機(jī)械畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文連接片級進(jìn)模具設(shè)計說明書

1、 如需要圖紙等資料，聯(lián)系QQ1961660126研究成果的嚴(yán)肅態(tài)度以及向讀者提供有關(guān)信息的出處，正文之后一般應(yīng)列出參考文獻(xiàn)表引文應(yīng)以原始文獻(xiàn)和第一手資料為原那么。所有引用別人的觀點(diǎn)或文字，無論曾否發(fā)表，無論是紙質(zhì)或電子版，都必須注明出處或加以注釋。凡轉(zhuǎn)引文獻(xiàn)資料，應(yīng)如實說明。對已有學(xué)術(shù)成果的介紹、評論、引用和注釋，應(yīng)力求客觀、公允、準(zhǔn)確。偽注、偽造、篡改文獻(xiàn)和數(shù)據(jù)等，均屬學(xué)術(shù)不端行為致謝一項科研成果或技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,往往不是單獨(dú)一人可以完成的,還需要各方面的人力,財力,物力的支持和幫助.因此,在許多論文的末尾都列有致謝1) 著錄參考文獻(xiàn)可以反映論文作者的科學(xué)態(tài)度和論文具有真實、廣泛的科學(xué)依據(jù)，也反映

2、出該論文的起點(diǎn)和深度。2) 著錄參考文獻(xiàn)能方便地把論文作者的成果與前人的成果區(qū)別開來。3) 著錄參考文獻(xiàn)能起索引作用。4) 著錄參考文獻(xiàn)有利于節(jié)省論文篇幅。01 Brown, H. D. Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language PedagogyM. Prentice Hall Regents, 1994.02 Brown, J Set al. Situated Cognition and the Culture of LearningJ. Educational Reasercher, 1, 1989.03 Chr

3、is, Dede. The Evolution of Constructivist Learning Envi-ronments: Immersion in Distributed Virtual WorldsJ. Ed-ucational Technology, Sept-Oct, 1995.學(xué)位申請者如果能通過規(guī)定的課程考試，而論文的審查和辯論合格，那么就給予學(xué)位。如果說學(xué)位申請者的課程考試通過了，但論文在辯論時被評為不合格，那么就不會授予他學(xué)位。有資格申請學(xué)位并為申請學(xué)位所寫的那篇畢業(yè)論文就稱為學(xué)位論文，學(xué)士學(xué)位論文。學(xué)士學(xué)位論文既如需要圖紙等資料，聯(lián)系QQ1961660126是學(xué)位論文

4、又是畢業(yè)論文中華人民共和國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)VDC 001.81、CB 7713-87號文件給學(xué)術(shù)論文的定義為：學(xué)術(shù)論文是某一學(xué)術(shù)課題在實驗性、理論性或觀測性上具有新的科學(xué)研究成果或創(chuàng)新見解的知識和科現(xiàn)象、制定新理論的一種手段，舊的科學(xué)理論就必然會不斷地為新理論推翻。斯蒂芬梅森因此，沒有創(chuàng)造性，學(xué)術(shù)論文就沒有科學(xué)價值。三、創(chuàng)造性學(xué)術(shù)論文在形式上是屬于議論文的，但它與一般議論文不同，它必須是有自己的理論系統(tǒng)的，不能只是材料的羅列，應(yīng)對大量的事實、材料進(jìn)行分析、研究，使感性認(rèn)識上升到理性認(rèn)識。一般來說，學(xué)術(shù)論文具有論證色彩，或具有論辯色彩。論文的內(nèi)容必須符合歷史唯物主義和唯物辯證法，符合“實事求是、“有的放

