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1、地高辛的結(jié)構(gòu)、合理運(yùn)用與中毒防治洋地黃之父-Sir William WitheringWilliamWithering and OswalddSchmiedebrgWilliamWithering聽說,有位農(nóng)婦能用一種家傳的秘方治療水腫病,效果奇好。他開始系統(tǒng)研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)農(nóng)婦的秘方雖含20多種藥物,真正起作用的只有紫花洋地黃一種。他將洋地黃的花、葉、蕊等分別制成粉劑、煎劑、酊劑、丸劑,比較其療效,結(jié)果提示以開花前采得的葉子研成的粉劑效果最好,他用洋地黃共治療了163名病人,1785年發(fā)表專著關(guān)于洋池黃。1874年德國藥物學(xué)家OswalddSchmiedebrg從洋地黃植物中提純了洋地黃毒甙,并證
2、明是有效的強(qiáng)心成份。三劍客地高辛 是從毛花洋地黃中提取的有效成分毒K 是從綠毒毛旋花的種子中提取的各種甙的混合物西地蘭 是毛花甙丙的脫乙酰基衍生物Cardiac glycosides中毒流行病學(xué)-美國 1997年: 2963例,死亡12例 2008年: 2632例,死亡17例 2011年: cardiovascular drugs 死亡 128例 verapamil 32, amlodipine 26, cardiac glycoside 16 diltiazem (extended release) 12, diltiazem 8 Metoprolol 11, atenolol 9 , pr
3、opanolol 71997/2008/2011 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Poison Data System中毒流行病學(xué)-中國廣西省欽州市第二人民醫(yī)院1998年10月-2004年2月 200例心力衰竭住院患者,地高辛0.125 mg/d 81例,0.25 mg/d 113例,6例服o.375 mg/d。血藥濃度達(dá)到穩(wěn)態(tài)時(shí)或臨床疑有中毒時(shí)測定地高辛濃度共發(fā)現(xiàn)28例(14%)中毒者白求恩軍醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2005,3(4):209-210中毒流行病學(xué)-中國北京天壇醫(yī)院19
4、90年4月-1999年12月連續(xù)完成3915例次CDGX監(jiān)測濃度的病例數(shù)為230例次( 5.9%)中國現(xiàn)代應(yīng)用藥學(xué),2001,18(5):398-399中毒流行病學(xué)-中國中國人民解放軍第210醫(yī)院2004年12月-2008年2月264例患者口服地高辛日5個(gè)半衰期例, 無中毒表現(xiàn)例 , 有中毒表現(xiàn)7例例, 有中毒表現(xiàn)29例中毒7+29=36例,占13.6% 山東醫(yī)藥,2011,51(43):58-5910例夾竹桃中毒報(bào)告山東省濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬青州醫(yī)院中國城鄉(xiāng)企業(yè)衛(wèi)生,2007,?(1):33-34.蟾蜍中毒致幾乎完全性房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯1例實(shí)用醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2006,22(2):233.患者男,66 歲。吞
5、食蟾蜍膽2個(gè)及吃蟾蜍肉、喝蟾蜍湯后,出現(xiàn)頭暈、胸悶、嘔吐。有哮喘史。PE:T38,BP90/60 神清、HR35bpm。血鉀,ECG:P-P間期,QRS波均為室上性,第2個(gè)QRS波群后連續(xù)多個(gè)P波未下傳搶救無效死亡六神丸、金蟾丸一起服食蟾蜍中毒死亡調(diào)查報(bào)告臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2006,5(5):630-6312003年8月31日下午6時(shí)臺(tái)山市北陡鎮(zhèn)寨門圩容姓兄弟兩家煮蟾蜍湯給4名兒童服食1名11歲女童在進(jìn)食后10min出現(xiàn)口舌麻痹、頭痛、腹痛等癥狀。隨后1名9歲、1名6歲的女童和1名6歲的男童相繼出現(xiàn)相同癥狀家長立即將兒童送往鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院搶救經(jīng)全力搶救無效,4名兒童于相繼死亡認(rèn)識(shí)地高辛-體內(nèi)過程生
