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1、G9GRAMMAR現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的概念。表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果Shehasbeenillforthreedays.(她病了三天了。)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。Weveknowneachothersincewewerechildren.(我們從小就認(rèn)識(shí)。)IhavebeenamemberofthePartyfor10years.II.構(gòu)成:”助動(dòng)詞have,has+過(guò)去分詞”現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句形式(以work為例):人稱肯定否定疑問(wèn)回答第IhaveseenIhaventseenHaveyouseentheYes,Ihave./No

2、,I一theUFO.theUFO.UFO?havent.人WehaveWehavent稱travelledtravelledHaveyoutravelledYes,wehave./No,wearoundthearoundthearoundtheworld?havent.world.world.第YouhaveYouhaventHaveyoubeentoYes,I/wehave.二beentobeentoEngland?No,I/wehavent.人England.England.稱第He/ShehasHe/ShehasntHashe/shebeenYes,he/shehas.三beentobe

3、entotoBeijing?No,he/shehasnt.人Beijing.Beijing.稱HavetheygivenYes,theyhave.TheyhaveTheyhaventconeertsalloverNo,theyhavent.givengiveneoncertstheworld?coneertsallallovertheovertheworld.world.注:規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成與過(guò)去是相同,不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞見(jiàn)附表。練.把下面變否定句、一般疑問(wèn)句并作肯定和否定回答。1.Ihavedonemyhomework.否定句:一般疑問(wèn)句:回答:2.Theplanehasarriv

4、ed.否定句:一般疑問(wèn)句:回答:III.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法歸納1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)已完成,對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。(此種用法謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用結(jié)束性動(dòng)詞)如:Theplanehasarrived.常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和副詞:already(已經(jīng))用于肯定句中,位置比較靈活,但通常放在have/has與過(guò)去分詞之間如:Ihavealreadydonemyhomework.yet(還,仍然,已經(jīng))用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句的句末。如:Hasshefinishedcookingyet?他做完飯了嗎?練:Ihavealreadydonemyhomework.(變?yōu)榉穸ň洌〆ver(曾經(jīng)),句中,多用于疑問(wèn)句如:H

5、aveyoueverbeentoShanghai?never(從不),本身否定;before(以前),句尾,獨(dú)立用;just(剛剛),用于肯定句中,常用在助動(dòng)詞和過(guò)去分詞之間。如:Ihavejustheardthenews.我剛剛聽(tīng)到消息。完成時(shí)可用于表示某時(shí)間段里完成的動(dòng)作,常與today,thesedays,recently等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:Haveyouseenherthesedays?譯:Haveyoubeentothelibrarytoday?譯:Haveyoureadthebookrecently?譯:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能延續(xù)到將來(lái)的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)。常與表示過(guò)

6、去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:for+一段時(shí)間:fortwohourssince+時(shí)間點(diǎn):since1999,sincelastyearsince+一段時(shí)間+ago:sincetwodaysagosince+從句(用過(guò)去時(shí))uptonow,tillnow,untilnow,sofarinthepasttwoyears,inthelastfewdaysrecently,lately如:MissZhaohastaughtmathforfiveyears.Hismotherhasworkedintheshopsince1990.TheGreenshavelivedinLondonsin

7、cethreeyearsago.注:其中在a,b,c,d這四種結(jié)構(gòu)中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如:Ihavehadthisbookforoneandahalfyears.(這本書我已買了一年半了?。┒虝盒詣?dòng)詞怎樣和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。英語(yǔ)中的短暫性動(dòng)詞,也叫做終止性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞或非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,只表示一時(shí)的動(dòng)作,在肯定句式中不能與表示延續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。常見(jiàn)的短暫性動(dòng)詞有:go,e,leave,find,buy,arrive,give,stop,join,marry,die,begin,start,borrow,close,open,lend等。eg.Ihaveboughtthisboo

8、kforthreemonths.(X)非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與一段時(shí)間連用時(shí)可采用下列三種方法:close-beclosedbegin/start-beongo-betherefinish-beoverborrow-have(has)open-have(has)beenputon-have(has)ongone(left)-beenawaygottoknow-known(1)將非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。leave-have(has)beenawayfromjoin-have(has)been(in)buy-have(has)haddie-have(has)deade(arrive)-have(has

