語音學(xué)Phonetics外語系張Andy

1、Chapter Phonetics外語系 張Andy2022/8/221Chapter Phonetics 1. Definition 2. Branches 3. Phonetic Description 4. Phonetic Transcription5. Phonetic Classification 2022/8/2221. Definition Phonetics is the study of speech sounds as they are and methods for their description, transcription and classification.

2、2022/8/2232. BranchesThe study falls into three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.Speech productionSpeech perceptionSpeech transmissionFigure 1 The process of speech transmission 2022/8/2243. Phonetic Description Lips, teeth, tongue (tip, blade, front, bac

3、k, root) teeth ridge (alveolus), hard palate, soft palate, uvula, pharynx, larynx, vocal fold (cords), trachea (windpipe), lung. Figure 2 Speech organs2022/8/2254. Phonetic TranscriptionSegment and divergenceInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)Coarticulation2022/8/2264.1 Segment and divergenceSegme

4、nt: any linguistic unit in a sequence which may be isolated from the rest of the sequence, e.g. a sound in an utterance or a letter in a written text. (Feasibility)Divergence: between sounds and symbols (necessity)2022/8/2274.2 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)History and development: 1886, 1888

5、, 1897, 1920s, 1993, 1996. Main principle: there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.Table of IPA (on Page 38 of the textbook)2022/8/2284.3 CoarticulationCoarticulation: the influence on a sound

6、 by its neighbors e.g. cap kap can kan The vowel in the second word is nasalized, thus marked with “ ” above.Broad and narrow transcriptions: without or with diacritics e.g. can kan (broad) can kan (narrow)_ _ _ 2022/8/2295. Phonetic ClassificationVowels and consonants Classification of consonants C

7、lassification of vowels2022/8/2210Placemanner Bilabial Labiodental DentalAlveolarPostalveolarPalatalVelarGlottalStop p b t d k g Nasal m n Fricative f v s z 3 h Approximant w r j Lateral l Affricate t d3 5.2 Classification of consonants Table 1 A chart of English consonants2022/8/22115.3 Classificat

8、ion of vowelsMonophthongs (pure vowels) and diphthongs (vowel glides)Tongue rising: open (low), half-open (mid-low), half-close (mid-high), closeRaised part: front, central, backTenseness (length): tense (long), lax (short)Lip rounding: rounded, unrounded2022/8/2212ReferencesRoach, P. English Phonetics and Phonology. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.Robins, R. H. General Linguistics. 4th ed. London: Longman, 1989.Saussure. F. de. Course in General Linguistics. (tr. W. Baskin) Glasgow: Collins