6、物利用度:片劑為60%80%,主要經(jīng)小腸上部吸收血漿濃度達(dá)峰時(shí)間23h,口服起效時(shí)間0.52h,最大效應(yīng)時(shí)間為46h消除半衰期:平均為36h分布:吸收后廣泛分布到各組織,腎心胰腺肝骨骼肌腦,部分經(jīng)膽道吸收入血,形成肝腸循環(huán)血漿蛋白結(jié)合率:約25%表觀分布容積:610L/,洋地黃在心臟組織中的濃度約為血液中濃度的30倍在體內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)化代謝很少,主要以原形由腎排除,每日以原形(60%-90%)經(jīng)腎排出體外,小部分由膽道排泄,約達(dá)口服量的7%認(rèn)識(shí)地高辛-藥理作用降低竇房結(jié)自律性:通過對(duì)心肌電活動(dòng)的直接作用和對(duì)迷走神經(jīng)的間接作用縮短心房有效不應(yīng)期:當(dāng)用于房速和房撲時(shí),可導(dǎo)致心房率的加速和房撲轉(zhuǎn)為房顫減慢房室
7、結(jié)傳導(dǎo)速度:延長其有效不應(yīng)期,導(dǎo)致房室結(jié)隱匿性傳導(dǎo)增加,可減慢房顫或房撲的心室率縮短普肯野氏纖維有效不應(yīng)期和提高普肯野氏纖維自律性地高辛對(duì)心肌電生理的作用竇房結(jié)心房房室結(jié)蒲肯野纖維自律性降低增高傳導(dǎo)性減慢有效不應(yīng)期縮短縮短認(rèn)識(shí)地高辛-藥理作用正性肌力作用:地高辛選擇性地與心肌細(xì)胞膜Na+-K+ATP酶結(jié)合而抑制該酶活性,使心肌細(xì)胞膜內(nèi)外Na+-K+主動(dòng)偶聯(lián)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)受損,心肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)Na+濃度升高,從而使肌膜上Na+-Ca2+交換趨于活躍,使細(xì)胞漿內(nèi)Ca2+增多,肌漿網(wǎng)內(nèi)Ca2+儲(chǔ)量亦增多,心肌興奮時(shí),有較多的Ca2+釋放;心肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+濃度增高,激動(dòng)心肌收縮蛋白從而增加心肌收縮力。負(fù)性頻率作用:
8、由于正性肌力作用,使衰竭心臟CO增加,消除交感神經(jīng)張力的反射性增高,并增強(qiáng)迷走神經(jīng)張力,因而減慢心率。此外,小劑量時(shí)提高竇房結(jié)對(duì)迷走神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)的敏感性,可增強(qiáng)其減慢心率作用。認(rèn)識(shí)地高辛-適應(yīng)癥用于控制伴有快速心室率的心房顫動(dòng)、心房撲動(dòng)患者的心室率及室上性心動(dòng)過速用于高血壓、瓣膜性心臟病、先天性心臟病等急性和慢性心功能不全。尤其適用于伴有快速心室率的心房顫動(dòng)的心功能不全對(duì)于肺心病、心肌嚴(yán)重缺血、活動(dòng)性心肌炎及心外因素如嚴(yán)重貧血、甲狀腺功能低下及維生素B1缺乏癥的心功能不全療效差認(rèn)識(shí)地高辛-禁忌癥預(yù)激綜合征伴心房顫動(dòng)或撲動(dòng)梗阻性肥厚型心肌?。ㄈ舭槭湛s功能不全或心房顫動(dòng)除外)地高辛禁與鈣注射劑合用室性
9、心動(dòng)過速、心室顫動(dòng)任何洋地黃類制劑中毒認(rèn)識(shí)地高辛-慎用或不用肥厚型心肌病無心衰首選-阻滯劑,合并房顫伴心衰,適量小心應(yīng)用竇性心律的單純二尖瓣狹窄不用,伴房顫時(shí)可用肺心病伴快速房顫或感染已控制而心衰未糾正可使用高度房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯禁用,或在安裝心臟起搏器下應(yīng)用一般主張?jiān)贏MI發(fā)生后24h不用洋地黃,必要時(shí)慎用認(rèn)識(shí)地高辛-用法用量小兒:地高辛總量,早產(chǎn)兒/;1月以下新生兒/;1月2歲,/;25歲,/;510歲,;10歲或10歲以上,照成人常用量;地高辛總量分3次或每68小時(shí)給予。維持量為總量的1/51/3,分2次,每12小時(shí)1次或每日1次。成人:常用,每日一次,7天可達(dá)穩(wěn)態(tài)血藥濃度;若快速負(fù)荷量,可每
10、68小時(shí)給藥,總劑量/日;維持量,每日次。認(rèn)識(shí)地高辛-藥物相互作用ACEI及ARB可使地高辛血藥濃度增高受體阻滯劑與地高辛同用,可導(dǎo)致AVB螺內(nèi)酯延長地高辛半衰期合心爽、胺碘酮降低腎及全身對(duì)地高辛的清除而提高其血藥濃度地高辛與皮質(zhì)激素或失鉀利尿劑等同用時(shí),可引起低血鉀而致洋地黃中毒洋地黃化時(shí)靜脈用硫酸鎂應(yīng)極其謹(jǐn)慎,尤其是也靜注鈣鹽時(shí),可發(fā)生心臟傳導(dǎo)阻滯地高辛與可卡因、泮庫溴胺、琥珀膽堿或擬腎上腺素類藥同用時(shí),可因作用相加而導(dǎo)致心律失常認(rèn)識(shí)地高辛-不良反應(yīng)常見:促心律失常作用、胃納不佳或惡心、嘔吐(刺激延髓中樞)、下腹痛、異常的無力、軟弱少見:視力模糊,黃視、綠視、腹瀉、精神抑郁或錯(cuò)亂罕見:嗜睡