9、)beenherekeptbegintowork-have(has)workedopengetup-have(has)beenupeback-have(has)beenbackjoined-been(2)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的變化:把表時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)“for”變?yōu)椤皵?shù)詞+時(shí)間名詞+ago”的短語(yǔ)形式。(即:將時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)改為過(guò)去時(shí)間,并用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))如:他參軍五年了。(判斷正誤)TOC o 1-5 h zHehasjoinedtheArmyforfiveyears.()HehasbeenintheArmyforfiveyears.()HejoinedtheArmyfiveyearsago.()他離開(kāi)

10、濟(jì)南三年了。HehasleftJinanforthreeyears.()HehasbeenawayfromJinanforthreeyearsHeleftJinanthreeyearsago.(3)句子模式的變化。用句型“Itis+一段時(shí)間+since從句”(從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去式表示)如:Theoldmandiedtwoyearsago.=Theoldmanhasbeendeadfortwoyears.=Itistwoyearssincetheoldmandied.havebeento/havegoneto/havebeenin三種結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別(1)havebeento去過(guò)

11、某地(現(xiàn)已離開(kāi)),可以與ever,never,once,twice等連用。hasgoneto去某地了,說(shuō)話時(shí)某人已離開(kāi)此地,在去某地的路上或已在某地,總之現(xiàn)在還未回來(lái)。此句型一般用于第三人稱。havebeenin表示已在某地呆了多久,若該地為小地方則用at。翻譯:你以前去過(guò)北京嗎?吉姆已經(jīng)去了倫敦。格林一家在中國(guó)已經(jīng)兩年了?,F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別:側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài),屬現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)范疇,它側(cè)重于過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響。而一般過(guò)去時(shí)是一種過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),側(cè)重于表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作,與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)。如:YesterdayIwenttothezoo.(僅說(shuō)明昨天去了動(dòng)物園,與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān))L

12、iLeihasreadthebook.(說(shuō)明李磊了解那本書的內(nèi)容)(2)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不同:一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與ago,yesterday,last,in2000,justnow等連用。而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與already,yet,still,just,sofar,inthelast/past,before,ever,never,sinee,for等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。注現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不可與yesterday,lastweek,twodaysago等過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,它表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系。語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,或者是說(shuō)動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)完成的,要用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);

13、如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,或者是說(shuō)動(dòng)作不是由主語(yǔ)而是由其他人完成的,則用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)各時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成表TENSE主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)beVVsamisare+pp一般將來(lái)時(shí)will+Vwillbe+pp現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)amisare+Vingamisare+being+pp一般過(guò)去時(shí)waswereVedwaswere+pp一般完成時(shí)havehas+pphavehas+been+pp過(guò)去完成時(shí)had+pphad+been+pp過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)waswere+Vingwaswerebeing+pp情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can+Vcan+be+ppOurelassroomiseleanedeveryday.Anews

14、hopwasbuiltlastyear.Thisbookhasbeentranslatedintomanylanguages.Anewhospitalwillbebuiltinoureity.Youngtreesmustbewateredoften.MybikeisbeingrepairedbyTomnow.Therearetwentymoretreestobeplanted.二、主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句所遵循的4個(gè)步驟:把原主動(dòng)句中的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)把動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)形式即be+過(guò)去分詞,并注意其人稱和數(shù)隨主語(yǔ)的變化,而動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)則保持不變。原主動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)如需要?jiǎng)t放在by后面以它的賓格形式出現(xiàn)(注代

15、詞的賓格),如不需要?jiǎng)t可省略。其它的成分(定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ))不變。三、不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況1)不及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(即多數(shù)的瞬間動(dòng)詞):appear,die(死亡),disappear(消失),end(vi.結(jié)束),fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand比較:rise,fall,happen是不及物動(dòng)詞;raise,seat是及物動(dòng)詞。(錯(cuò))Thepricehasbeenrisen.(對(duì))Thepricehasrisen.(錯(cuò))Theaccidentwashappenedlastweek.(對(duì))Theaccidenthappenedlastw

