文化習(xí)題及答案

1、中國文化練習(xí)題及答案Part1WisdomandBeliefsUnit1ConfucianThoughtonHeavenandHumanityHomework:Questions:WhatisTheAnalectsmainlyabout?WhatisConfuciusviewonHeaven?WhatisConfuciusinnovativeideaaboutHeaven?Whatdoesthe“heavenlymission”referto?HowisConfuciusconceptofHeavenrelatedtothemodernecologicalcivilization?Whatis

2、Confuciusinterpretationofren?AccordingtoConfucius,whatisthemostimportantpartofli?Whatqualitiesare“personsofvirtue”supposedtohave?WhydopeopleneedtostudymusicaccordingtoConfucius?二）Translation1）天何言哉？四時行焉，百物生焉，天何言哉？2）生生之謂易。3）天地之大德曰生。4）獲罪于天，無所祿也。5）仁者，人也，親親為大。6）父母在，不遠(yuǎn)游，游必有方。7）父母之年，不可不知也。一則以喜，一則以懼。8）己欲立而立

3、人，己欲達(dá)而達(dá)人。9）己所不欲，勿施于人。10）子生三年，然后免于父母之懷。11）禮之用，和為貴。12）知之者不如好之者，好之者不如樂之者。(三)CarefulReading1、Readthepassagecarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.AllthefollowingarethetitlesofConfuciusEXCEPT.aneducatorB.abiologistC.ascholarD.aphilosopherTheexpression“filialpiety”mostprobablymeansbe

4、ing.loyaltothestateB.obedienttosister(s)C.responsibleD.dutifultoparentsWhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeConfuciusviewontherelationshipbetweenmanandnature/Heaven?Brothers.B.Husbandandwife.C.Doctorandpatient.D.Motherandson.Throughburialandancestralworshiprituals,peoplecanlearnthat.natureislifelesssoi

5、twillneverdieindividualslifecanbeeverlastingbyjoiningnaturetheyshouldbegratefultotheirparentsforgivingthemlivesindividualslifespanisshort,sotheyshouldenjoylifeasmuchaspossibleWhichofthefollowingisthemostimportantpartofConfuciuscurriculum?Music.B.CalligraphyC.VirtueD.MathematicsZilu,RanYouandGongxiCh

6、isaspirationsrepresent,whileZengDiansreflects.personalambition;selfishnessloftyideals;meaninglesspursuitpersonalstruggle;generouscontributionindividualcontributiontosociety;harmony(四)CommunicationGodblessThankGodPleaseGodForGodssakeGodforbidManproposes,Goddisposes.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.Answ

7、ers(一)Questions1)TheAnalectsismainlyaboutConfuciuswordsandlifestory.ConfuciusregardedHeavenasnature.ConfuciusinnovativeideaaboutHeavenisthatHeaven(ornature)istheprocessoflifecreation.TheheavenlymissionistoaccomplishHeavenspurposeofprotectingandimprovinglife.Confuciusadvocated“standinginaweoftheordin

8、ancesofHeaven”andwarnedagainstoffendingHeaven.Thisis,inessence,equivalenttothemodernideaofstayinginharmonywithnature.SointhiswayConfuciusconceptofHeavenissimilartothemodernecologicalcivilization.Confuciusinterpretedrenasloveofpeople,whichbeginswiththeloveforonesparents.AccordingtoConfucius,themostim

9、portantpartofliistheburialandancestralworshiprituals.Personsofvirtuearesupposedtohavesoundcharacterandupliftedmindsandtheycanshoulderimportantsocialresponsibilitiesandmakecontributionstosociety.AccordingtoConfucius,studyingmusiccanliftonesspiritandhelponeappreciatebeauty.TranslationHeavendoesnotspea

10、kinwords.Itspeaksthroughtherotationofthefourseasonsandthegrowthofalllivingthings.Continuouscreationoflifeischange.ThegreatvirtueofHeavenandEarthiscreatinglife.HewhooffendsagainstHeavenhasnonetowhomhecanpray.Thegreatestloveforpeopleistheloveforonparents.Childrenshouldnottravelfarwhiletheirparentsarea