11、、頭痛及皮疹、蕁麻疹促心律失常作用促心律失常作用:最常見者為室早(33%),其次為AVB (18%), ,房室結(jié)性心動(dòng)過速(17%),陣發(fā)性房速伴AVB (10%) ,室速(8%), 竇性停搏(2%),心室顫動(dòng)等地高辛應(yīng)用要點(diǎn)慢性心力衰竭診斷治療指南,中華心血管病雜志,2007,35(2):1076-1095應(yīng)用地高辛的主要目的是改善慢性收縮性心衰的臨床狀況,適用于已在應(yīng)用ACEI或ARB、受體阻滯劑和利尿劑但仍持續(xù)有癥狀的心衰患者。重癥患者可將地高辛與ACEI(或ARB)、受體阻滯劑和利尿劑同時(shí)應(yīng)用地高辛適用于伴有快速心室率的房顫患者,但加用受體阻滯劑對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)心室率增快的控制更為有效地高辛沒
12、有明顯降低心衰患者死亡率的作用,不主張?jiān)缙趹?yīng)用,不推薦應(yīng)用于NYHA I級(jí)患者急性心衰并非地高辛的應(yīng)用指征,除非合并快速室率的房顫急性心肌梗死后患者,特別是有進(jìn)行性心肌缺血者,應(yīng)慎用或不用地高辛地高辛不能用于竇房傳導(dǎo)阻滯、二度或高度AVB患者,除非已安置永久性起搏器;與能抑制竇房結(jié)或房室結(jié)功能的藥物(如胺碘酮、 受體阻滯劑)合用時(shí),必須謹(jǐn)慎地高辛需采用維持量療法(0.25 mgd);70歲以上,腎功能減退者宜用0.125 mg、1次d或隔日1次口服地高辛是安全的,耐受性良好,不良反應(yīng)主要見于大劑量時(shí)The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity
13、 in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med1997;336:525-33.METHODS: patients with a left ventricular EF of 0.45 or less were randomly assigned to digoxin (3397 patients) or placebo (3403 patients) in addition to diuretics and ACEI (median dose of digoxin, 0.25 mg per day; average follow-up, 37 mon
14、ths). Patients were enrolled at 302 clinical centers in the United States and Canada.RESULTS: mortality was unaffected. There were 1181 deaths (34.8 percent) with digoxin and 1194 deaths (35.1 percent) with placebo. In the digoxin group, there was a trend toward a decrease in the risk of death attri
15、buted to worsening heart failure (P=0.06). There were 6 percent fewer hospitalizations overall in that group than in the placebo group, and fewer patients were hospitalized for worsening heart failure (26.8 percent vs. 34.7 percent; PP2。腹平軟,肝脾肋下未及。雙下肢輕度凹陷性浮腫,NS()Case1 :安徽省六安市立醫(yī)院急診科 武警醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2011,20(2
16、):139洗胃、導(dǎo)瀉血K+ 6.47 、Na+ 136.4 、CI- 、Ca2+ 2.28 、C02CP 21.3 、BUN 18.44 、Cr 331.8 molL,心肌酶譜正常心電圖:房顫,約60bpm。立即轉(zhuǎn)ICU入院后6 h給予HP一次,復(fù)查K+4.98 、BUN12.71 、Cr275約12 h左右心電監(jiān)護(hù)示:心率35-40bpm ,律不齊,SaO285,予以吸氧及阿托品等應(yīng)用,心率無改變,持續(xù)20 min后突然出現(xiàn)室顫,立即給予胺碘酮、利多卡因及20 J除顫最終搶救無效死亡Case1 :安徽省六安市立醫(yī)院急診科 武警醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2011,20(2):139處理存在的那些問題?如何清
17、除毒物?高鉀血癥的原因和處理?怎么處理心率減慢和血氧下降?假如是你值班會(huì)如何處理?Case2:滄州市人民醫(yī)院綜合ICU中華急診醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2008,17(6):621女患,46歲,10 h前自服地高辛200片,被送至縣醫(yī)院洗胃后自行回家,之后出現(xiàn)嘔吐、憋氣且進(jìn)行性加重人院。查體:T 36.5,BP 10162 mmHg。視物清楚,雙肺清,HR 38bpm,心律不齊,無雜音。實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查:K+、Cr 181 ,ECG:竇律,結(jié)性逸搏,竇房傳導(dǎo)阻滯,竇性停搏,QT間期縮短,T波高尖呈帳篷狀,ST-T改變Case2:滄州市人民醫(yī)院綜合ICU中華急診醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2008,17(6):621如何清除毒物?高鉀
