二次精讀-p2文章講解科技類

1、Industrializationhe Netherlands and Scandinavia【Paragraph 1】: 晚發(fā)展原因：Lack of coalWhile (轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯讀轉(zhuǎn)折意味) some Germany, began to industrialize (舊), such as England andhe eighteenth century, thecountries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden developed later (比較邏輯). All four of these countries lagged (滯后 AW-) consid

2、erably behindhe earlynineteenth century. However, (轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯) they industrialized raly (+)he secondhalf of the century, espelly前半部分背景導(dǎo)入he last two or three decades.In view of their later start (舊的概念) and their lack (否定邏輯) of coal (否定對 象) (新概念)undoubtedly (肯定邏輯詞) the main reason (因果邏輯) they were notamong

3、the early industrializersit is important to understand the果邏輯詞) 在結(jié)構(gòu)句中關(guān)注復(fù)數(shù)名詞：很有可能展開 of their suc提出成功的原因，中心句。s.文章感情基調(diào)是正向的，而一開始說了是負(fù)向，很期待讀正向態(tài)度！1.Paragraph 1 supports (可細(xì)節(jié)/可推斷) which of the following ideas about England and Germany?讀到比較邏輯，在首句又沒有，所以很有可能是推斷題。They were compley (程度錯(cuò)誤) industrialized by the s

4、tart of the nineteenth century.Theysessed plentifuls of coal. 轉(zhuǎn)折取非They were overtaken economically by the Netherlands and Scandinavia during the early nineteenth century. 還沒發(fā)展呢They succeeded for the same reasonst the Netherlands and Scandinavia did.【Paragraph 2】: Small population + density variedAll

5、 had small (AW-) populations (新概念).At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Denmark and Norway had fewer (是中心詞small 的體現(xiàn))n 1 million people (是中心詞population 的體現(xiàn)), while (轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯) Sweden and the Netherlands had fewer表舉例邏輯n 2.5 million inhabitants. 數(shù)字代這一句舉例邏輯：沒有for exle，找例子心詞的體現(xiàn)All exhibitedhe course of

6、 the century (Denmark thehighest and Sweden the lowest), but (轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯) all by 1900.Density varied (新概念) grey.in populationThe Netherlands had one of the(中心詞 varied 的體現(xiàn)) populationdensities in Europe, whereas (轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯) Norway and Sweden had the(中心詞varied 的體現(xiàn)). Denmark was in betn bloser to the Netherlands.

7、lowesthighestmoren doubledmoderate growth ratessour(原因: 因the ScandinavianNetherlands andEuropean countries這一句也是舉例邏輯：沒有for exle，找例子中心詞的體現(xiàn)例子要證明觀點(diǎn)：你的特長(TW 中心詞)是什么？我喜歡打籃球，天都在打籃球跑題了 中心詞“特長” (TW) 沒有體現(xiàn)！population density he industrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia?不是原因邏輯也不是舉例邏輯，一種比較邏輯的體現(xiàn)！比較的是共性

8、和特性的比較：前面的都是相同點(diǎn) (all)，而后面的是不同點(diǎn)。類比：考 110 分以上的人地域差異很大（特性）。重要性是由共性決定的?。篴ll 精讀團(tuán)，all 刻苦（共性），差異很大，錯(cuò)誤原因：密度并不等于增長率！It was a more important factorn population size. 沒有比較邏輯It was more influentialIt was more importantn the rate of population growth.he early stagesn it was later.It was not a significant factor.

9、【Paragraph 3】: Literacy Considering( 舊概念=population) as a characteristic of thepopulation, however (轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯), all four countries were advantaged by (因果邏輯詞)the large percentages of their populations(新概念).In both 1850 and 1914, the Scandinavian countries had the highest literacy rates(例子心詞的體現(xiàn)) in Europe,

10、 or in the world, and the Netherlands was wellabove the Europeaage.數(shù)字表達(dá)舉例邏輯：找中心詞的體現(xiàn)This fact was of enormous value in helthe national economies find theirnicheshe evolving currents of theernational economy.3. According to paragraphs 2 and 3, which of the following contributed (因果邏輯詞) significantly t

11、o the suc Scandinavia?sful economic development of the Netherlands and ofThe relatively small size of their populationsThe rarate at which their populations were growingThe large amount of capital they had available for investmentThe high proportion of their citizens who were educated【Paragraph 4】:

12、LocationLocation (新概念) was an important factor for all four countries.All had immediate acs to the sea (舉例邏輯：中心詞location 的體現(xiàn)), and2. Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about thewho could read and writehuman capitalimportanceofthis had important implications for a significanternational resou

13、rce, fish, as well as(并列邏輯) for cheap transport, merchant marines, and (并列邏輯) the shipbuilding industry.Each took advantage of these opportunities in its own way.The people of the Netherlands (舉例邏輯), wilong tradition of fisheries and good harbors suitable for Amsterdam, with exceptionalmercantile sh

14、ip, had difficulty (AW-) in develoships: eventually they did so at Rotterdam andresults for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the prosing ofoverseas foodstuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocolate, grain, andeventually oil). Denmark (舉例邏輯) also had an admirable commerl hi