11、live.Iftheyhavenochoicebuttodoso,theymustretainsomerestraint.Childrenshouldthinkoftenoftheageoftheirparents.TheyshouldfeelhappyforthehealthandIongevityoftheirparents.Theyshouldalsofeelconcernfortheagingoftheirparents.Whilefulfillingonesowndesires,allowotherstofulfilltheirs.Donotdotowardothersanythin

12、gyouwouldnotwanttobedonetoyou.Achildshouldnotleavehisparentsbosomuntilheisthreeyearsold.Theroleofliistomaintainharmonyamongpeople.Simplyknowingthehigheststandardofvirtueisnotasgoodassettingitasongoal.Settingitasonegoalisnotasgoodasenjoyingpracticingofit.CarefulReadingBDDBCD（四）Communication1）上帝保佑用于向某

13、人表示關(guān)愛2）謝天謝地，感謝上帝3）但愿用于表示非常強(qiáng)烈的愿望4）看在上帝的份上，行行好把表示某事很重要5）但愿（某事）不會發(fā)生6）謀勢在人，成事在天。7）自助者天助也Unit2LaoziPhilosophyofNon-actionAssignment-fillintheblanks?1)Laozisthoughthasagreatinflueneeonthecharacteristics;trendsofthought;andaestheticsensibilitiesoftheChinesepeople.Theexamplesofbirds,fish,cloudsandflowersare

14、usedtoillustratethateverythingintheworldhasitsownwayofbeinganddevelopment.Thediffereneebetweengreatingenuityandordinaryingenuityliesinthefactthatthelattercanbeachievedthroughhumaneffort,buttheformerissuperiortothelatter.Inordertobecomestrong,oneshouldstartwithonesownweakpoints;insteadofoppressingthe

15、weak?5)InLaozisopinion,fragilityisthesymboloflife.?6)Thehighestlevelofonescultivationistoreturntothestateofanewbornbaby,whoisfreeofanyknowledge,desire;impurityorfalsehood.?7)Peoplefightanddeceiveoneanotheroutofdesire.?8)Accordingtothelawsofnature,peopleshouldnotrobthepoorandoppresstheweak.Assignment

16、-translation?1.順應(yīng)自然。?Followthewayofnature.?2.無為而無不為。?Actthroughnon-action.?3.大巧若拙。?Greatingenuityappearstobestupidity.?4.以柔弱勝剛強(qiáng)。?Overcomethestrongbybeingweak.?5.不戰(zhàn)而屈人之兵。?Winawarwithoutfightingwater.?6.兼愛。?Loveforall.?7.上善若水。?Thegreatestvirtueislikewater.?8.人往高處走，水往低處流。?Humanstendtoseekhigherposition

17、s.?9.無欲則剛。?Oneisinvinciblebecausehedesiresnothingandcontendsfornothing.?10.返璞歸真。?Returntothestateofanewbornbaby.Assignment-translation?1.Natureisconqueredbyobeyingher.?順應(yīng)自然方能征服自然。?2.Hethatfollowsnatureisneveroutofhisway.?按自然規(guī)律辦事的人絕不會迷失方向。?3.Thedropofrainsmakesaholeinthestone,notbyviolenee,butbythefr

18、equencyoffalling.?滴水穿石，非蠻力所致，皆因堅持不懈。Unit3SunzisArtofWar:SourceforAllBooksonWarAssignment-Answerquestions?1)WhyisSunzisArtofWarregardedasthegreatestamongsomanybooksonwar?SunzisArtofWarisregardedasthegreatestamongsomanybooksonwarbecauseitexcelsovertheotherbooksintermsofstrategydesign,philosophicalgrou

19、ndingandintacticalapplication.?2)WhatdidSunzimeanbytreachery?By“treachery”Sunzimeantthatdeceivingtheenemywithfalseimpressions.Whyis“Winningawarwithoutfightingit”advocatedbySunzi?“Winningawarwithoutfightingit”isadvocatSeudnbzyibecausehewantedtoavoidlarge-scalekillinganddestruction.AccordingtoSunzisdi

20、alecticalthinking.Whatshouldcommandersconsider?AccordingtothedialecticalthinkingofSunzi,commandersshouldconsidergainsandlossesfrombothpositiveandnegativesides.Supposeourtroopshavestrengthsimilartotheenemytroops,howcanwewinanabsoluteadvantageovertheenemy?Supposeourtroopshavethesimilarstrengthwiththee