18、的心電圖表現(xiàn)?如何處理危及生命的高鉀?心律紊亂如何處理?氣管插管?請(qǐng)腎科透析?請(qǐng)心內(nèi)科放臨時(shí)起搏器?收ICU?Case2:滄州市人民醫(yī)院綜合ICU中華急診醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2008,17(6):621吸氧、監(jiān)護(hù)、洗胃、導(dǎo)瀉、利尿立即血液灌流2 h同時(shí)予葡萄糖 胰島素降鉀心電監(jiān)護(hù)示HR2238次min,結(jié)性逸搏,竇房傳導(dǎo)阻滯與竇性停搏 反復(fù)出現(xiàn),間斷給予阿托品0.5 mg靜注,心率逐漸上升并維持在5070bpm,心律逐漸轉(zhuǎn)為房顫律,高度房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯Case2:滄州市人民醫(yī)院綜合ICU中華急診醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2008,17(6):621人院6 h后復(fù)查K+8.8 ,行CVVHD,治療4 h后復(fù)查:,Cr 61,
19、此時(shí)因?yàn)V器壓過高而治療終止入院12h、34h行血漿置換兩次,置換量分別為3000ml、2000 ml入院第2天嘔吐、憋氣消失,心電監(jiān)護(hù)示HR7090bpm,Af律入院第3天轉(zhuǎn)為竇律住院7 d痊愈出院Case2:滄州市人民醫(yī)院綜合ICU中華急診醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2008,17(6):621HP、HD、CVVH能清除地高辛?為什么會(huì)高鉀?高鉀對(duì)心臟的影響?高鉀的心電圖?降鉀措施還有哪些?Case3:無錫市第一人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科中國臨床藥理學(xué)與治療學(xué),2007,12(9):1079-1080女患,39歲,既往體健。于2007-02-08 23:00一次自服地高辛200片1 h后出現(xiàn)頻繁惡心、嘔吐、舌尖發(fā)麻,無黃
20、綠視現(xiàn)象,由家屬發(fā)我院ED。測血壓118/57 mm Hg,心率平均55bpm,最慢46bpm。ECG:竇房結(jié)與房室交界處游走心律,竇性停搏,ST呈魚鉤樣地高辛濃度5 g/mL,腎功能正常Case3:無錫市第一人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科中國臨床藥理學(xué)與治療學(xué),2007,12(9):1079-1080NS3 L洗胃后送心導(dǎo)管室,臨時(shí)起搏,起搏頻率60bpm服藥后4 h在血液凈化中心HP,灌流2.5 hHP過程中,出現(xiàn)頻繁惡心、嘔吐,血壓下降至7040 ,心率仍為60bpm。平衡液1 000 mL,白蛋白50 g,胃復(fù)安10mg肌注。血壓升至80-8750-58 ,加用多巴胺、阿拉明,地米5 mg靜注,血壓無
21、上升,予阿托品2mg靜注后,心率一過性升至120bpm,為竇律,ST呈魚鉤樣,血壓升至115/85 ,惡心、嘔吐癥狀明顯緩解HP后復(fù)查地高辛濃度仍 5 g/mL ,收入CCU病房Case3:無錫市第一人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科中國臨床藥理學(xué)與治療學(xué),2007,12(9):1079-1080PE:T 36.5,RR20bpm,BP10560 。神清,痛苦貌,唇甲無發(fā)紺,頸靜脈無怒張,兩肺無羅音,心音有力,HR60bpm,起搏心律血WBC 9.1 ,Hb 87g/L,血小板 121 ;血K+ 3.88 ,Na+ ,Cl- 98.2 ,BUN 6.0 , Cr 50 ;肝功能、血?dú)庹#患∷峒っ?83 IUL胸
22、片、超聲心動(dòng)圖正常人院后靜注阿托品先后共6 mg,經(jīng)搶救后,癥狀明顯改善患者拒絕接受再次HPCase3:無錫市第一人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科中國臨床藥理學(xué)與治療學(xué),2007,12(9):1079-1080入院d 3 惡心、嘔吐癥狀消失地高辛濃度:人院d 3、4、5、6分別為、d 7,心率恢復(fù)至60bpm,為竇律,撤除臨時(shí)起搏,遷出CCU病程d 11,患者出現(xiàn)咳嗽、氣急、下肢浮腫、夜不能平臥,予呋塞米、多巴胺、多巴酚丁胺治療兩天后心衰癥狀緩解,浮腫消失,3 d后康復(fù)出院地高辛中毒的救治若干理論問題acute toxicity: intentional or accidental ingestionchron
