汽車照明系統(tǒng)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文翻譯

1、 Automotive lighting汽車照明系統(tǒng)Magneti Marelli 譯 名 馬瑞利 國(guó) 籍 EnglandFrom Wikipedia一輛汽車的照明系統(tǒng)包括照明及信號(hào)裝置安裝在前方、后方、兩邊，還有一部分安裝在汽車頂部。當(dāng)汽車在巷道和車流多的地方行駛時(shí)，燈光很明顯的提醒其他司機(jī)和行人注意到車輛的存在、位置、大小、方向等并知道駕駛者的意圖和行駛速度。緊急車輛常常帶有獨(dú)特的照明設(shè)備，以提醒司機(jī)和表明交通優(yōu)先。早期的道路車輛用燃料燈作為車前照明燈。例如，第一次引進(jìn)的福特 T 型車的頭燈和尾燈是用油燈。它并沒(méi)有在市場(chǎng)上作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)功能，經(jīng)過(guò)幾年所有車輛由電氣照明。發(fā)電機(jī)，1908年第一次在

2、汽車上使用，20 世紀(jì) 20 年代普遍使用。制動(dòng)尾燈在 1915 年開(kāi)始研究，1919 年投入使用。1936 到 1940 年密封前照燈在美國(guó)作為唯一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)類型。自動(dòng)取消轉(zhuǎn)彎信號(hào)開(kāi)始于1940 年。到了 1945 年，大燈和信號(hào)燈被納入汽車結(jié)構(gòu)，1960 年，歐洲開(kāi)發(fā)了鹵素前照燈光源。1991 年開(kāi)始制作了 HID 車燈。1993 年，大批量生產(chǎn)的汽車上安裝了LED 尾燈。21 世紀(jì)的前十年里，LED 等大量增加。白熾燈泡是長(zhǎng)在所有汽車照明設(shè)備中使用的光源。許多類型的燈泡都說(shuō)過(guò)了。由制造商使用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的型數(shù)字用于標(biāo)識(shí)燈泡同規(guī)格?；乜赡芫哂幸粋€(gè)或兩個(gè)聯(lián)系人、 塑料或玻璃楔形或雙線循環(huán)或箍在管狀

3、繩燈具上使用刺刀類型。螺絲燈座燈永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)使用在汽車應(yīng)用中由于其振動(dòng)下松動(dòng)。方向燈與內(nèi)部或外部鏡片使用無(wú)色的燈泡;相反，燈與無(wú)色鏡片可能使用紅色或黃色的燈泡來(lái)為各種功能提供所需的顏色的光。通常，21 到 27 瓦，生產(chǎn) 280 至 570W （22 至 45 平均球面光） 用于停止，燈泡轉(zhuǎn)，扭轉(zhuǎn)前后霧燈，而 4 到 10W 的燈泡，生產(chǎn) 40 到 130 W (3 到 10 平均球面光 ) 用于尾燈、停車燈、 側(cè)標(biāo)志燈和側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)向燈中繼器。Led 被用在汽車燈的次數(shù)越來(lái)越多。他們提供很長(zhǎng)的使用壽命，耐極端振動(dòng)，并且可以允許淺得多的包裝相比，大多數(shù)燈泡類型的程序集。發(fā)光二極管也提供潛在的安全效益時(shí)從事

4、停車燈，因?yàn)榻油娫磿r(shí)他們上升到充分的強(qiáng)度大約250 毫秒為單位 （ 秒） 快比白熾燈泡。此快速上升的時(shí)間，不僅提高了剎車燈，故意誤傳但可能與增加的時(shí)間作出反應(yīng)的停車燈外觀后還提供以下驅(qū)動(dòng)程序。然而，不顯示這個(gè)更快的上升時(shí)間使汽車,剎車燈可能從追尾。發(fā)光二極管首先被應(yīng)用于汽車照明中心高位剎車燈，在 80 年代末開(kāi)始。采用發(fā)光二極管乘用車上的其他信號(hào)功能逐漸增加對(duì)技術(shù)和相關(guān)的樣式更新的需求。在北美，2000 年凱迪拉克 Deville 是第一輛客車，與 LED 尾燈。 2002 年起亞歐菲萊斯 / 雇傭了早期的 LED 前面轉(zhuǎn)信號(hào)。 2007 年奧迪 R8 跑車使用兩個(gè)條狀的光學(xué)聚焦高強(qiáng)度發(fā)光二