21、nemytroops,wecanwinanabsoluteadvantageovertheenemybydispersingtheenemytroops.?6)WhatdoesSunzisArtofWarbeginandendwith?SunzisArtofWarbeginsandendswithwarningsagainstwar.?7)WhatarethefirstthreecountriesthatpublishedthetranslationofSunzisArtofWar?ThefirstthreecountriesthatpublishedthetranslationofSunzi

22、sArtofWarareJapan,RepublicofKoreaandFrance.Assignment-carefulreading?2)Theword“treachery”inSunzisArtofWarisclosestinmeaningto.?A.deception?B.betrayal?C.preaching?D.irritation?AThestrategyofthelowestlevelinawaristo.usedifferentstrategiesfrustratethediplomacyoftheenemyattackthearmyoftheenemyattackthec

23、ityoftheenemyDFromSunziswarning,wecaninferthatsometimesawarcouldbedeclaredjustbecause.onecountrywasunderattackfromanotherthekingoremperorjustwantedtoinvadeanothercountrytherulerwasirritatedforthetimebeingthecommanderandgeneralhadabadtemperCAssignment-translation?1)先計而后戰(zhàn)?Planningbeforegoingtowar.?2)知

24、己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不殆。?Onecanfightandwinahundredwarsifoneknowsbothoneselfandtheenemy.?3)兵以詐立。?Thearmysurvivesbytreachery.?4)利而誘之，亂而取之，實(shí)而備之，強(qiáng)而避之，怒而撓之，卑而驕之，佚而勞之，親而離之。?Tempttheenemywithgains,attacktheenemywhentheyareindisorder,bepreparedfortheenemywhentheyareequalinstrength,avoidtheenemywhentheyarestronger,aggravat

25、etheenemywhentheyareangry,causetheenemytobecomearrogantwhentheyareprudent,tiretheenemywhentheyareatrest,sowdiscordamongtheenemywhentheyareunited.?5)攻其無備，出其不意。?Attacktheenemyatanunexpectedtimeandplace.?6)不戰(zhàn)而屈人之兵。?Winningawarwithoutfightingit.?7)亂生于治，怯生于勇，弱生于強(qiáng)。?Chaoscompareswithorder,cowardicewithbrav

26、ery,andweaknesswithstrength.?8)兵者，國之大事，死生之地，存亡之道。?Theuseofforceisamatteroflifeordeathforthesoldiers,thepeopleandthecountry.Unit4ChineseCharacters:PoeticSymbolsAssignment:?1)WhichofthefollowingisirrelevanttothepictographicsymbolsofChinesecharacters?A.Aspiration.B.Imagination.C.Creativity.D.Allusion.2

27、)WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofthenameofFudanUniversity?A.Thecharactersbothstandfor“thesunrisingonthehorizon”.B.ThenameistakenfromaChineseclassicalpoem.C.Thenameencouragesthestudentstogetupearlyinthemorning.D.Thecharactersareintendedtotellthestudentstomakeprogressdaybyday.3)Whichofthefollowin

28、glanguagesmostlyconsistsoflanguagepictures?A)MandarinChinese.B)HieroglyphsofancientEgypt.C)Oracle-boneinscription.D)Sealcharacters.4)Thesymbolfor“swimming”isclosedto.A)oracle-boneinscriptionB)mandarinChineseC)sealcharactersD)noneoftheabove5)Thesymbolfor“athletics”containstheingredientsof.A)dancingan

29、drunningB)runningandswingingC)dancingandswingingD)triathlonandfootball1)A2)D3)B4)C5)A2.FindfromthepassagetheEnglishinterpretationsofthefollowingcharacterscontaining日asanelement.CharactersInterpretations1)旦Thesunrisingonthehorizon2)朝Themorningsunrisingandshiningovertheflowingriver3)暮Thesunsettinginto

30、aforest4)明ThemoonshiningthroughthewindowUnit5TheGreatWallAssignment-TrueorFalse?1)TheconstructionoftheGreatWalltookmorethan2000yearsandinvolved19states.?2)ThedrivingforceforbuildingtheGreatWallistoprotectlivesandpeacefromwars.?3)Inhistory,thenorthernpeoplesweremostlyengagedinfarming.?4)TheGreatWallp