23、ic toxicity:systemic accumulation secondary to hepatic or renal dysfunctionsystemic accumulation secondary to a drug interactionNeurologic manifestations may be more prominent with chronic toxicity Visual changes are more common with chronic toxicityGastrointestinal symptoms are usually less pronoun
24、ced in chronic toxicity as compared with acute toxicity地高辛濃度測定鑒別診斷:抗心律失常,SSS,甲減急性中毒:6h內(nèi)濃度很高慢性中毒:輕度升高Antidotes -digoxin antibodies Digoxin antibodies were first used in humans to treat digitalis toxicity in 1976The digoxin-specific antibodies are produced in sheep and cleaved into antibody fragments
25、via papain digestion.The DSFab bind molecules of digoxin making them incapable of binding to Na-K-ATPase. The affinity of digoxin to DSFab is greater than the affinity of digoxin to Na-K-ATPase, resulting in a concentration gradient that promotes the progressive efflux of intracellular digoxin Free
26、serum digoxin concentrations drop to undetectable levels within minutes of administration, and cardiac manifestations of toxicity usually subside within 30 minutes.Antidotes -digoxin antibodies The first published cohort study: 21 of these 26 patients fully recovered. N Engl J Med 1982;307(22):13576
27、2 In the second case series : 56 patients with severe digitalis toxicity treated with DSFab, 53 patients had full recoveries. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1985;23(46)In the largest prospective cohort study: 150 patients with severe digoxin toxicity enrolled from 21 US centers, 80% of patients had complete
28、 resolution of toxicity and 90% displayed some evidence of response to treatment. The median time to response was 19 minutes, and 75% of patients showed evidence of response within 60 minutes. Circulation 1990;81(6):174452.digoxin antibodies- Indicationslife-threatening arrhythmia, such as ventricul
29、ar tachycardia or fibrillation, asystole, complete heart block, Mobitz II heart block or symptomatic bradycardiaevidence of end-organ dysfunction, such as renal failure or altered mental status hyperkalemia (5 to 5.5 mmol/L)10 ng/mL in acute ingestions or greater than 4 ng/mL in chronic toxicityinge
30、stions of digoxin exceeding 10 mg in adults or 4 mg in a childdigoxin antibodies- 用法用量digoxin antibodies- 用法用量計(jì)算地高辛總負(fù)荷量總負(fù)荷量=攝人量mgo.8(生物利用度)總負(fù)荷量=地高辛血清濃度5.6 L/kg患者體重kg1000計(jì)算所需抗體Fab片段的小瓶數(shù) 1小瓶(40mg)結(jié)合0.6 mg地高辛小瓶數(shù)=地高辛總負(fù)荷量小瓶數(shù)=地高辛血清濃度患者體重kg100Gastrointestinal Decontamination活性炭:Patients within 2 hours of i
