficiary（exporter）Advising bankconfirming bank12347891011121314Transport Co.561-簽訂合同使用信用證 2-申請人通知銀行開立L/C 3-開L/C（通知另一行通知或保兌）4-通知行通知賣方 5-確認(rèn)L/C并發(fā)貨 6-裝船和收集單據(jù)7-發(fā)貨通知 8-賣方向銀行提交單據(jù) 9-銀行審核單據(jù)進(jìn)行支付、承兌或議付10-開證行以外的銀行向開證行提交單據(jù) 11-開證行審核無誤，向L/C議付、承兌、付款行償付12-開證行通知買方付款 13-買方付款贖單

35、14.買方憑單提貨Forms of L/CFormsof L/CStandard form set by ICC (No. 516)SWIFT formUsual letter formSWIFT為“全球銀行金融電訊協(xié)會”（SOCIETY FOR WORLDWIDE INTERBANK FINANCIAL TELECOMMUNICATION）簡稱(SWIFT信用證內(nèi)容標(biāo)準(zhǔn)且傳遞快,成本低.Swift 在信用證業(yè)務(wù)中的運用MT700開立信用證MT707 跟單信用證的修改MT710通知由第三家銀行開立的根單信用證MT720跟單信用證轉(zhuǎn)讓MT734開證行發(fā)拒付通知MT740償付授權(quán)MT742付款行或

36、議付行發(fā)給被授權(quán)償付的銀行進(jìn)行索償Elements of L/Cconfirmation confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bankelementsRevocability of L/CConfirmation of L/CValidity datesOn the L/C adviceAttaching a confirmation advice or confirming L/CAdding a stamp or signatureLatest date of shipmentPresentation date after loadingT

37、ypes of L/C按信用證下的匯票是否有單據(jù)Documentary L/CClean L/C按開證行對所開出的信用證所負(fù)的責(zé)任Revocable L/CIrrevocable L/C按信用證有無開證行以外的其他銀行加以保兌Confirmed L/CUnconfirmed L/C按交單結(jié)算方式分Sight payment L/CNegotiation L/CAcceptance L/CDeferred payment L/CUsance credit payable at sight L/C按受益人使用信用證的權(quán)利Transferable L/CNon-transferable L/C按進(jìn)出

38、口業(yè)務(wù)及國際貿(mào)易方式Back to back L/CAnticipatory L/CRevolving L/CReciprocal credit L/CCase study 我某進(jìn)出口公司收到國外信用證一份，規(guī)定最后裝船日2004年6月15日，信用證有效期2004年6月30日，交單期提單日期后15天但必須在信用證的有效期之內(nèi)。后因為貨源充足，該公司將貨物提前出運，開船日期為2004年5月29日。6月18日，該公司將準(zhǔn)備好的全套單證送銀行議付時，遭到銀行的拒絕。請問（1）為什么銀行會拒絕議付？（2）該進(jìn)出口公司將面臨怎樣風(fēng)險？銀行拒絕議付的理由是，信用證已經(jīng)逾期。雖然此信用證的有效期是6月30日

39、，但是信用證的交單期是提單日期之后15天且在效期之內(nèi)?，F(xiàn)在該公司于5月29日將貨物出運，就必須在6月13日之前將全套單證送交銀行議付，否則就是與信用證不符。有了不符點，銀行當(dāng)然拒絕議付。因為時間不可能倒轉(zhuǎn)，不符點已無法更正，該進(jìn)出口公司只能一方面電告進(jìn)口商此不符點，希望進(jìn)口商理解并付款贖單，另一方面告知銀行擔(dān)保議付。該進(jìn)出口公司的風(fēng)險是原來的銀行信用由于單證操作失誤而降低成了商業(yè)信用，萬一國際市場風(fēng)云突變，客戶可能不付款或少付款。Case study 我國江蘇南通市某輕功產(chǎn)品進(jìn)出口公司從外國某公司進(jìn)口一批小家電，貨物分兩批裝運，支付方式為不可撤銷議付信用證，每批分別由中國銀行某分行開立一份信用

40、證。第一批貨物裝運后，賣方在有效期內(nèi)向銀行交單議付，議付行審查后，未發(fā)現(xiàn)不符點，即向該公司議付貨款，隨后中國銀行對議付行作了償付。進(jìn)口公司在收到第一批貨物后，發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物品質(zhì)不符合合同規(guī)定，進(jìn)而要求中國銀行某分行對第二份信用證項下的單據(jù)拒絕付款，但遭到該銀行的拒絕。試問：銀行這樣做是否有道理？為什么？Case study某進(jìn)出公司對外出口某種貨物，該商品在新加坡市場的銷售情況日趨良好，逐漸成為搶手貨。新加坡貿(mào)發(fā)公司來電訂購大批商品，但堅持用匯付方式支付。此時，公司內(nèi)部就貨款支付方式產(chǎn)生不同的意見，一些業(yè)務(wù)員認(rèn)為匯付的風(fēng)險較大，不宜采用，主張使用信用證方式；但有些人認(rèn)為匯付方式可行；還有一部分業(yè)務(wù)員

41、認(rèn)為托收可行。如果你是出口公司的業(yè)務(wù)員，應(yīng)當(dāng)如何選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)闹Ц斗绞?？并說明理由。Comparison between different payment methodspayment methodsprocedure banks chargecash balancebuyers risksellers riskremittancepay in advance 簡單最少不平衡最大最小open account簡單最少不平衡最小最大documentary collectionD/P稍繁稍多不平衡較小較大D/A較繁稍多不平衡極小極大documentary L/C最繁最多較平衡稍大較小d. Factoring (銀行保理業(yè)務(wù)) Definition In a broad sense: it is a settlement method possibly accomplished with some function of financing;In a narrower sense: it is a situation where financial institution purchases outright the accounts receivable of a firm.中文定義：從事國際保理業(yè)務(wù)的保理商在買進(jìn)出口商的票據(jù)、承購進(jìn)口商的負(fù)債之后，