5、極管為其白天運(yùn)行燈。在北美以外是世界上第一個(gè) LED 頭燈由鋁汽車照明的奧迪 R8 是可選的。低和遠(yuǎn)光位置停車燈和前轉(zhuǎn)向燈和所有 led 的意思。雷克薩斯 LS600h 功能 LED 低梁位置、 側(cè)標(biāo)志燈在北美，以及 2009 年卡迪拉克凱雷德白金利用發(fā)光二極管為低和高的橫梁，以及位置和側(cè)標(biāo)志燈。梅賽德斯-奔馳 S 級(jí) (W222) 根本沒(méi)有非 LED 燈，即使是在最基層的修剪。分配的照明1 在光的分配系統(tǒng)，光從單個(gè)源發(fā)送 viaoptical 纖維或光導(dǎo)到它在汽車所需要的地方。光導(dǎo)常用應(yīng)用到分布式光的儀表板顯示和溢價(jià)車輛開(kāi)始使用分布式系統(tǒng)照明門鎖、 窗口控件和杯架等項(xiàng)目。此外探討了分配外部照

6、明，高強(qiáng)度中央的光源。緊急車輛 lightingEmergency 如火引擎、 救護(hù)車、 警車、 除雪車輛和拖車通常配有強(qiáng)烈警告燈的特定顏色。這些可能是機(jī)動(dòng)旋轉(zhuǎn)信標(biāo)、氙氣頻閃燈、 或 Led 陣列。105 規(guī)定的顏色不同的管轄權(quán);在大多數(shù)國(guó)家，藍(lán)色和紅色特別警告燈用于警察、 消防和醫(yī)療急救車輛。在美國(guó)和一些其他司法管轄區(qū)，琥珀色指示燈是拖車、 私人保安人員、 工程車輛和其他非官方的特別服務(wù)車輛，則志愿消防員使用紅色、 藍(lán)色或綠色，根據(jù)管轄權(quán)。在美國(guó)它是違反了交通部 （運(yùn)輸部） 任何非緊急車輛 （警察/消防/救護(hù)車） 操作的任何一種面向前方紅燈車輛統(tǒng)一法典 。在美國(guó)的汽車僅有紅色的尾燈，也沒(méi)有藍(lán)

7、色的燈光;顯示 （或不閃爍） （向前） 紅燈車輛向一名司機(jī)，走來(lái)，或后面的驅(qū)動(dòng)程序 （在后視鏡里） 表明，官方緊急車輛來(lái)，要求要產(chǎn)量，從拉到路邊，或否則擺脫其方式的驅(qū)動(dòng)程序。美國(guó)的部分州允許緊急車輛都有藍(lán)色的指示燈，可以開(kāi)啟來(lái)警告司機(jī)緊急車輛在行動(dòng);藍(lán)色和紅色的燈光可以被結(jié)合，向前-和/或面向后方也。在英國(guó)，醫(yī)生可以用綠色的警示燈，雖然這些不允許用戶要求任何免除道路交通規(guī)例 相比，藍(lán)色的燈光，由法定的緊急服務(wù)在響應(yīng)時(shí)使用。特別警示燈，通常呈琥珀色，也有時(shí)被安裝在緩慢和/或?qū)挼能囕v，如移動(dòng)式起重機(jī)、 挖掘機(jī)、 拖拉機(jī)和在一定條件下甚至代步車。2 The lighting system of a

8、motor vehicle consists of lighting and signalling devices mounted orintegrated to the front, rear, sides, and in some cases the top of a motor vehicle.This lights theroadway for the driver and increases the conspicuity of the vehicle, allowing other drivers andpedestrians to see a vehicles presence,

9、 position, size, direction of travel, and the drivers intentionsregarding direction and speed of travel. Emergency vehicles usually carry distinctive lightingequipment to warn drivers and indicate priority of movement in traffic.HistoryEarly road vehicles used fueled lamps, before the availability o

10、f electric lighting. For example, thefirst introduced Ford Model T used carbide lamps for headlamps and oil lamps for tail lamps. It didnot have all-electric lighting as a standard feature until after several years on themarket. Dynamos for automobile headlamps were first fitted around 1908 and beca

11、mecommonplace in 1920s automobiles. Tail lamps and brake lamps were introduced around 1915, andby 1919 dip headlamps were available. The sealed beam headlamp was introduced in 1936 andstandardised as the only acceptable type in the USA in 1940. Self-cancelling turn signals weredeveloped in 1940. By