16、eek.(錯(cuò))Thepricehasraised.(對(duì))Thepricehasbeenraised.(錯(cuò))Pleaseseat.(對(duì))Pleasebeseated.要想正確地使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),就須注意哪些動(dòng)詞是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動(dòng)詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問(wèn)題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中多留意積累。2)不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ):fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watchagreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takepartin,wa

17、lkinto,belongtoThiskeyjustfitsthelock.Yourstoryagreeswithwhathadalreadybeenheard.3)系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(keep除外):appear,bebee,fall,feel,get,grow,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turnItsoundsgood.4)帶同源賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞,反身代詞,相互代詞,不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):die,death,dream,live,lifeShedreamedabaddreamlastnight.5)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí),很少用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。(對(duì))Sh

18、elikestoswim.(錯(cuò))Toswimislikedbyher.四、使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題:不及物動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Whatwillhappenin100years?Thedinosaursdisappearedabout65millionyearsago.有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。Thispenwriteswell.Thisnewbooksellswell.感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞使用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不帶to,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),須加上to。例:makesomebodydosomethingTsomebody+be+madetodosomethingseesomebo

19、dydosomethingTsomebody+be+seentodosomethingAgirlsawmywalletdropwhenshepassedby.TMywalletwasseentodropbyagirlwhenshepassedby.Thebossmadethelittleboydoheavywork.TThelittleboywasmadetodoheavyworkbytheboss.如果是接雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),直接賓語(yǔ)(物)作主語(yǔ),那么動(dòng)詞后要用介詞,這個(gè)介詞是由與其搭配的動(dòng)詞決定。Hegavemeabook.TAbookwasgiventomebyhim.Hesho

20、wedmeaticket.TAticketwasshowntomebyhim.Myfatherboughtmeanewbike.TAnewbikewasboughtformebymyfather.一些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個(gè)整體,而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。Wecantlaughhim.THecantbelaughbyus.Helistenstotheradioeveryday.TTheradioislistenedtobyhimeveryday.Thenurseistakingcareofthesickman.TThesickmanisbeingtakencareofby

21、thenurse.副詞副詞的分類副詞主要用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞,副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。1、表頻率的副詞常見(jiàn)的頻率副詞有:always,often,usually,sometimes,never,ever,hardly,seldom.它們一般在系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞之后,行為動(dòng)詞之前.Healwaysgoestoschoolonfoot.ShehasneverbeentoBeijing.Sheisoftenlateforwork.2、表示方式的副詞與方式相關(guān)的副詞,這類詞通常由形容詞+ly轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)。如safely,quietly,quickly,politelyloudly,luckily,happi

22、ly,easily,carefully,slowly,suddenly以及fast,late,hard,early等。此類副詞位于動(dòng)詞之后,如果是及物動(dòng)詞一般位于賓語(yǔ)之后。Thechildrenaredancinghappily.Theyworkhard.Thestudentsdidtheirhomeworkcarefully.3程度副詞與程度相關(guān)的副詞有:very,much,only,quite,as,too,toofor,tootodo,well,almost,even,alittle,enough,rather,alot,so,such,badly,nearly,further,real

23、ly,widely,hardly,abit等。它們一般位于被修飾的詞前面,但enough要放在被修飾的詞后面。Icanhardlyknowhername.ThecakeissodeliciousHewasbadlyhurt.Heworkedhardenough.4表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方向的副詞(1)與時(shí)間相關(guān)的副詞有:ago,already,before,early,long,late,just,now,once,soon,since,today,tomorrow,tonight,yesterday,yet等。它們通常位于句末,有些也可位于句中如:already等。Theyllebacksoon.H

24、elivedheretenyearsago.Theyhavefinishedtheworkalready.=Theyhavealreadyfinishedthework.(2)與地點(diǎn)、方向相關(guān)的副詞經(jīng)常位于動(dòng)詞之后與動(dòng)詞搭配構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。outside,inside,upstair,here,there,home,near,eback,turnleft,goout5疑問(wèn)副詞和關(guān)系副詞(1)常用的疑問(wèn)副詞:when,where,why,how,howold,howlong,howsoon,howoften,howfar等以及perhaps,maybe,instead等,通常用于句首。Maybe/