31、rovidedaneffectivenortherncavalry.?5)TheGreatWallprovidedaneffectivenortherncavalry.?6)ThespiritoftheGreatWallisthatof“shelterforthesoutherntroopsagainstshelterforthesoutherntroopsagainstacommonwillandconcertedeffort”thetheare?7)Blockhouses,garrisontowns,passesbuiltatstrategicpoints,andbeacontowersm

32、entionedtoshowthemagnificeneeandvarietyoftheGreatWall.?8)WangjingTowerisoneofthebestplacestoappreciatethebeautyofBeijingCity.Answerquestions?1)HowlongistheGreatWallatpresent?TheGreatWallisaslongas6700kilometers.?2)InwhichrespectsistheGreatWallunparalleled?TheGreatWallisunparalleledinitsscaleandspano

33、fconstruction,aswellasinthegreatquantitiesoflaborandthedegreeofdifficultyinvolved.?3)WhatareSuYat-sensquotationsusedtodemonstrateinthepassage?SunYat-sensquotationsareusedinthetexttoillustratethegreatsignificaneeoftheGreatWallinthedevelopmentofChineseciviliztion.?4)Whatdoes“TheGreatWallplayedaroleina

34、neweconomicstructure”?Aneweconomicstructurereferstotheenhancingofagriculturaleconomyinthesouthandthepastoraleconomyinthenorth,andtheexchangebetweenthetwo.?5)WhatdoestheLegendofLadyMengjiangsymbolize?TheLegendofLadyMengjiangsymbolizesthesufferingsofthepeopleduetotheconstructionoftheGreatWallandtheirh

35、atredforthetyrannicalFirstEmperorofQin.fillinginthetable?Areas?Land/Soil?Climate?Production?LifeStyle?TheNorth?pastoral?cold?Productsofanimalhusbandry?mobile?TheSouth?arable?warm?Agriculturalproducts?stable?Assignment-EnglishtoChinese?1)眾志成城?EffortsjointedbymanycanbuildtheGreatWall.?2)由今觀之，倘無長城之捍衛(wèi)，則

36、中國亡于北狄，不待宋明而在楚漢時代矣。如是則中國民族必?zé)o漢唐之發(fā)展昌大而同化南北之種族也。?Seenfromtoday,ifithadnotbeenfortheprotectionoftheGreatWall,ChinesecivilizationwouldhavebeeninterruptedbythenortherinpeoplesinthelateQinorearlyHandynasties,longbeforetheSongandMingdynasties.Inthatcase,therewouldnothavebeentheprosperityoftheHanandTangdynas

37、ties,ortheintegrationofsouthernandnorthernpeoples.?3)把我們的血肉，筑成我們新的長城。?BuildournewGreatWallwithourfleshandblood.Unit6AsilentArmyAssignment-Answerquestions?1)WhatisthesignificaneeoftheTerracottaArmyoftheFirstEmperorofQin?ItisnotonlyagreatlegacyoftheFirstEmperorofQinymight,butalsomsupierbparadigmofanci

38、entChinesesculpture.?2)Whichofthefourpitsisthelargest?Howlargeisit?PitNo.1isthelargest,withanareaofmorethan14000squaremeters.?3)WhatarethefourformationsinPitNo.2?ThefourformationinPitNo.2areoneofarchersintheeast,oneofwarchariotstoitsright,abiggerchariotformationinthemiddleandaformationofhorsemenands

39、addledhorsestotheleft.WhatwasPitNo.3probablyintendedas?PitNo.3wasprobablyintendedasheadquartersoftheleft,centralandrightdivisionsoftheentirearmy.WhatisthesimilaritybetweenPitNo.3andPitNo.4?ThesimilaritybetweenPitNo.3andPitNo.4isthatbothofthemnottohavebeencompleted.WhichaspectsoftheTerracottaArmyimpr

40、esspeopledeeply?Whatimpresspeopledeeplyaretheimpressivesizeofthearmyandthemasterfulcraftsmanshipofthesculptures.?7)WhatisParagraph11mainlyabout?Paragraph11ismainlyaboutthedetaileddescriptionofthesculptures,showinghowvividtheyareandhowmasterfulthecraftsmanshipofthesculpturesis.?8)Howmanyterracottahor