12、1945 headlamps and signal lamps were integrated into the body styling.Halogen headlamp light sources were developed in Europe in 1960. HID headlamps were producedstarting in 1991. In 1993, the first LED tail lamps were installed on mass-production automobiles. LEDheadlamps were introduced in the fir

13、st decade of the 21st century.Light sourcesThe incandescent light bulb was long the light source used in all automotive lighting devices.Many types of bulbs have been used. Standardized type numbers are used by manufacturers toidentify bulbs with the same specifications. Bases may be bayonet-type wi

14、th one or two contacts,plastic or glass wedge, or dual wire loops or ferrules used on tubular festoon lamps. Screw-baselamps are never used in automobile applications due to their loosening under vibration. Signal lampswith internal or external coloured lenses use colourless bulbs; conversely, lamps

15、 with colourlesslenses may use red or amber bulbs to provide light of the required colours for the various functions.3 Typically, bulbs of 21 to 27 watts, producing 280 to 570 lumens (22 to 45 mean sphericalcandlepower) are used for stop, turn, reversing and rear fog lamps, while bulbs of 4 to 10 W,

16、producing 40 to 130 lm (3 to 10 mscp) are used for tail lamps, parking lamps, side marker lamps andside turn signal repeaters.LEDs(Light emitting diodes) are being used with increasing frequency in automotive lamps. They offervery long service life, extreme vibration resistance, and can permit consi

17、derably shallower packagingcompared to most bulb-type assemblies. LEDs also offer a potential safety benefit when employed instop lights, because when power is applied they rise to full intensity approximately250 milliseconds ( second) faster than incandescent bulbs.106 This fast rise timenot only i

18、mprovesthe intentional conspicuity of the stop lamp,citation needebdut could also provide following drivers withincreased time to react to the appearance of the stop lamps. However, this faster rise time has notLEDs were first applied to automotive lighting in centre high mount stop lamps (CHMSL), b

19、eginning inthe late 1980s. Adoption of LEDs for other signal functions on passenger cars is gradually increasingwith demand for the technology and related styling updates. In North America, the 2000 CadillacDeville was the first passenger car with LED taillights.108 The 2002 Kia Opirus/Amanti was an

20、 earlyadopter of LED front turn signals. The 2007Audi R8 sports car uses two strips of optically focusedhigh-intensity LEDs for its daytime running lamps. Optional on the R8 outside North America was theworlds first LED headlamp made by AL-Automotive Lighting. The low and high beams along with thepo

21、sition (parking) lamp and front turn signal are all realised with LEDs. The Lexus LS 600h features LEDlow beam, position and side marker lamps in North America, and the 2009 Cadillac Escalade Platinumuses LEDs for the low and high beams, as well as for the position and side marker lamps.The Mercedes

22、-Benz S-Class (W222) has no non-LED lamps at all, not even in the most basic trim level.4 In distributive light systems, the light from a single source is sent viaoptical fibres or lightguides to wherever it is needed in the automobile. Light guides are commonly used to distributivelylight dashboard

23、 displays,and premium vehicles are beginning to use distributive systems for lightingsuch items as door locks, window controls, and cup holders. Distributive exterior lighting has also beenMainarticle:vehiclelightingEmergencyas fireengines,ambulances, police cars, snow-removal vehicles and tow truck

24、s are usually equippedwith intense warning lights of particular colours. These may be motorised rotating beacons,xenon strobes, or arrays of LEDs.105 The prescribed colours differ by jurisdiction; in mostcountries, blue and red special warning lamps are used on police, fire, and medical-emergency ve

25、hicles.In the United States and some other jurisdictions, amber lights are for tow trucks, private securitypersonnel, construction vehicles, and other nonofficial special-service vehicles, while volunteerfirefighters use red, blue, or green, depending on jurisdiction. In the U.S. it is a violation o

26、f the D.O.T.(Department of Transportation) Uniform Vehicle Code for any non-emergency vehicle(Police/Fire/Ambulance) to operate forward-facing red lights of any kind. Cars in the U.S. only have redtail-lights, and no blue lights; a vehicle displaying a red (forward-facing) light (flashing or not) comingtowards a driver, or from behind the driver (in rear view mirror) indicates that an official emergencyvehicle is coming, requ