5、矢、“既分析又綜合 的科學(xué)研究方法。一般普通刊物省級、國家級審核時間為一周，高質(zhì)量的雜志，審核時間為14-20天。核心期刊審核時間一般為4個月，須經(jīng)過初審、復(fù)審、終審三道程序。3.期刊的級別問題。國家沒有對期刊進(jìn)行級別劃分。但各單位一般根據(jù)期刊的主管單位的級別來對期刊劃為省級期刊和國家級期刊。省級期刊主管單位是省級單位。國家級期刊主管單位是國家部門或直屬部門。如需要圖紙等資料，聯(lián)系QQ1961660126前言冷沖模是實現(xiàn)冷沖壓加工的根本工藝裝備，沖壓件的外表質(zhì)量尺寸精度，生產(chǎn)效益均于模具結(jié)構(gòu)及其合理關(guān)系很大，模具的設(shè)計水平直接反映了冷沖壓技術(shù)水平的上下，因此，冷沖模的合理設(shè)計具有重要的意義。

6、我國在機(jī)械加工行業(yè)比其他興旺國家落后很多，這不僅僅是技術(shù)上的落后，人才的緊缺也是我國機(jī)械加工行業(yè)的一個難以逾越的瓶頸。所以近年來，國家在機(jī)加工方面不斷加大投入力度，在引進(jìn)一批先進(jìn)技術(shù)的同時，不斷投入人力、物力，以培養(yǎng)最新一代數(shù)控型人才做好堅實根底。而作為我們一個機(jī)械專業(yè)的學(xué)生，怎樣才能設(shè)計一副合格、優(yōu)秀的沖模設(shè)計呢？首先，我們的根底知識一定要扎實。俗話說，百年基業(yè)，始于基石。沒有了豐富和扎實的機(jī)加工知識，怎么可以設(shè)計出一副好的模具呢？其次便是要求我們要有嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)淖鍪略敲春驼J(rèn)真的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度，在不斷的錯誤和進(jìn)步中找到最適合自己的設(shè)計要求的方案。最后，我們對自己的設(shè)計要不斷的進(jìn)行檢驗，直到合格為止。目

7、 錄一、論文我國機(jī)械制造業(yè)管理信息化特點(diǎn)及開展趨勢1二、工藝分析13三、確定工藝方案13四、工藝與設(shè)計計算14五、計算各主要零件的尺寸16六、受力部件的受力計算與設(shè)計 eq oac(,1)沖裁力16 eq oac(,2)卸料力16 eq oac(,3)推件力16 eq oac(,4)頂件力的計算16七、壓力中心確實定與計算17八、排樣圖與搭邊值及條料寬度計算17九、沖模主要零部件的設(shè)計與選用18十、模架及零件19十一、其它支承零件19十二、緊固件20十三、繪制模具裝配圖20十四、繪制模具工作零件圖20十五、畢業(yè)設(shè)計心得21十六、參考文獻(xiàn)23論文我國機(jī)械制造業(yè)管理信息化特點(diǎn)及開展趨勢前言制造業(yè)特

8、別是機(jī)械制造業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)，現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)正在改變著人們的生產(chǎn)方式、生活方式、經(jīng)營管理模式乃至社會的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和文化。由于中國潛在的巨大市場和豐富的勞動力資源，世界的制造業(yè)正在向中國轉(zhuǎn)移，中國正在成為世界的制造大國。我國在家電等假設(shè)干產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量已居世界第一位。但是在自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的創(chuàng)新設(shè)計、先進(jìn)制造工藝和裝備及現(xiàn)代化管理等方面仍然存在很大差距，所以我們還不是制造強(qiáng)國。本文僅就機(jī)械制造企業(yè)目前管理中存在的問題、如何利用信息技術(shù)提高管理水平、管理信息化的特點(diǎn)和技術(shù)開展趨勢作一些研究，供機(jī)械制造企業(yè)制定信息化方案時參考。1. forewords The manufacturing industry

9、specially is the mechanical manufacturing industry is the national economy pillar industry, the modern manufacturing industry is changing peoples production method, the life style, the management management pattern and even societys organizational structure and the culture. As a result of the Chines

10、e latent giant market and the rich labor force resources, the world manufacturing industry is shifting to China, China is becoming the world the manufacture great nation. Our country and so on certain products output has occupied the first in the world in the electrical appliances. But in independen