41、sesarethereinthethreepits?Therearemorethan600terracottahorsesinthethreepits.AssignmentCarefulReading?1)Fromthepassage,wecaninferthat_?A.theTerracottaArmywasdugoutbyvillagersinXianyang?B.thearcheologistsdiscoveredtheTerracottaArmybychance?C.thewarriorsandhorsesweremadeofpottery?D.theTerracottaArmywas

42、designedbytheFirstEmperor?1)C?2)WhichofthefollowingisNOTfoundinPitNo.1?A.Soldiers.B.Commanders.C.Archers.D.Chariots.CTheformationofPitNo.1canbedividedintomainparts.A)2B)3C)4D)53)BOneofthedifferencesbetweenPitNo.2andPitNo.1isthattheformerhasmoresoldiersthanthelatter?B.theformerhasmorewarchariotsthant

43、helatter?C.thesoldiersholdmoremodernweaponsinPitNo.2?D.thewarchariotwasdrawnbyhorsesintheformerratherthanbysoldiersasinthelatter.?4)B?5)WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutPitNo.3?A.ItliestothewestofPitNo.1.Itlookslikein凹shape.Ithastheleastwarriorsamongthefourpits.Itwasnotfinishedprobably.CTheexamplesi

44、nParagraph12areusedtoillustratehowvividthewarriorsandhorsesarehowimpressivethesizeoftheTerracottaArmyiswhatkindofsuitspeopleworeatthattimehowattentivethesoldierswere?6)A?7)WhatisimpliedbutnotstatedinParagraph12?A.Eachofthearchershairwastiedinaknot.?B.Thebowsandarrowswerepreservedunderground.?C.Thear

45、cherswerewaitingfortheordertoshoot.?D.TheArcherwereinthehalf-squattingandhalf-kneelingposture.?7)C?8)Thesculptureofthehorsesaremadetoseem.?A.alertB.gentleC.fierceD.handsome?8)AAssignmenttranslateintoEnglish?1)軍陣1)battleformation?2)前鋒2)thefrontechelon?3)指揮官3)commander?4)鎧甲4)armor?5)后衛(wèi)5)rearguard?6)戰(zhàn)車

46、6)chariot?7)弓箭手7)archer?8)騎兵8)horseman?9)步兵9)footsoldier?10)總指揮部10)headquartersUnit7PekingOpera:ArtistryofperformersExercisesI.SkimmingandScanningGothroughthepassagequicklyandjudgewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothepassage.1)PekingOperamaskshavebeenregardsasasymbolofChine

47、seculturebymanycountries.2)ThebeautyofPekingOperaliesinthediversecolorsofPekingOperamasks.3)OnepurposeofPekingOperamasksistohelppeoplelearnaboutthecharactersoftheroles.4)TheexampleofZhangFeiistoshowhowvariedthedesignsofPekingOperamasksare.5)InappreciatingPekingOpera,theplotofthestorymaynotbethemosti

48、mportant.6)ThemostimportantaspectofPekingOperaperformanceliesinthesinging.7)Actingandfightinghelppropelthedevelopmentofthestory.8)EachPekingOperagivesprominenceonlytooneortwoactors.9)ThevirtualmovementsandvirtualsettingsinPekingOperaareefficientbecausetheactorsperformanceoffsetsthedrawback.10)Viewer

49、sofPekingOperagotothetheatermainlytowatchthefamousactors.11)TheoldPekingOperaarenotsopopularasthenewonesbecausetheviewerscannotfeeltheexcitement.12)WhenappreciatingPekingOpera,theaudiencecanseethreecharacters:theactorandthetworolesbeingperformed.13)MeiLanfang,ChenYanqiu,ShangXiaoyunandXunHuishengare

50、thefourmostfamousPekingOperaperformersinChina.14)MeiLanfangplayedtheroleofapretendedmadwomaninKingChuBidsFarewelltoHisConcubine.II.CarefulReading1.Readingthepassagecarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.WhyisChinesecuisinementionedinthefirstpart?ToshowthegreatinfluenceofChinese

