專四語法非謂語動詞

1、專四語法非謂語動詞說明 以下總結的專四?？键c，我們不著重與詳盡的語法介紹，只是對歷年專四?？嫉恼Z法進展總結。我們的目標是對于必考語法點完全拿下。五 非謂語動詞一不定式(1)引導邏輯主語的介詞：不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導,但以下表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語時, 不定式的邏輯主語那么由of引導： absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, gene

2、rous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如： Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy. Its clever of you to have invented such a device.(2)不定式做主語補足語：掌握常用不定式做主語補足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動作發(fā)生的時間，并采用相應形式。如：be said / reported / thought / believed / know

3、n / supposed + to do sth.The Minister of France is believed to be thinking of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue.(04年Professor Johnson is said to have made some significant advance in his research in the past year.(99年)掌握要求接不定式做賓語的動詞：afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect,

4、 fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear, tend, venture。如：Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定詞時，該名詞用不定式做定語。如： In 1938 Pear S. Buck be

5、came the first American woman to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature.(2)如果其動詞要求不定式做賓語，相應的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：tendency to dotend to do, decision to dodecide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補語，相應的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：ambition to do “干的雄心be amb

6、itious to do“有雄心干curiosity to do “對的好奇心be curious to do“對好奇ability to do“做的能力able to do“有能力做According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.(4)表示方式、原因、時間、時機、權利等名詞用不定式做定語，這些名詞包括：way, method, reason, time, plac

7、e, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (運動)，effort等。如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.(5)不定代詞something, nothing, little

8、, much, a lot習慣上用不定式做定語。如： Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.不定式做狀語主要表示目的、程度、結果、方式。(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)構造引導目的狀語，so as to不能置于句首。 (2)soas to, suchas to, enoughto, tooto構造做程度狀語。如：The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, dont have small

9、children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.(3)不定式做結果狀語只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結果，有時用only加強語氣。常見的不定式動詞有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produ

10、ce等。如：Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked.The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighbouring country, only to be captured by the police each time.(99年)(4)not/never too to, too not to, but/only tooto, too ready/eager/apt/

11、inclined to 表示肯定意義。如：I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再聽到你的消息，我太快樂了。二動名詞牢記以下要求接動名詞做賓語的動詞：acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, admit, confess, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, justify, mention, pardon, prac

12、tice, postpone, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.尤其要識別以下短語中的to是介詞，不是不定式符號：object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to,

13、be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, preferto, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to。 真題舉例：1.The meeting was put off because we objected to h

14、aving a meeting without John.(05,62)三分詞分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語或狀語。在概念上應清楚： 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，表示動作在進展。 過去分詞表示被動，表示動作完畢了的狀態(tài)或結果。1.分詞做定語，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別分詞短語做定語相當于省略了的定語從句，考生應掌握：(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動意義。如：Its easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our

15、ever-increasing world.(相當于the changes which take place.) There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相當于which gave.) How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would b

16、e interested in the discussion? (相當于How many of us who will attend.) (2)過去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動意義。如：Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture收回 of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. (相當于recapture of the port which had been announced)2.分詞做狀

17、語，注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式(1)表示時間，多置于句首，注意如果分詞表示的動作的時間先于謂語動詞，要用完成式。如：Having completed one task, we started on another one. (complete先于start之前發(fā)生)(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據(jù)情況有時要用完成式，有時用一般式。如：There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.(3)表示伴隨、方

18、式，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lostto the outside world.4表示補充說明(同位)，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point

19、 in contrast with the other.Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.分詞的邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否那么分詞短語要有自己的邏輯主語，稱為分詞獨立主格構造。分詞獨立主格構造只是句子的一個局部。如：All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on me

20、rrymaking.真題舉例：1.Agriculture is the countrys chief source of wealth, wheat being by far the biggest cereal crop.(03)2. Time permitting, the celebration will be held as scheduled.033.There being nothing for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier.(00)非謂語動詞的其他考點：句型：cannot help but

21、do cannot but docannot choose but do can do nothing but dohave no choice/alternative but to do上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做、“不禁做、“不由自主地做、“不能不做、“只能做。如： Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction. When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but b

22、elieve that the public will appreciate his gift.2. 當動詞的-ing形式，-ed形式或者不定式做主語時，假設需要否認時not放在動詞的-ing形式，-ed形式或者不定式符號to 前面。Not obtained a ticket for match, he can now only watch it on TV at homeNot being tall is not a serious disadvantage in life。句型：be busy/active doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/proble

23、m doing sth. Its no good/use/picnic doing sth. have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth. spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth. cannot help doing sth. There is no doing sth.I know it isnt important but I cant help thinking about it.Alice was having trouble control

24、ling the children because there were so many of them.There is no use crying over spilt milk.4.there be 非謂語動詞的用法(1)做賓語時取決于謂語動詞的持續(xù)要求。如：The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams. (expect要求接不定式做賓語)(2)做目的狀語或程度狀語時用for there to be，做其他狀語用there being。如：For there to be su

25、ccessful communication, (for there to be在句中做目的狀語)It isnt cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jims car out quite safely.(for there to be在句中做程度狀語)There being no further questions, well stop here today. (there being做原因狀語)(3)引導主語用for there to be。如：It is unusual for there to be no

26、 late comers today.(4)做除for外的介詞賓語，用there being。如：He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.非謂語動詞1. In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid . A. from being beaten B. being beatenC. beating D. to be

27、beaten2. He prefers . A. to write his letters rather than dictating themB. to write his letters rather than dictate themC. writing his letters rather than dictate themD. writing his letters rather than have dictated them3. Professor Johnson is said some significant advance in his research in the past year.A. having made B. makingC. to have made D. to make4. This missile is designed設定好的 so that once nothing can be done to retrieve it. A. fired B. bei