11、t aspect and so on intellectual property rights innovation design, advanced manufacture craft and equipment and modern management still had the very big disparity, therefore we make the powerful nation. Does this article only at present manage the question on the machine manufacture enterprise which

12、 exists, how using the information technology enhancement management level, the management information characteristic and the technological development tendency does some research, formulates when the information plan for the machine manufacture enterprise refers.2機(jī)械制造企業(yè)目前管理中存在問題中國機(jī)械制造業(yè)經(jīng)過幾十年的努力已經(jīng)具有相

13、當(dāng)?shù)囊?guī)模，積累了大量的技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗。但是隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的形成，由于中國潛在的巨大市場和豐富的勞動力資源，國外的技術(shù)、資金、產(chǎn)品大量涌入中國，中國企業(yè)面臨前所未有的國內(nèi)外劇烈的競爭局面。競爭要求企業(yè)產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代快、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量高、價格低、交貨及時、效勞好。這些市場競爭的武器與企業(yè)管理的模式、管理方法、管理手段、組織結(jié)構(gòu)、業(yè)務(wù)流程密切相關(guān)。然而中國企業(yè)及人們的思想意識由于受到30-40年方案經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響，上述競爭武器與興旺國家相比存在很大差距。1生產(chǎn)方案控制的模式落后尚未實施ERP的機(jī)械制造企業(yè)幾乎100%采用臺套方案的方式。即以產(chǎn)品最長生產(chǎn)周期作為構(gòu)成產(chǎn)品各種物料的采購提前期和生產(chǎn)提前期。過分夸大的

14、提前期是造成庫存和在制品儲藏高，流動資金占用大的根本原因。生產(chǎn)方案與采購方案脫節(jié)，零件成套水平差，不能準(zhǔn)時交貨。或者用高儲藏來保交貨期。距離現(xiàn)代管理方法物料需求方案MRP、準(zhǔn)時生產(chǎn)JIT、供給商管庫房VMI、同步生產(chǎn)相差甚遠(yuǎn)。2企業(yè)應(yīng)變能力差今天的市場瞬息萬變，需求多樣化。按訂單裝配MTO，按訂單制造MTO，按訂單設(shè)計MTD，大規(guī)模定制MC。品種規(guī)格繁多，生產(chǎn)、采購異常復(fù)雜。從客戶銷售設(shè)計生產(chǎn)采購財務(wù)本錢，需要一個完整的供給鏈管理，才能動態(tài)快速地響應(yīng)客戶需求，適應(yīng)千變?nèi)f化市場和客戶定制化的要求。3本錢計算不準(zhǔn)確，本錢控制差人工本錢核算一般只能計算產(chǎn)品本錢，無法計算零部件本錢。本錢費(fèi)用分?jǐn)偤艽郑?/p>

15、大量本錢數(shù)據(jù)采集是人工歸集的，數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確性很差，使得本錢計算不準(zhǔn)確。一般不進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)本錢的計算，也很少進(jìn)行本錢分析，因此本錢控制差。4信息分散、不及時、不準(zhǔn)確、不共享制造業(yè)產(chǎn)、供、銷、人、財、物是一個有機(jī)的整體，他們之間存在大量信息交換。然而人工管理信息分散、缺乏完善的根底數(shù)據(jù)，信息分散、不及時、不準(zhǔn)確、不共享、大大影響管理決策的科學(xué)性。5科層式的組織機(jī)構(gòu)而不是面向業(yè)務(wù)流程的扁平化的組織，一般業(yè)務(wù)流程不合理，業(yè)務(wù)流程的管理和控制不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，隨意性大。6缺乏標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、制度化、程式化的管理，管理的優(yōu)劣因人而異。盡管通過ISO9000制定了一系列的程序文件，執(zhí)行的效果可因企業(yè)和管理者而異。7管理工具落