31、ngestion may benefit from gastrointestinal decontamination with activated charcoal. The standard single dose is 50 g (1 g/kg for children) with or without the cathartic agent sorbitol. 腸肝循環(huán):All cardiac glycosides undergo enterohepatic or enteroenteric recirculation to some extent making multiple-dos
32、e activated charcoal potentially worthwhile. 利福平Rifampicin is a potent inducer of the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes 3A4 and 2C9. Digoxin is primarily metabolized via the isoenzyme 3A4, so combination therapy would theoretically enhance the metabolic capacity for digoxin.In one case report of a patient
33、admitted to an institution where DSFab was not available, the half-life of digoxin was 26 hours when rifampicin was added as opposed to the predicted 36 to 48 hours血液透析在大劑量地高辛中毒病例中的應(yīng)用中國急救醫(yī)學(xué),2003,23(7):505年齡口服劑量(片)洗胃后地高辛濃度第一次HD后地高辛濃度第二次HD后地高辛濃度第三次透析后地高辛濃度預(yù)后例151526.333.45?1.2痊愈例2301006.123.041.0痊愈血液灌流
34、治療地高辛中毒的療效觀察中華急診醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2007,16(11):1218-12192001至2006年武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院急診科用血液灌流治療地高辛中毒患者9例, 其中急性中毒6例,慢性中毒3例;另選2006至2007年資料齊全的常規(guī)藥物治療地高辛中毒7例為對(duì)照組,其中3例急性中毒。血液凈化Although plasma exchange was effective in clearing the circulatingdrug, the volume of distribution is so large that the total removal represented less than
35、 1% of the total drug ingested.鉀和預(yù)后Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications Clin Toxicol 1973;6(2):15362 91 patients with acute digitalis toxicity demonstrated a 100% mortality rate among patients presenting with K+ 5.5 mmol/L and a 100% surviva
36、l rate in patients who presented with K+5 mmol/L鉀和預(yù)后Prognostic Utility of Serum Potassium in Chronic Digoxin Toxicity American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs ,2011, 11(3):173-178Methods: We compared the serum potassium concentration between patients with chronic digoxin toxicity resulting in fatali
37、ty (cases) over a 7-year period (2000-2006) versus survivors (controls) over a 1-year period (2007-2008).Results: There were 13 fatalities (cases) and 13 survivors (controls), of whom seven cases and five controls received appropriately dosed digoxin-specific antibody Fab fragments .There were no st