25、Perhapsheisathome.Howdidyougothere?Whenwasheborn?Howoftendoyouseeamovie?Howsoonwillyourfathereback?(2)關(guān)系副詞主要有四個(gè),即when,where,why,how等。關(guān)系副詞常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句。副詞的位置和排序(一)、副詞的位置:1)在動(dòng)詞之前。2)在be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后。3)多個(gè)助動(dòng)詞時(shí),副詞一般放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后。注意:a.大多數(shù)方式副詞位于句尾,但賓語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng),副詞可以提前,以使句子平衡。Wecouldseeveryclearlyastrangelightaheadofus.b.方式副詞well,

26、badly糟、壞,hard等只放在句尾,如:HespeaksEnglishwell.(二)、副詞的排列順序:1)時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)副詞,小單位的在前,大單位在后。2)方式副詞,短的在前,長(zhǎng)的在后,并用and或but等連詞連接。Pleasewriteslowlyandcarefully.多個(gè)不同副詞排列:程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時(shí)間副詞。注意:副詞very可以修飾形容詞,但不能修飾動(dòng)詞。改錯(cuò):(錯(cuò))IverylikeEnglish.(對(duì))IlikeEnglishverymuch.注意:副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面,形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。Idontknowhimwellenough.Ther

27、eisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.Thereisfoodenoughforeveryonetoeat.副詞的用法.作狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞,位于動(dòng)詞后。Hewalkedquietlyintohisbedroom.Itisraininghard.作狀語(yǔ)修飾形容詞,位于形容詞前。Youhaveaverynicewatch.Themachineistooheavy.作狀語(yǔ)修飾另一副詞,位于另一副詞前。有時(shí)候也修飾整個(gè)句子Youwalkedtooslowly,Icouldntwaitforyou.Unfortunately,hewasout.作表語(yǔ),位于系動(dòng)詞之后。Howlongwil

28、lshebeaway?Isyourmotherin?.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),位于賓語(yǔ)之后。Askhimin.Isawhimout.作定語(yǔ),位于名詞后。thegirlheretheboyovertherethemanupstairsononeswayhome副詞的比較等級(jí)1、副詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成(1)副詞的比較等級(jí)與形容詞相似,也有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。絕大多數(shù)的副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)都是在其前面加上more和most構(gòu)成的,有少數(shù)單音節(jié)和個(gè)別雙音節(jié)的副詞是在末尾加er,est構(gòu)成。slowly-moreslowly-mostslowlycarefully-morecarefully-mostcarefullyfa

29、st-faster-fastest還有一些副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)是不規(guī)則的。例如:well-better-bestbadly-worse-worstfar-farther/further-farthest/furthestmuch-more-mostlittle-less-leastlittle-less-least2、副詞比較等級(jí)的用法(1)副詞的同級(jí)比較用(not)as+副詞原級(jí)+as.JimdidtheworkaswellasLilei.Icantrunasfastasyou.(2)兩者之間進(jìn)行比較常與than連用。HespeaksEnglishbetterthanyou.Tomworks

30、harderthanJim.表示三者、三者以上之間的比較用副詞最高級(jí),用不用定冠詞the皆可,通常有一個(gè)表示范圍的短語(yǔ)。例如:Theboywritesmostcarefullyofthefour.Jimdidworstintheexaminhisclassyesterday.一、兼有兩種形式的副詞close與closelyclose意思是近;closely意思是仔細(xì)地Heissittingclosetome.Watchhimclosely.late與latelylate意思是晚;lately意思是最近Youhaveetoolate.Whathaveyoubeendoinglately?deep

31、與deeplydeep意思是深,表示空間深度;deeply時(shí)常表示感情上的深度,深深地IIHepushedthestickdeepintothemud.Evenfatherwasdeeplymovedbythefilm.high與highlyhigh表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當(dāng)于muchTheplanewasflyinghigh.Ithinkhighlyofyouropinion.wide與widelywide表示空間寬度;widely意思是廣泛地,”在許多地方Heopenedthedoorwide.Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.free與freely