16、后，大局部企業(yè)仍處于手工分散管理或微機(jī)單項管理的階段。有的企業(yè)也建立了全廠的計算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，但應(yīng)用仍是分散的，沒有實現(xiàn)信息的共享和資源的優(yōu)化配置。8現(xiàn)代化管理的新思想、新方法、新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用差。例如：敏捷制造AM、虛擬制造VM、準(zhǔn)時生產(chǎn)JIT、客戶關(guān)系管理CRM、供給鏈管理SCM、商業(yè)智能BI、電子商務(wù)EC、企業(yè)資源方案ERP等。2. machine manufactures enterprise at present manages has the problem The Chinese mechanical manufacturing industry passed through for se

17、veral dozens years diligently already to have the suitable scale, accumulated the massive technologies and the experience. But along with the world economics integration formation, as a result of the Chinese latent giant market and the rich labor force resources, the overseas technology, the fund, t

18、he product massively wells up into China, the Chinese enterprise faced with the unprecedented domestic and foreign keen competition aspect. The competition request enterprise product renewal quick, the product quality high, the price low, the delivery is prompt, serves. These market competitions wea

19、pons and business management pattern, management, management method, organizational structure, service flow close correlation. However Chinese enterprise and peoples ideology because receives 30-40 year planned economy the influence, the above competition weapon and the developed country compare the

20、 existence very big disparity. (1) productive plan control pattern backwardness not yet implements ERP the machine manufacture enterprise nearly 100% to use the wrap plan the way. Namely proposes the earlier period and the production by the product longest production cycle as the constitution produc

21、t each kind of material purchase proposes the earlier period. Excessively exaggerating proposes the earlier period is creates the stock and the goods in process stockpiles high, the floating capital takes the big basic reason. The productive plan and purchases the plan to come apart, the components

22、complete set level error, cannot punctually deliver. Or with high stockpiles guarantees the date of delivery. Plans MRP from the modern management material demand, punctually produces JIT, the supplier manages storehouse VMI, the synchronized production is far from. (2) the enterprise strain capacit

23、y difference today market is fast changing, demand diversification. Assembles MTO according to the order form, makes MTO according to the order form, designs MTD according to the order form, large-scale has custom-made MC. Variety specification many, the production, the purchase exceptionally is com

24、plex. From the customer - sale - design - production - purchase - finance - cost, needs a complete supply chain management, can dynamic fast respond the customer demand, adapts the ever changing market and the customer has custom-made request. (3) cost finding, the cost control difference artificial

25、 cost accounting generally only cannot calculate the product cost, is unable to calculate the spare part cost. The cost expense shares very thickly, the massive costs data acquisition is artificially gathers together, the data accuracy is very bad, causes cost finding plate out of true. Generally do

26、es not carry on the standard cost the computation, also very little carries on the cost analysis, therefore cost control difference. (4) the information disperses, is inferior to when, does not share the manufacture immovable property, for, sells, the person, the wealth, the thing is an organic whol

27、e, between them has the massive exchange of information. When artificially manages the information to disperse, to lack the consummation the foundation data, the information disperses, is inferior to, does not share, the tremendous influence management decision-making scientific nature. (5) the bran

28、ch level -like organizations and agencies but are not face the service flow the flat organization, the general service flow is unreasonable, the service flow management and the control is not standard, is at will big. (6) lacks standardized, standardized, the institution, the formula management, the

29、 management fit and unfit quality is different from person to person. Although has formulated a series of procedures document through ISO9000, the execution effect may because of the enterprise and the superintendent but different. (7) manages the tool to be backward, the majority of enterprises sti

30、ll were in the manual disperser management or the microcomputer single item management stage. Some enterprises have also established the entire factory computer network, but applied was still dispersible, has not realized information sharing and the resources optimized disposition. (8) modern manage

31、ment new thought, new method, new technical application difference. For example: Agilely makes AM, hypothesized makes VM, punctually produces JIT, the customer relations manages CRM, supplies the chain to manage SCM, commercial intelligence BI, electronic commerce EC, the enterprise resources plans