38、atistically significant differences between cases and controls with respect to serum digoxin concentration, creatinine, age, or sex. Serum potassium elevation pre-Fab was significantly associated with fatality . 鉀-排還是補(bǔ)?Hyperkalemia:Treatment with traditional measures, such as insulin and dextrose, s
39、odium bicarbonate, or ion-exchange resins, does not reduce the associated mortality. Hyperkalemia usually resolves within hours of administration of DSFab as N-K-ATPase activity is restored and potassium is redistributed back into cells.HD or CVVH? 鈣劑?呋塞米?Hypokalemia: has also been associated with w
40、orsening symptoms of digoxin toxicity, particularly in chronic toxicity鈣劑-用還不用?Intravenous calcium has traditionally been considered contraindicated in digoxin overdose because hypercalcemia potentiates digoxin toxicity This idea is based on studies of animal models whereby high levels of intracellu
41、lar calcium (5 mmol/L) could theoretically produce a noncontractile state because of the failure of diastolic relaxation as calcium binds to troponin C. recent animal studies using more realistic calcium dosing have not shown an association between calcium administration and worsening toxicity or de
42、ath. Recently, in a cohort of 159 patients with digoxin toxicity,23 patients received intravenous calcium. Calcium administration was not associated with malignant dysrhythmias or mortality.心律失常的治療Hemodynamically stable bradyarrhythmias or tachyarrhythmias may be managed conservatively with close mo
43、nitoring.緩慢性心律失常:阿托品、臨時(shí)起搏器快速性室性心律失常:Lidocaine (1.01.5 mg/kg followed by 14 mg/min) or phenytoin (up to 1520 mg/kg loading dose) may be considered for ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation because they are the least likely to worsen AV conduction.室性心動(dòng)過速禁用電復(fù)律(室撲、室顫除外),可引起難治性室顫苯妥英鈉-抗心律失常電生理機(jī)制:縮短動(dòng)作電位間
44、期及有效不應(yīng)期,還可抑制鈣離子內(nèi)流,降低心肌自律性,抑制交感中樞,對(duì)心房、心室的異位節(jié)律點(diǎn)有抑制作用,提高房顫與室顫閾值藥代動(dòng)力學(xué):tmax為48h。PB為90%。t1/2約為2030h。主要在肝臟代謝,經(jīng)腎臟排泄。表觀分布容積為禁忌癥:阿斯綜合征、-度AVB,竇房結(jié)阻滯、竇緩使用方法:1.靜脈注射:以100mg緩慢靜注23min,根據(jù)需要每1015min重復(fù)一次至心律失常中止,或出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng)為止,總量不超過500mg。2.口服:100300 mg,一次服或分23次服用,或第一日1015mg/kg,第24日10mg/kg,維持量26mg/kg臨時(shí)心臟起搏器在急性地高辛中毒治療中的臨床觀察三門峽醫(yī)院,中國醫(yī)師雜志,2008,10(2):223-22419
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