32、free的意思是免費(fèi);freely的意思是無(wú)限制地Youcaneatfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.Youmayspeakfreely;saywhatyoulike.易混點(diǎn)清單一、howlong,howoften,howsoon,howfar的用法區(qū)另Uhowlong“多長(zhǎng)”詢問(wèn)動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上所持續(xù)的長(zhǎng)度。其答語(yǔ)部分或劃線部分可能是:“for+時(shí)間段”有時(shí)可能沒(méi)有介詞for。如:-Howlongdidhewaitforyouhere?-Fortwohours.Ittookhim20minutestofinishhishomework.(對(duì)話線部分提問(wèn))-4Ho

33、wlongdidittakehimtofinishhishomework?“sinee+具體時(shí)間”“sinee+時(shí)間段+ago或者“since+從句”如:-Howlongareyoufeelinglikethis?-Sincelastnight.表示時(shí)間的between-and,from-to等介詞短語(yǔ)。如:Theywereplayingfootballfrom9:00to10:00yesterday.對(duì)話線部分提問(wèn))4Howlongweretheyplayingfootballyesterday?另外,howlong也可以詢問(wèn)某事物的具體長(zhǎng)度。如:-Howlongisthedesk?-1.2

34、meters.1.2米。howsoon“多久,多快”詢問(wèn)動(dòng)作在將來(lái)要經(jīng)過(guò)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才會(huì)發(fā)生。其答語(yǔ)部分或劃線部分可能是:in+時(shí)間段。如:HesgoingtoZhengzhouintwodays.(對(duì)話線部分提問(wèn))4HowsoonishegoingtoZhengzhou?howfar“多遠(yuǎn),詢問(wèn)路程、距離。如:Howfarisitfromheretoschool?4.howoften指每隔多久,主要用來(lái)對(duì)頻度副詞或狀語(yǔ)(如:onceaweek,threetimesamonth等)提問(wèn)。如A:Howoftendoesheehere?B:Onceamonth.A:Howoftendoyouvisit

35、yourmother?B:Onceaweek.二、hard和hardly的區(qū)別、hard可用作形容詞或副詞:當(dāng)hard用作形容詞時(shí),意為“困難的、堅(jiān)固的、努力的”等。例如:Itshardforoldpeopletochangetheirways.Steelisharderthanwood.當(dāng)hard用作副詞時(shí),意為“努力的、困難的、猛烈地”等。例如:DoesTomworkhardathislessons?Itsraininghardoutsidenow.Dontgoout.、hardly只能用作副詞,意為“幾乎沒(méi)有、幾乎不”。例如:Icanhardlyseeanythingontheblack

36、board.MyfatherhardlyeverwatchesTV.三、muchtoo和toomuch區(qū)別(too)much中心詞是much相當(dāng)于形容詞,意為“morethanenough”,用在不可數(shù)名詞前面作定語(yǔ)或在系動(dòng)詞后面作表語(yǔ)。如:Americanseattoomuchmeatinmyopinion.Idranktoomuchcolalastnight.Theworkistoomuchforher.Shesafraidthetripwillbetoomuchforme.相當(dāng)于名詞,在句子中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。如:ToomuchwashappeningallatonceYouhavegive

37、nmetoomuch3相當(dāng)于副詞,在句子中作狀語(yǔ)。如:Youworktoomuch.Shetalkstoomuch.(much)too中心詞為toomuchtoo的用法比較簡(jiǎn)單,只用作副詞作狀語(yǔ),但它不單獨(dú)使用,在句子中要修飾形容詞或副詞,但不修飾動(dòng)詞。如:YouaremuchtookindtomeItsmuchtoocold.YouaredrivingmuchtoofastTOC o 1-5 h z【練習(xí)】1.weshouldnoteatjunkfood.A.toomuchB.muchtooC.toomanyD.muchtoo(A)2.itshotinaugustinNanjing.A.ma

38、nytooB.muchtooC.verytooD.tomuch(B)Wedonthavetimetoworkeveryyear.AmuchtooBsomanyCtoomuchDtoomany(C)四、also,too,aswell,either,neither意思區(qū)別also表示也是比較正式的用詞,too是普通用詞,口語(yǔ)中用的多,使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意:also一般用于句子中,其位置在行為動(dòng)詞之前,動(dòng)詞tobe之后。如有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,一般應(yīng)在助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后,為了強(qiáng)調(diào),也可放在前面。例如:Ialsowent.Youarealsowrong.too常置于句末,前面可用逗號(hào),如置于句中,其前后均有逗號(hào)