32、ERP and so on.3用信息技術(shù)提高機(jī)械制業(yè)管理水平上述目前管理中存在的問題嚴(yán)重地影響著企業(yè)管理水平、管理效率和企業(yè)的競爭能力。采用現(xiàn)代化的管理思想、方法和計算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信技術(shù)，實現(xiàn)機(jī)械制造企業(yè)的管理創(chuàng)新、制度創(chuàng)新和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新是擺在每個企業(yè)面前刻不容緩任務(wù)。所以建立聯(lián)接廠內(nèi)外的計算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信系統(tǒng)，選擇先進(jìn)、成熟、適合企業(yè)管理需求的企業(yè)資源方案ERP、客戶關(guān)系管理CRM、供給鏈管理SCM、商業(yè)智能BI、電子商務(wù)EC等軟件系統(tǒng)，通過管理咨詢和業(yè)務(wù)流程重組，優(yōu)化設(shè)計企業(yè)的組織機(jī)構(gòu)、管理模式、業(yè)務(wù)流程，應(yīng)用上述軟件系統(tǒng)，實現(xiàn)企業(yè)管理的信息化。以克服目前企業(yè)管理中存在的問題，提高企業(yè)管理水平、管理效

33、率和企業(yè)的競爭能力，是企業(yè)面對知識經(jīng)濟(jì)和全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化做出的必然選擇。系統(tǒng)建設(shè)的目標(biāo)是：1建成一個覆蓋全公司的計算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的管理信息系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)使企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營實現(xiàn)物流、資金流、信息流和工作流的高度統(tǒng)一與并行運(yùn)作，并通過Intranet、Internet實現(xiàn)企業(yè)內(nèi)、外部充分的信息交流及企業(yè)與外界的聯(lián)系，形成有效的敏捷供需鏈系統(tǒng)。2采用先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)方案控制方法。打破臺套方案的方式，按各種物料的采購提前期和生產(chǎn)提前期編制物料需求方案。建立一個有效、靈活的由主生產(chǎn)方案、物料需求方案和車間作業(yè)方案的三級方案所組成的生產(chǎn)方案管理體系，最大限度的縮短產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)周期、采購周期、準(zhǔn)時交貨，快速響應(yīng)客戶需求，最大限

34、度的降低庫存和本錢，提高售后效勞水平。有條件的企業(yè)推行準(zhǔn)時生產(chǎn)JIT、供給商管庫房VMI、同步生產(chǎn)等先進(jìn)管理方法。3實現(xiàn)全公司根底數(shù)據(jù)如物料數(shù)據(jù)、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計工藝數(shù)據(jù)、生產(chǎn)能力數(shù)據(jù)等統(tǒng)一生成、統(tǒng)一維護(hù)和統(tǒng)一管理，供經(jīng)授權(quán)的各相關(guān)部門使用，真正做到數(shù)出一家、數(shù)據(jù)共享，防止冗余。通過ERP系統(tǒng)的建立和實施進(jìn)一步理順企業(yè)的管理程序，做到管理的制度化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和科學(xué)化。4針對目前各管理部門中信息分割的情況，建立以客戶為中心的動態(tài)信息反響和監(jiān)控體系，實現(xiàn)對每項任務(wù)從合同簽訂、設(shè)計、生產(chǎn)、采購、本錢核算到成品發(fā)貨全過程的動態(tài)跟蹤，使每項任務(wù)處于有效的監(jiān)控之下。5加強(qiáng)財務(wù)管理和健全本錢核算功能。真正

35、建立起二級本錢核算體系，采用先進(jìn)的本錢核算方法，較為準(zhǔn)確地核算出零部件本錢和產(chǎn)品本錢，為銷售報價和財務(wù)核算提供可靠依據(jù)。進(jìn)行本錢分析，找出降低本錢的因素，有效降低本錢。6使用計算機(jī)加強(qiáng)質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計分析。充分利用質(zhì)量檢測數(shù)據(jù)，利用多種分析方法，進(jìn)行深入的統(tǒng)計和分析。有力地監(jiān)督和提高質(zhì)量水平。7通過計算機(jī)實現(xiàn)企業(yè)的信息化管理，將廣闊管理人員從繁瑣的手工勞動中解放出來，使他們有時機(jī)學(xué)習(xí)管理理論和提高管理技能，從本質(zhì)上提高企業(yè)管理人員的管理水平。3. raises the mechanical system industry management level with the information