15、story,particularly with respect to traffic through the Sound (the strait separating Denmark and Sweden). In 1857 (舉例邏輯), in return for a payment of 63 million kronor from other commer l nations, Denmark abolished the Sound toll dues the fees it had collected since 1497 for the use of the Sound. This

16、 (指代邏輯, 還是舉例), along with other policy shifts toward free trade, resulted in (因果邏輯, 后面是結(jié)果) asignificant increase (+)raffic through the Sound andhe port of Copenhagen.4.According to paragraph 4, because of their location, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries had all of the following advanta

17、ges when they began to industrialize EXCEPT 并列邏輯, 看到舉例邏輯不要跳過，因?yàn)槭羌?xì)節(jié)題。low-cost transporion of goodsacs to fishshipbuilding industriesmilitary control of the sea 無中生有5.The word “exceptional”he passage is closestextraordinarysurprisingimmediatepredictableeaning to6.The word “abolished”endedraisedreturne

18、dloweredhe passage is closesteaning to【Paragraph 5】: Politics: No barriersThe political institutions of the four countries(新概念) to industrialization or economic growth.ed no (-) significant barriersThe nineteenth century (舉例邏輯) passed relatively peacefully (中心詞 no barriers 的體現(xiàn)) for these countries,

19、with progressive democratization taking place inall of them. They were reasonably wellerned, without (-) notable corruption (否定對象) or (并列邏輯) grandiose se projects (否定對象), although (轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯) in allof them the main lines.ernment gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the se built theAs (因果邏輯詞) small co

20、untries dependent on foreign markets, they followed ain the main, though (轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯). In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took placegradually from the late eighteenth century through thehalf of the nineteenth,resulting in (因果邏輯, 后面是結(jié)果) a new class of peasant landowners with a definite market orien

21、ion.According to paragraph 5, each of the following contributed (因果邏輯) itively to the industrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia EXCEPTgenerally liberal trade policieshuge projects undertaken by the serelatively uncorrupternmentsrelatively little sol or political disruption例子：eractions to

22、a level at which the invading species cane established.The word “progressive”rapartialincreasingindividualhe passage is closesteaning to9. The author includes the information in Sweden” in order tot “a protectionist movement developedsupport the claimt the political institutions of the four countrie

23、sed nosignificant barriers to industrialization or economic growthidentify an exception to teral trend favoring liberal trade policyexplain why Sweden industrialized less quickly countries and Netherlandsn the other Scandinavianprovide evidencet agricultural reforms take place more quickly in countr

24、iesve a liberal trade policynhoset do not類比：我很喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng)，比如作者提到“今天沒去”的原因？天都去打球，but 今天沒去。提供一個(gè)特例，使得描述更加嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)全面。如何判斷特例？體會轉(zhuǎn)折意味！【Paragraph 6】: (-) Fluctuation + (+) high returnsA safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced (1) levels of competiti

25、on and (2) other negativea protectionist movementliberal trade policydeveloped in SwedenThe key factorhe sucs of these countries (along with high literacy, whichcontributed to (原因邏輯) it) was their ability to adapt to theernational divi oflabor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out

26、 areas of spelization inernational markets for which they were espe This meant a great dependence on (依賴)lly well suited.ernational commerce (新概念),which had; but (轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯: 轉(zhuǎn)折意味) it also meantto those factors of productiont were fortunate enough to be well placedimes of prosperity.In Sweden (舉例邏輯) expor

27、ts accounted for 18 percent of the nationalein 1870, and in 1913, 22 percent of a much larger nationale. In the earlytwentieth century, Denmark (舉例邏輯) exported 63 percent of its agricultural production: butter, pork products, and eggs. It exported 80 percent of its butter, almost all to Great Britai

28、n, where it accounted for 40 percent of British butter imports.10.Which of the senten below best expresses the essential information he highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choi change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.The early industrializes controlled most

29、 of theernational economy, leavingthese countries to stake out new areas of spelization along the margins.Aided by their high literacy rates these countries were able to claim key areas ofspelization within establishedernational markets.High literacy rates enabled these countries to take overernatio

30、nal markets andadapt theernational diviof labor to suit their strengths.of labor established by the early industrializers wasTheernational divisuited to these countries, a key factorheir sucs.11. According to paragraph 6, a major problem (-) with depending heavily onernational markets waslacked stab

31、ilityt theywere not well suited to agricultural productswere largely controlled by the early industrializersled to slower growth of local industries12. According to paragraph 6, what advantage (+) could a country gain from beingheavily involved inernational commerce?A steadily rising nationaleGreate

32、r control over market fluctuationsHigh returns when things went wellA reduced need for importsWhile some European countries, such as England and Germany, began to industrialize in the eighteenth century, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden developed later. A

33、ll four of thesereturns (+)highnotorious (-) fluctuationscountries lagged considerably behindhe early nineteenth century. However,they industrialized ralyhe second half of the century, espellyhe lasttwo or three decades. During this period, Sweden had the highest rate of growth of output per capita

34、of any country in Europe, and Denmark wassecond. In view of their later start and their lack of coadoubtedly the mainreason they were not among the early industrializersit is important tounderstand the sourof their sucs. 13.Look at the four squares added to passage.Where would the sentence best fit?

35、t indicate where the following sentence be14.Directions: Anroductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THERR answer choit express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentendo notbelong in the summary because they expreeast are not presented in thepassage or are minor ideashe passage. This q