39、。例如Heisasinger,too.He,too,isasinger.注意:also,too只能用于肯定句。2)eitherneithereither表示“也”,只能用在否定句中,必須放在句末。例如:Hedidntgothere.Ididnteither.neither表示兩者都不。InneithercasecanIagree.Neitherofthemwantstostopforarest3)aswellas作并列連詞相當(dāng)于notonlybutalso和noless-than,但notonly匕口七also側(cè)重在后項(xiàng),aswellas和noless-than側(cè)重在前項(xiàng)。例如:Wemustl

40、earntolookatproblemsall-sidedly,seeingthereverseaswellastheobversesideorthings.Atruemanshouldbepracticalaswellasfar-sighted.在否定句中,aswellas的位置不同,句意往往有很大差別。比較下面的句子:He,aswellasshe,willnote.Hewillnoteaswellasshe.(否定前者,肯定后者)Henry,aswellashisbrother,doesntworkhard.Henrydoesntworkhardaswellashimbrother.asw

41、ellas連接的應(yīng)是平等成分,都作主語(yǔ)或都作賓語(yǔ)等。例如:Shewasthereaswellasme.(誤)ShewasthereaswellasI.(正)五、already、yet、still的區(qū)另U1)already是已經(jīng),用在肯定句中,用在完成時(shí)中比較多,比如IvealreadybeentoLondon.2)yet是還用于否定句,如Ihaventgonethereyet.此外yet還有但是的意思,有時(shí)可以和but互換,比如Theauthoritiesclaimthatthesituationintheareahasbeenundercontrol,yetthefactisnottheca

42、se.(當(dāng)局聲稱此地區(qū)局勢(shì)已得到扌空制,但事實(shí)并不是那么回事.)3)still是仍然,如Heshouldhavebeenkilledintheaccident,butheisstillalive.(他本應(yīng)在事故中喪生,但他活著.)六、ago和before的區(qū)另ago表示“從現(xiàn)在起的若干時(shí)間以前”意思是“距今以前”需和過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)連用。before泛指“從過(guò)去起的若干時(shí)間以前”意思是“距過(guò)去某時(shí)以前”“與其(毋寧)”常和完成時(shí)連用,尤其在間接引語(yǔ)中,如:Hisparentsdiedtenyearsago.Hesaidthathisparentshaddiedtenyearsbefore.I

43、haveneverbeentherebefore.Ivisitedhimthreedaysago,buthehadgonetoShanghaiaweekbefore如果不具體表明多少時(shí)間以前,只用before不用ago,意為“從前、以前”before仍以副詞的形式置于被修飾語(yǔ)后,常與完成時(shí)候過(guò)去時(shí)連用。如:Haveyouseenthisfilmbefore?HeaskedmewhetherIhadbeentotheGreatWallbefore表示在某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間或事件以前時(shí),只用before不用ago,這種用法是將before當(dāng)作介詞或連詞使用。ago不具有這一功能。如:Theywillebac

44、kbeforesixoclock.Itishopedthatthiswillbefinishedbeforetheyear1995.另外,before在句中的含義較多。不少句子中,before雖然引導(dǎo)的也是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),但是譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)卻不必譯為“在以前”如果before引導(dǎo)的從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生得晚或慢,可譯成“才”這是主句主語(yǔ)或是名詞、代詞,或用it作形式主語(yǔ).Hehadalmostknoekedmedownbeforehesawme.Itwillbehoursbeforehearrives.Youmustsowbeforeyoucanreap.如果強(qiáng)調(diào)從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前,主句動(dòng)作已發(fā)生,可譯成“未就

45、”或“還沒(méi)有就”BeforeIcouldgetinawordhehadmeasuredme.LuBanbuiltninepavilions,butbeforehecouldfinishthetenth,heheardacockcrowing.有些句子中的before可譯為“先然后”“先再”Dontcountthechickensbeforetheyarehatched不要樂(lè)觀得太早。Bepupilbeforeyoubeeateacher.先做學(xué)生,再做先生。有些句中的before還可譯為“在內(nèi)”“趁”“沒(méi)”TheyarrivedbeforeIexpected.Studyhardbeforeit