36、 technology The above at present manages the question which exists seriously to affect the business management level, the management efficiency and enterprises competitive ability. Uses modernized the management thought, the method and the computer network communication, realizes the machine manufac

37、ture enterprises management innovation, the system innovation and the technical innovation is suspends in front of each enterprise the urgent duty. Therefore inside and outside the establishment joint factory computer network communications system, the choice advanced, is mature, the suitable busine

38、ss management demand enterprise resources plansERP, the customer relations managesCRM, supplies the chain to manageSCM, commercial intelligenceBI, software systemand so onelectronic commerce EC, through management consultation and service flow reorganization, optimized design enterprises organizatio

39、ns and agencies, management pattern, service flow, application above software system, realization business management information. Overcomes the question which in at present business management exists, raises the business management level, the management efficiency and enterprises competitive abilit

40、y, is the enterprise the inevitably choice which makes facing the knowledge economy and the whole world economic integration. The system construction goal is: (1) completes to cover the entire company the computer network management information system. This system causes the enterprise the productio

41、n management realization class, the fund class, the information flow and the work flows is highly unified and the parallel operation, and throughIntranet,in the Internet realization enterprise, exterior full information exchange and the enterprise and the outside relation, forms the effective agile

42、supply and demand chain system. (2) uses the advanced productive plan control method. Breaks the wrap plan the way, proposes the earlier period and the production according to each kind of material purchase raises the earlier period establishment material demand plan. Establishes effectively, is nim

43、ble the productive plan management system which by the host productive plan, the material demand plan and the workshop work plan three levels of plans is composed, maximum limit reduces the product production cycle, the purchase cycle, the punctual delivery, the fast response customer demand, maximu

44、m limit reduces the stock and the cost, raises the post-sale service level. Has the condition the enterprise to carry out punctually producesJIT, the supplier manages storehouseVMI, the synchronized production and so on the advanced management. (3) realizes the entire company foundation data (for ex

45、ample material data, product structure data, product design craft data, productivity data and so on) unifies the production, the unification maintains and unifies the management, for uses after authorized each related department, truly achieves several, data sharing, avoids the redundancy. Furtherst

46、raightens outthe enterprise through the ERP system establishment and the implementation the executive program, achieves the management the institution, the standardization and the scientific style. (4) in view of at present each control section in the information division situation, establishes take

47、 the customer as the central dynamic information feedback and the monitoring system, realizes signs, the design, the production, the purchase, the cost accounting end product to each duty from the contract delivers goods the entire process dynamic track, causes each duty to be in under the effective

48、 monitoring. (5) strengthens the financial control and the perfect cost accounting function. Truly establishes two levels of cost accounting system, uses the advanced cost accounting method, a more accurate core figures out the spare part cost and the product cost, is the sales quoted price and the

49、financial calculation provides the reliable basis. Carries on the cost analysis, discovers reduces the cost the factor, effectively reduces the cost. (6) uses the computer to strengthen the quality data the statistical analysis. The full use quality examination data, the use many kinds of analysis m

50、ethod, carries on the thorough statistics and the analysis. Powerfully supervises and raises the quality level. (7) through the computer realization enterprises information management, liberates the general administrative personnel from the tedious manual labor, enable them to have the opportunity t

51、o study the management theory and the enhancement management skill, from essentially raises the business management personnels management level. 4中國機(jī)械制造業(yè)管理的特點(diǎn)機(jī)械制造業(yè)與其它制造業(yè)的管理具有共性也有個性；機(jī)械制造業(yè)本身隨著生產(chǎn)類型，生產(chǎn)批量，生產(chǎn)組織方式不同其管理方法存在差異；中國的制造業(yè)與興旺國家相比，由于企業(yè)文化、法律、制度的不同也有其特殊性。下面就這些特點(diǎn)加以論述：1機(jī)械制造業(yè)是典型的離散制造業(yè)，其管理軟件根據(jù)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)類型，生產(chǎn)批

