河南省中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí) 題型四 閱讀理解講義

1、河南題型四閱讀理解說明文體裁 閱讀理解中說明文(尤其是科技類說明文)，因生詞多、信息量大、難理解，是考生經(jīng)常做錯(cuò)的題目。主旨大意題 考生由于不會(huì)把握文章的主旨大意，所以經(jīng)常在關(guān)于概括文章主旨大意、作者寫作意圖類的題目中觸雷。一、選擇型閱讀理解“三步定位法”第一步 看題干，定位題干關(guān)鍵詞。先看問題，找出題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，猜測(cè)文章大意。第二步 讀文章，一次定位找原文。帶著關(guān)鍵詞快速通讀全文，畫出與題干內(nèi)容相關(guān)的詞匯和句子，并在腦海中形成篇章結(jié)構(gòu)圖。第三步 回看題，連線解讀定答案。細(xì)讀題干、選項(xiàng)，針對(duì)已畫出的原文內(nèi)容進(jìn)行二次定位，精準(zhǔn)連線，鎖定答案。二、具體解題技巧1細(xì)節(jié)理解題多從文章的某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或

2、細(xì)節(jié)出發(fā)來設(shè)計(jì)題目，考查對(duì)文章具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的理解能力，屬于表層理解題范疇，難度較小，但所占比例最大，一般占總分值的60%85%。常見的設(shè)題方式有：用what, where, which, why, who, how等疑問詞進(jìn)行提問；用according to. . . 開頭，后接短文具體內(nèi)容；用動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)、介賓結(jié)構(gòu)或系表結(jié)構(gòu)等方式設(shè)題；以. . because的提問方式設(shè)題等。解答這類題要學(xué)會(huì)以下技巧：(1)如果所提問題是文章中現(xiàn)成的內(nèi)容可直接搜尋；(2)細(xì)讀文章的第一段或前幾句，注意每段的開頭句和結(jié)尾句；(3)重視結(jié)尾段，作者一般會(huì)在結(jié)尾段作出總結(jié)，表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。 例 （2012溫州中考)

3、I grew up in New Hampshire, a small town in South Canada, where in my fathers words for the seasons were “Spring, Summer, Fairtime and Winter！” At that time, a weeklong fair(集市) was held in the town everyautumn. Thousands of people from other towns came to sell and buy things. It was the busiest tim

4、e of the year. Thousands of people came to the town to at the fair. Aenjoy Grandmas food Bsell and buy thingsClearn to cook Dhave a big party【解析】 B 由本段第三句話可知，數(shù)千人來到小鎮(zhèn)是為了在集市上買賣東西，故選B。2推理判斷題一般來說主要有：對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的推理判斷；對(duì)某個(gè)問題或某一部分的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度的推理判斷；對(duì)作者在整篇文章中的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)和寫作意圖的推理判斷。常見的設(shè)題方式有：(1)The sentence/paragraph/passage infer

5、s that. . . ；(2)We can learn from the sentence/paragraph/passage that. . . ; (3)The sentence/paragraph/passage implies that. . . ；(4)By saying. . . , the author means. . . ; (5)What can we infer from the. . . ; (6)At the end of the passage the writer suggests. . . ；(7)From the second example we can

6、infer that. . . ；(8)It can be concluded/inferred from the passage that. . . 例One day, a little boy decided to dig a hole behind his house after watching a science program. As he was working, a couple of boys stopped by to watch. “What are you doing？”asked one of the visitors. “I want to dig a deep h

7、ole all the way through the earth！” the boy answered excitedly. The older boys began to laugh, telling him that it was impossible to do it. Then they left. It can be inferred from the passage that the older boys think the little boy is Asilly BstrictCfriendly Dstrongminded【解析】 A 由本段倒數(shù)第二句可知，那些年齡大一些的男