46、istoolate.Ihadbettergonowbeforeitistoolate.Iwillbethroughthisbookbeforethreedayshavepassedbeforesb.knewit一類習(xí)慣說(shuō)法,常譯為“不知不覺(jué)就、“還沒(méi)弄清就、“不知怎么地就,如口TimepassedquicklyandthreemonthswentbybeforeAqiaoknewitHefellfromthetreebeforeheknewit4加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,表示“早已”的意思或使敘述顯得更生動(dòng),ago也可以用于完成時(shí)。如:Ihadthoughtthathehaddiedatleasttwenty

47、yearsago.Infact,Ihavelongtimeagoknownthesecret.在表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情猜測(cè)的“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have+過(guò)去分詞”或“動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式+have+過(guò)去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中,ago也可以和完成時(shí)連用。如:Thebuildingissaidtohavebeendestroyedinafiretwoyearsago.TheincidentmusttakenplaceyearsagoYoucannothavemethimamomentago.Hemayhaveleftanhourago.Havingreadthearticleaweekago,Iknowitverywell

48、典型例題(一)單項(xiàng)選擇時(shí)間副詞的用法主要是用于確定句子時(shí)態(tài)。Thereissomethingwrongwithyourputer.Dontworry.Itorepairittomorrow.A.willeB.cameC.eD.havee程度副詞修飾比較級(jí)WhydontyoulikewinterinBeijing?BecauseitiswinterinGuangzhou.A.ascoldasB.muchcolderthanC.notsocoldasD.notcoldthan定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系副詞3.Istillremembertheparkwefirstmet.A.thatB.whichC.where

49、D.when程度副詞修飾比較級(jí)Theactressisalready50,butshelooksthanshereallyisA.youngB.moreyoungC.moreyoungerD.muchyounger(二)完成句子注意:so-that/too-to/enough句型比較???。副詞在感嘆句中的運(yùn)用比較???。為了聽(tīng)早間新聞,懷特先生經(jīng)常很早起床Mr.Whiteoftengetsupearlyhecancatchtheearlybus.邁克還沒(méi)決定在哪里買房。Mikehasntdecidedanewhouseyet.如果你晚上早些睡,早上就不會(huì)感覺(jué)疲憊。Ifyougotobedearl

50、yatnight,youwontinthemorning.時(shí)間過(guò)得真快呀!thetimepassed!形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化方法如下符合規(guī)則的:情況加法例詞一般情況直接加-er;-estall-taller-tallest以e結(jié)尾的詞加_r;-stnice-nicer-nicest以“輔音+y”結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加-er;-estdry-drier-driestheavy-heavier-heaviest以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的詞輔音字母雙寫,再加-er;-estthin-thinner-thinnest多音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)單詞在詞前加more;mostmor

51、edeliciousmostdelicious(2)幾個(gè)不規(guī)則的形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)如下表:原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)good,wellbetterbestbad,illworseworstmany,muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest二形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的用法級(jí)別比較程度表達(dá)方式和意義例句備注原級(jí)同等程度肯定形式As+原級(jí)+as(像一樣)Artisasinterestingasmusic.Playaswellasyoucan.否定形式not+so(as)+原級(jí)+as(不如那樣)Englishisnotsod

52、ifficultasscienee.ShedoesnotstudysowellasIdo.比較級(jí)不同程度(用于兩者比較)比較級(jí)+than(比)JimisolderthanLuky.Ilikeporkbetterthanbeef.比較級(jí)前面可以加much,far,even,still,alot,alittle,abit等程度加深比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)(越來(lái)越)The+比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)(越,越)Heisgrowingtallerandtaller.Hestudiesbetterandbetter.Themorebooksshereads,thebettersheunderstand.最高級(jí)最

53、高程度(用于三者或三者以上)The+最高級(jí)+of(in)(最)Springisthebestseasonoftheyear.LinTaojumped(the)farthestofall.副詞最高級(jí)前面的the往往省略注意:有些形容詞,如dead,empty,round,sure,woole等受本身含義的限制,沒(méi)有比較級(jí)。例題解析HeisfriendsthanI.A.muchmoreB.manymoreC.verymoreD.toomore解析:后面有可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),many的比較級(jí)形式為manymore修飾。應(yīng)選B.Whichisthecountry,JapanorAustralia?A.mo