52、量，生產(chǎn)組織方式不同，需要不同的解決方案。下列圖列出生產(chǎn)類型的劃分：這些制造類型的特征：離散制造不同的物料經(jīng)過非連續(xù)的移動，通過不同路徑，生產(chǎn)出不同的物料和產(chǎn)品。如汽車、機(jī)床、飛機(jī)、計算機(jī)、家電等。流程工業(yè)物料經(jīng)過混合、別離、成型或者化學(xué)反響，物料大多連續(xù)地通過相同路徑，生產(chǎn)出有價值的產(chǎn)品。它又分為連續(xù)生產(chǎn)、批量生產(chǎn)和混合制造幾種類型。在管理上要求配方管理、副產(chǎn)品、聯(lián)產(chǎn)品、多種計量單位，同一物品多個質(zhì)量等級、批號跟蹤、保質(zhì)期等特點(diǎn)，一般用專業(yè)流程工業(yè)軟件。單件生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品按訂單設(shè)計、按客戶需求生產(chǎn)，產(chǎn)品很復(fù)雜。產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)周期一般都很長。有時一個合同按部件屢次交貨。如三大動力廠大電機(jī)、汽輪機(jī)、鍋爐重型

53、機(jī)械、造船等。生產(chǎn)組織按工藝劃分，設(shè)備是通用的。生產(chǎn)管理中除應(yīng)用多品種小批量生產(chǎn)的整套方法外，需增加網(wǎng)絡(luò)方案工程管理，關(guān)鍵資源排序。這里CRM就并不重要。多品種小批量生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的或選配的。需求可以是預(yù)測，或按訂單生產(chǎn)，按訂單裝配。生產(chǎn)組織按工藝特征分車間、工段、班組，如鑄、鍛、鉚、焊、車、銑、刨、磨、裝配等。生產(chǎn)方案的特征是典型的MRPII加配置控制。他們也需要CRM，SCM等。大批量生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或少數(shù)選配。需求主要靠預(yù)測，也考慮訂單。生產(chǎn)設(shè)備是以物料零件、部件為對象組成一條條流水生產(chǎn)線。生產(chǎn)方案的特征是將傳統(tǒng)MRPII與JIT混合制造，中長期方案和批量生產(chǎn)的零件采用物料需求方案MRP，

54、執(zhí)行方案采用JIT、看板電子看板、反沖庫存、條碼物料跟蹤等方案。CRM，電子商務(wù)就很重要。大規(guī)模定制將多品種小批量生產(chǎn)以滿足不同客戶個性需求和大批量生產(chǎn)提高生產(chǎn)率，降低本錢的優(yōu)勢相結(jié)合。生產(chǎn)組織仍是流水線，但產(chǎn)品配置是多種多樣。在生產(chǎn)方案控制方面它需要結(jié)合MRP、JIT、配置控制等綜合應(yīng)用。是前兩種的混合制造模式。所以，企業(yè)生產(chǎn)類型不同，在選擇ERP軟件時要按這些不同的管理特征去尋找滿足企業(yè)需求的軟件。你是個年產(chǎn)10萬輛汽車的生產(chǎn)廠，軟件中沒有JIT我看就不適宜。你是個重型機(jī)械廠，他產(chǎn)品中沒有工程管理，關(guān)主件質(zhì)量跟蹤，我看也不行。另外，不同的企業(yè)管理的重點(diǎn)也不盡相同，有的企業(yè)銷售非常復(fù)雜，但生