8、孩嘲笑小男孩，說他不可能完成那件事，由此可推斷，他們覺得小男孩很愚蠢，故選A。3詞義猜測(cè)題該題型要求在充分理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)某單詞或短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行合理猜測(cè)。做題時(shí)可結(jié)合構(gòu)詞法、語(yǔ)法及相關(guān)知識(shí)進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。例 A serious sandstorm(沙塵暴) has hit Beijing, together with five to seven degree strong wind. A great yellow dust cloud enveloped the Chinese capital last Sunday. What does “enveloped” mean in this passag

9、e? A信封 B遮蓋 C刮走 D灰塵【解析】 B 由前面可知，沙塵暴襲擊了北京，再結(jié)合句法可知envelop在此是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，排除A、D兩項(xiàng)；再結(jié)合生活常識(shí)可判斷，此處envelop是表示“遮蓋”之意，故選B。4主旨大意題考查考生對(duì)短文整體的理解概括能力。常見的提問方式有：(1)What is the main idea/subject/topic of the passage？；(2)The author is mainly concerned with. . . ；(3)What does the passage mainly discuss？；(4)The passage is mainl

10、y about. . . ；(5)Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? 解答該類題目時(shí)可注意以下幾點(diǎn)：(1)有標(biāo)題的文章，要從標(biāo)題開始閱讀，因?yàn)闃?biāo)題常是文章的主題；(2)注意段首和段尾，有些文章會(huì)在段首或段尾給出全文主旨；(3)有些文章的中心思想貫穿全文，建議最后做此類題目，因?yàn)樽鐾昶渌}目后，自然就會(huì)對(duì)文章主旨有一定的把握；(4)留心關(guān)鍵詞，抓住文章主旨，關(guān)鍵詞即文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的、與主題有關(guān)的名詞或動(dòng)詞。例 Schools will go electronic. Computers will be im

11、portant and popular among the students. Everything will be in the computer and students will not need to bring books to school. They will find information on the Internet. A computer will be the students library, schoolbag and connection to the outside world. There will be robot teachers. They will

12、check homework on computers and communicate with the students parents through email. Whats the main idea of this passage? ASchools will go electronic. BComputers will be important. CThere will be robot teachers. DTeachers will communicate with the students parents through email. 【解析】 A 第一句為中心句，后面是對(duì)其

13、擴(kuò)展和論述，故選A。5數(shù)字推算題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)提供的數(shù)據(jù)以及內(nèi)在關(guān)系做出簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算和推斷。例 I won a prize for one of my paintings when I was fourteen. That may be why I went to art school four years later. . . When I left school, I got some money. I hope to become a fulltime painter. When finishing school studies, the writer was about . A14 B16

14、 C18 D21【解析】 D 作者14歲因繪畫獲獎(jiǎng)，18歲進(jìn)入美術(shù)學(xué)校，畢業(yè)時(shí)一定在18歲以上，故選D。二、還原型閱讀理解(一)首先閱讀五個(gè)選項(xiàng)，然后再讀文章。抓住關(guān)鍵詞，邊讀邊做題，先易后難，重點(diǎn)閱讀設(shè)空處附近的句子，圈定線索詞。從選項(xiàng)中尋找相關(guān)的詞，以確定答案。做題時(shí)要特別注意以下幾類詞：1代詞或定冠詞。做題時(shí)，一定要注意句子中出現(xiàn)的人稱代詞或者指示代詞。代詞是指代一個(gè)名詞或者一個(gè)句子的，通過代詞在句子中所作的成分可推斷出它指代的句子的類型。2特殊疑問詞。如果選項(xiàng)中或設(shè)空前出現(xiàn)特殊疑問詞，一定要把這句話仔細(xì)讀幾遍，因?yàn)閷?duì)于不同特殊疑問詞的回答方式是不一樣的，比如對(duì)why的回答，后面要有because等表原因的詞；對(duì)when的回答，后面要有表時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)；對(duì)where的回答，后面要有表地點(diǎn)的名詞；對(duì)how的回答，后面要有方式狀語(yǔ)等。3連詞。通過不同的連詞我們可以推知句子與句子之間的關(guān)系。常在文章中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞有but, however, yet, though, nevertheless等，表示并列關(guān)系的連詞有and, also, as well as, neither nor, either or, not only