54、redevelopedB.moredevelopingC.mostdevelopedD.mostdeveloping解析:兩者比較用比較級(jí),表示發(fā)達(dá)用developed,而developing是發(fā)展中的意思3Therewereshopsinthecityin1982thanin1990.A.littleB.fewC.fewerD.less解析:little不能修飾可數(shù)名詞,兩者比較需用比較級(jí),所以應(yīng)選C.Ifyouarenotfreetoday,eanotherday.A.tooB.soC.insteadD.yet解析:instead作副詞用時(shí)意為代替,頂替,表示前面的事情沒(méi)做,而是做了后面的

55、事。Instead一般位于句首。應(yīng)選C.5Hecanttellus,Ithink.A.importantanythingB.anythingimportantC.importantsomethingD.somethingimportant.解析:不定代詞與形容詞聯(lián)用需后置,否定句中應(yīng)該用anything而不是something.因此應(yīng)選BTheHuangRiveristhesecondriverinourcountry.A.longB.longerC.longestD.thelongest解析:定冠詞the+序數(shù)詞+形容詞最高級(jí)”表示第幾大”應(yīng)選C.Thelightintheofficewas

56、ntforhimtoread.A.enoughbrightB.brightenoughC.brightlyD.enoughbrightly解析:enough修飾名詞時(shí)可前可后,修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí),要后置。應(yīng)選B.Therewasanaccidentatthecorner.,thegirlwasnthurt.A.luckily,badlyB.luck,hardlyC.Lucky,heavilyD.Lucky,strongly解析:第一空修飾全句需用副詞,第二空修飾形容詞hurt也要用副詞,因此選A.Youmustkeepyoureyeswhenyoudoeyeexercises.A.closeB

57、.openC.closedD.,opened解析:此處需用形容詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。應(yīng)選C.Fivedayshaspassed,butIhaventfinishedhalfofthework.,A.alreadyB.stillC.tooD.yet解析:already與yet都可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。Already常用于肯定句,而yet常用與否定句。應(yīng)選D.三形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)的其他用法(1)和冠詞連用the+形容詞原級(jí)+v(復(fù)),指一類人或物Wthe+形容詞比較級(jí),指兩者中“較的的那一個(gè),eg.theyoungerofthetwoa/an形容詞比較級(jí)eg.Thepenisexpensive.Iwan

58、tacheaperone.(a)most形容詞最高級(jí)“非?!眅g.amostbeautifulcity(2)相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)原級(jí)比較:肯定句as.as.,否定句notso/as.as.比較句:比較級(jí)+than.或more(less).than.Thefurnitureinthisshopislessbeautifulthanthatinthatshop.(注意代詞that的用法)比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)或moreandmore+比較級(jí)“越來(lái)越richerandricher,moreandmoreinterestingThemore.,themore-.“越,越Themoreyoulookatthepic

59、ture,thebetteryouwilllikeit.比較級(jí)+thananyother+n.(單)(適用于范圍一致時(shí))y(all)other+n.(復(fù))Jany+n.(單)(適用于范圍不一致時(shí))Heistallethananyotherstudent/allotherstudentsinhisclass.anystudentinmyclass.倍數(shù)表達(dá)法。rAisthree(four,etc.)timesthesize(height,lengthetc.)ofB.Aisthree(four,etc.)timesasbig(high,long,etc.)asB.Aisthree(four,et

60、c.)timesbigger(higher,longer,etc.)thanB.用times表倍數(shù)通常用于三倍以上,兩倍可以用wice或double.Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesize(theheight)oftheoldone.這座新樓比那座舊樓大三倍(高三倍)。AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亞洲比歐洲大三倍。Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.你們的學(xué)校比我們的學(xué)校大三倍。morethan結(jié)構(gòu),其意往往是ratherthar,可譯為“是而不是”或顛倒詞序譯作“與其說(shuō)是,不如說(shuō)是”Thatli

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