美國文學(xué)整理終

1、美國文學(xué)一、單選 (10/20 )二、True or false(10/10 )三、填空 (15/15 )四、根據(jù)一段作品內(nèi)容節(jié)選，寫出該作品的作品名及作家(5/10 )五、簡答 (5/25 )六、文學(xué)評(píng)論 (20 )簡答題：歐文的重要地位是什么？Washington Irving1） first American writer2） the messenger sent from the new world to the old world3） father of American literature超驗(yàn)主義American TranscendentalismBackground: four

2、 sourcesUnitarianismFatherhood of GodBrotherhood of menLeadership of Jesus(4) Salvation by character (perfection of ones character)Continued progress of mankindDivinity of mankindDepravity of mankindRomantic IdealismCenter of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)Oriental mysticismCenter of the

3、 world is“oversoul ”PuritanismEloquent expression in transcendentalismAppearance1836, “Nature ” by EmersonFeaturesspirit/oversoulimportance of individualismnature symbol of spirit/God garment of the oversoulfocus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)IV.InfluenceIt served as an ethical gu

4、ide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.It advocated idealism that was great nee

5、ded in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on ” obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height.3.Ithelped to createthe firstAmerican renaissance one of the mostprolific period in American literature.Ralph Waldo EmersonworksNature

6、(2) Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet2.point of view(1) One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in thetranscendence of the“oversoul ”.He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent

7、 God in nature.(3) Ifman depends upon himself,cultivateshimselfand bringsout thedivine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect.This is what Emerson means by“the infinitude of man”.Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by m

8、aking himself.aesthetic ideasHe is a complete man, an eternal man.True poetry and true art should ennoble.The poet should express his thought in symbols.As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself.VI.Henry David ThoreauworksA Week on

9、the Concord and Merrimack River(2) WaldenA Plea for John Brown (an essay)point of view(1) He did not likethe way a materialisticAmerica was developingandwas vehemently outspoken on the point.(2) He hated the human injusticeas representedby the slaverysystem.(3) Like Emerson, but more than him, Thore

10、au saw nature as a genuinerestorative, healthy influence on mansspiritual well-being.He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.He was very critical of modern civilization.“Simplicitysimplify! ”(7)He was sorely institutions of mendisgusted with “the s odd -fellow socieinunda

11、tionsty ”.ofthedirtyHe has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men.清教主義 (Puritanism)features of PuritanismPredestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2)Original sin: Humanbeings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from g

12、eneration to generation.(3) Total depravity(4) Limited atonement: Only the“elect ” can be saved.InfluenceA group of good qualities hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature.It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth garden of Ed

13、en.(3) Symbolism: the American puritan s metaphoricalmodeof perceptionwas chieflyinstrumentalin callingintobeing a literarysymbolismwhich is distinctly American.(4)With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobilityof

14、ten traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.4. 歐亨利短篇小說特點(diǎn)（第二冊P53）their wit,Wordplaywarm characterizationClever twist endings, O. Henry ending.witty narration5. Henry James（美國人的命運(yùn)）？(1) Aesthetic ideasThe aim of novel: represent lifeCommon, even ugly side of lifeSocial function of artAvoiding om

15、niscient point of view(2) Point of viewPsychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousnessPsychological realismHighly-refined language(3) Style “stylist”Language: highly-refined, polished, insightful, accurateVocabulary: largeConstruction: complicated, intricate二、稱號(hào)性評(píng)價(jià)(John?Smith) 約翰史密斯 -美

16、國文學(xué)史上第一個(gè)作家(Thomas?Paine) 托馬斯潘恩 -美國獨(dú)立之父the?father?of?American?revolution(Philip?Freneau-1752-1832)菲利普弗倫諾 -a?poet?of?the?American?Revolution，美國詩歌之父(Washington?Irving-1783-1859)華盛頓歐文 -美國文學(xué)之父，美國短篇小說之父Nathaniel?Hawthorne納撒尼爾霍桑-human?soulfirst?great?American?writer?of?fiction象征主義大師Walt?Whitman沃爾特惠特曼 -Fath

17、er?of?free?verse自由詩之父Edgar?Allan?Poe埃德加愛倫坡-偵探小說之父爐邊詩人 Fireside?PoetsHenry?Wadsworth?Longfellow亨利沃茲沃思朗費(fèi)the?first?poet?to?write?the?narrative?poemsEzra Pound埃茲拉龐德詩人，美國意象派詩歌的創(chuàng)始人。Eugene ONeill尤金奧尼爾 -美國戲劇之父三、 1.Thomas Paine -The American Crisis2.Nathaniel Hawthorne（主題）Hawthorne showed a great interest in

18、 the problems sin and evil.To Hawthorne evil existed in the human heart and everyone possessedsome evil secret.?Most of hisworks dealtwithevilsuch as poisoning,murder,adultery,and crime.3.Ralph Waldo Emerson（文章各自的影響力）第一冊 P139Works Nature&Self-Reliance4. Theodore Dreiser(欲望三部曲 )?The Financier(1912)金融

19、家?The Stoic(1947)巨人The Titan (1914) 斯多葛William Faulknerthemeshistory and raceHe explains the present by examining the past, by telling thestories ofseveralgenerationsoffamilytoshow howhistorychanges life.He was interestedintherelationshipbetween blacksand whites,especiallyconcernedabout the problems

20、 of the peoplewho were ofthe mixedrace ofblackand white,unacceptableto bothraces.(2) Deterioration(3) Conflictsbetween generations,classes,races,manand environmentHorror, violence and the abnormalstyle/features of his workscomplex plotstream of consciousnessmultiple point of view, circular formviola

21、tion of chronologycourtroom rhetoric: formal languagecharacterization: he was able to probe into the psychology of characters(7)“anti - hero ”: weak, fable, vulnerable (true people society)in modernEmily Dickinson( 主題 ) love,?nature,?death,?immortality;? Plain,?brevity,?directLocal ColorI.Appearance

22、uneven development in economy in Americaculture: flourishing of frontier literature, humouristsmagazines appeared to let writer publish their worksWhat is “Local Colour ”?Tasks of local colourists: to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others,

23、 usually a very small part of the world.Regional literature (similar, but larger in world)Garland, Harte the westEggleston IndianaMrs StoweJewett MaineChopin LouisianaGilded Age( 暫無 )作者筆名與原名Mark Twain-Samuel Langhorne Clemens O.Henry-William Sidney PorterDiedrich Knickerbocker- Washington Irving新英格蘭

24、文學(xué)的影響（見教材第一冊P3）時(shí)代代言人Benjamin Franklin本杰明富蘭克林十八世紀(jì)美國啟蒙思想代言人Mark Twain美國現(xiàn)實(shí)主義F. ScottFitzgerald被視為早期 爵士時(shí)代 的文學(xué)代言人了不起的蓋茨比Ernest Hemingway ，“ 迷惘的一代 ”的代表人物四、對(duì)作家及其作品的評(píng)價(jià)WashingtonIrving華盛頓歐文， 美國著名小說家， 被稱為“美國文學(xué)之父”，“美國短篇小說之父”.James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯費(fèi)尼莫爾庫珀，美國首位重要長篇小說家。開創(chuàng)了以皮裹腿故事集為代表的邊疆傳奇小說，其中最為重要的一部是 最后的莫西干人。 開創(chuàng)了航海小說體裁。Ralph Waldo Emerson拉爾夫 ?沃爾多 ?愛默生，美國19 世紀(jì)著名哲學(xué)家、作家、詩人、超驗(yàn)主義代表人物。論自然Nature (the manifesto of American transcendentalism)論