55、產(chǎn)簡單。有的采購和生產(chǎn)制造非常復(fù)雜，但一年只有幾個合同，銷售管理并不重要。所以，一定要辯證施治、對癥下藥。2由于東西方文化的差異，使得我們必須重新審視西方ERP系統(tǒng)在中國的應(yīng)用問題。西方以“法為重心的管理模式，所以西方ERP系統(tǒng)是根據(jù)以法為重的企業(yè)文化、政府的政策法令、規(guī)章制度、稅收政策、設(shè)計開發(fā)的；比擬重時間進(jìn)度，重方案，以保證交貨期為目標(biāo)，以時間方案為主線，以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化為根底，強(qiáng)調(diào)在正確的時間將正確的物料按正確的量送到正確的地方。軟件功能和邏輯符合所在國政府的政策法令、規(guī)章制度、稅收政策。人們嚴(yán)格遵守合約，重方案、守紀(jì)律。應(yīng)當(dāng)說，ERP較好地解決了興旺國家的制造企業(yè)的集成化管理問題。東方以“情

56、為特質(zhì)的管理哲理，這種管理由于偏重于人的作用和價值實現(xiàn)，卻忽略制度效應(yīng)和條例管理，從而表現(xiàn)出在強(qiáng)調(diào)人事關(guān)系方面理性精神表現(xiàn)得充分，而在強(qiáng)調(diào)任務(wù)和規(guī)那么方面，理性精神表現(xiàn)得不充分。因此，法規(guī)制度的不嚴(yán)，人事關(guān)系過多，理性精神缺乏，正是中國式管理的缺陷和缺乏之處。其在管理上的表現(xiàn)，就是較多考慮“后果。所謂的“主人翁精神，否認(rèn)是管理者還是被管理者，都注重自己行為的價值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，他們重承諾，輕合約；重調(diào)度，輕方案；重情感，輕制度；隨意性強(qiáng)，守時性差。所以西方ERP在中國的應(yīng)用必須注重對人的價值觀的管理。所以建立責(zé)權(quán)利相結(jié)合的，全面進(jìn)行企業(yè)績效管理是非常必要的。3ERP這個現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)的管理工具，它有其社會屬

57、性和自然屬性兩個方面。就其自然屬性而言，中外企業(yè)沒有多大差異。它們都追求最大限度的縮短生產(chǎn)制造周期，降低本錢，降低庫存，準(zhǔn)時交貨，快速響應(yīng)客戶需求。因此ERP的普遍原理是中外適用的。但就其社會屬性而言，企業(yè)管理受國家政策法令、規(guī)章制度、稅收政策、市場環(huán)境的影響。因此ERP一定要考慮國情化。例如，ERP中的財務(wù)軟件，它必須符合中國財政部公布的會計準(zhǔn)那么和會計電算化的要求。在現(xiàn)階段還要處理“三角債；以物易物的“磨帳處理；在本錢核算中保存方案價逐步接轉(zhuǎn)，差異分?jǐn)偟姆椒?；既有財?wù)應(yīng)收帳，還要記錄銷售應(yīng)收帳；雙重工時定額等。4中國機(jī)械制造業(yè)的管理是最復(fù)雜的。機(jī)械制造業(yè)由于物料品種規(guī)格多，生產(chǎn)不連續(xù)，生產(chǎn)

58、制造過程復(fù)雜，所以機(jī)械制造業(yè)的管理比其他制造業(yè)復(fù)雜。另外，中國機(jī)械制造業(yè)與國外興旺國家相比仍然是大而全，小而全的生產(chǎn)組織模式，專業(yè)化分工沒有像國外那樣細(xì)，中國企業(yè)內(nèi)部的管理相對國外要復(fù)雜，所以中國機(jī)械制造業(yè)的管理是最復(fù)雜的。4. Chinese mechanical manufacturing industry management characteristic The mechanical manufacturing industry has the general character with other manufacturing industries management also t

59、o have the individuality; Mechanical manufacturing industry itself along with production type, production batch, production organization way different its management existence difference; Chinas manufacturing industry and the developed country compare, because the enterprise culture, the law, the sy

60、stem different also have its particularity. Under performs on these characteristics to elaborate: (1) the mechanical manufacturing industry is the typical separate manufacturing industry, its management software basis enterprises production type, the production batch, the production organization way