51、cultureontheworld.TodemonstratethepopularityofChinesefoodallovertheworld.TointroduceanotherimpressiveformofChineseculture,PekingOpera.D.ToindicatethatPekingOperaisasimpressiveasChinesefoodtoforeigners.Accordingtothearticle,whatmaskshouldtheactorofQinHuiwearinPekingOpera?Aredone.B.Ablackone.C.Awhiteo

52、ne.D.Oneintheshapeofabutterfly.Theword“evocative”isclosestinmeaningto.convincingB.imaginativeC.stimulatingD.suggestiveWhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofPekingOpera?A.TherealcharmofPekingOperaiscreatedbytheactors.Theactorsusuallystandatthecenterofthestage.TheremustbefamousariasinanyPekingOpera.Spe

53、akingisdesignedtoattracttheaudiencseattention.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasinvolvedwithactingandfighting?A.Eyecontract.B.Kungfu.C.Aerobatics.D.Gymnastics.WhatisimpliedbutnotstatedaboutthesettingofPekingOpera?A.Thesettingisallvirtualwithoutanyrealprops.Thesettingofthestageisverycomplex.Onepropcans

54、ervedifferentpurposes.D.Actorsareinchargeofchangingthestagesetting.Accordingtotheexamples,thebenefitsofvirtualmovementsandsettingsarethatA.theysavethecostoftheperformancetheysavethelaborforceofchangingthestageactorshavemoreroomonthestagefortheirperformanceTheyhighlighttheactorsperformanceWhatcanwele

55、arnaboutPekingOperathroughthesaying“watchingaplayiswatchingfamousactors”?A.Theviewersgotothetheatertoseetheactorsinsteadoftheplay.Thefamousactorsaregood-lookingandperformwell.TheactorsaregoodatallofthefourbasicaspectsofPekingOpera.Theperformancesoftheactorsareasimportantastheplayitself.Whichofthefol

56、lowingisthedistinctfeatureofwatchingaPekingOperaascomparedwithseeingafilm?A.ThePekingOperatheatergoerspaymoreattentiontotheroles.ThePekingOperatheatergoersapplaudfromtimetotimewhilewatchingaperformance.Theaudienceofafilmapplaudwhenapersonperformingstunts.Theaudienceofafilmvaluethebeautyofthecraftsot

57、hattheyignoretheworldofimagery.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutMeiLanfang?A.HewrotesomeplaysforPekingOpera.Hecreatedvariousdances.Hecomposedmanynewmelodies.HeenrichesPekingOperabyintroducingerhu.PutthefollowingintoEnglishbyreferringtothepassage,唱：唱腔/唱腔、曲調(diào)念：獨(dú)白、對白做和打：身段、眼神、獨(dú)舞、群舞、劍舞、綢舞、袖舞、拂塵舞、武術(shù)、雜技Mat

58、chingthefollowingEnglishnamesofPekingOperasontheleftwiththeChinesetranslationsontheright.1)PickinguptheJadeBraceleta.貴妃醉酒2)KingChuBidsFarewelltoHisConcubine.b.宇宙鋒3)Atthecrossroadc.拾玉鐲4)AutumnRiverd.三岔口5)TheDrunkenConcubinee.霸王別姬6)TheLanceoftheUniversef.穆桂英掛帥7)WomenGeneralMuGuiyingg.秋江AnswersComprehe

59、nsion1)T11)FII.1.1)C2)F12)T3)T13)F4)F14)F5)T6)T7)F8)T9)T10)T2)C3)D4)A5)B6)C7)D8)D9)B10)A2.1)singing:aria,melody2)speaking:monolog,dialogactingandfighting:bodymovement,eyemovement,solodance,groupdance,sworddance,silkdance,sleevedance,dusterdance,martialarts,acrobatics3.1)c2)e3)d4)g5)a6)b7)fUnit8AVari

60、etyofSplendidFolkArtsAssignmentI.ComprehensionGothroughthepassagequicklyandfillinthefollowingtable.NameHistoryTypicalProducingAreasUsesorImportaneeExample(s)TechniquesCloisonneNewYearPicturesPapercutsEmbroideryShadowPlayII.CarefulReadingReadthepassagecarefullyandanswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.Wh