淺析英語中的性別歧視現(xiàn)象

1、淺析英語中的性別歧視現(xiàn)象abstratlanguageplaysaniprtantrleinsiety.asaphenennfsiety,languagerefletsallthesidesfhuansietynaturally.sexisisaphenennthattakesaale-as-nrattitude,trivializing,insultingrrenderingeninvisible.asaspeialsialphenenn,sexisisinevitablyrefletedthrughlanguage.tstartith,thethesistraesthereasnsfrth

2、eurrenefsexisintheenglishlanguage.innature,sexisinlanguagerefletssexisinsiety.thetarelselyrelated.sialnntatinsfsexisinenglishtelltherelatinshipbeteenphenennfsexisinlanguageandessenefsexisinsiety.thenthethesisanalysessexisintersfthegeneriasuline,rdrderandseantidergatinfeningreaterdetail.finally,alarg

3、epartfthethesisisntributedththangesexisinenglish.theauthrfthethesisthinksthekeyttheprbleis:(1)slvetheprblefgeneriprnuns;(2)neutralizelexis;(3)strivefrbalanednaingandaddressingsyste;(4)innerrespndingrds.theeliinatinflinguistisexisliesinsialhange.nlybyhangingthesialstruture,thatis,enandennreallyequals

4、tatus,anlanguageequalitybetrulyahieved.keyrdssexis;englishlanguage;lexialneutralizatin;feinis摘要語言在社會中所處的地位尤為重要。作為一種社會現(xiàn)象的語言，必然會反映出人類社會的各種社會觀念。性別歧視作為這其中的一種，是指把男性視作社會標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和中心，輕視，侮辱女性或使她們顯得微缺乏道。而這一特定的社會現(xiàn)象必然會在語言中折射出來。論文首先剖析了英語中性別歧視現(xiàn)象形成的根源。從本質(zhì)來說，語言中的性別歧視是社會中性別歧視的表達(dá)。兩者嚴(yán)密相連。性別歧視的社會內(nèi)涵反映的就是這種語言中的性別歧視現(xiàn)象與社會中的性別歧視的

5、本質(zhì)的關(guān)系。接著論文從陽性詞泛指，詞序，詞義的貶降等方面對英語中的性別歧視現(xiàn)象進(jìn)展了詳細(xì)的分析。最后論文還著力討論如何改變這種歧視。作者認(rèn)為，改變性別歧視主要解決以下幾個問題：(1)防止陽性代詞的泛指；(2)詞匯的中性化；(3)命名與稱謂的對等；(4)創(chuàng)造新的對應(yīng)詞。語言中的性別歧視的最終消亡取決于社會變化。只有改變社會構(gòu)造，即男女真正擁有平等的地位，語言中的平等才能真正實(shí)現(xiàn)。消除語言中的性別歧視的根本在于實(shí)現(xiàn)男女的平等的社會變革。關(guān)鍵詞性別歧視；英語語言；詞匯中性化；女權(quán)主義1.intrdutinasthepeuliarresultfthedevelpentfhuansiety,langua

6、geisakindfsialphenennandrefletsallthesidesfhuansietynaturally.itsexisteneanddevelpentarelselylinkediththesialattitudesfhuanbeingsandtagreatextentareaffetedbytheirsialviesandvalues.histriallyandsilgially,ursietyisan-rientedandan-entered.en,regardedasaeakergenderinsiety,aredisriinatedfralngtieandplete

7、lysubrdinatedinplitiallife,enilifeandevenfailylifeinthesietydinatedbyen.unavidably,thiskindfphenennhasbeenebdiedinlanguages.inlinguistiaspet,languageisbias-basedandensufferfrlanguagesexis.gender-differentiatedlanguageuseanrefletandhelpperpetuatethesubrdinatestatusfeninsiety.sine1960s,feinistsstrivef

8、rtheeliinatinfgenderdisriinatin,frthegreaterregnitinfensntributinstsietyandaithangeanyulturalandsialuststhatperpetuatepatriarhalvaluesystes.anyfieldsflifearundtherldhavebeen,rarebeing,affetedbythisveent.neftheanyipatsfeinisnsietyisitsipatnlanguage.languageasandisseenbyanyfeinistsasaperfulinstruentfp

9、atriarhy.2.thefatrsfsexisintheenglishlanguagesexisinenglishisntfredinneday,butbuiltupinthelngperidfthedevelpentflanguage,hihleadstthevarietyftheauses.hatausesthesexisintheenglishlanguage?therearefurfatrs:ulturalfatr,physilgialfatr,sialfatrandpsyhlgialfatr.(1)ulturalfatrinthehlybible(thebksftheldtest

10、aent):“sthelrdgdausedadeepsleeptfallupnthean,andheslept;thenhetknefhisribsandlsedupitsplaeithflesh.andtheribthatthelrdgdhadtakenfrtheanheadeintaanandbrughthertthean.thentheansaid,thisatlastisbnefybnesandfleshfyflesh;thisneshallbealledan,frutfanthisneastaken.1anaettherldfirsthileanadefrnefansribsasre

11、atedjustasahelpeetfrhi.andsheasntreateduntilalltheranialsfailedteetthesatisfatinfthean.frtherderfthebirth,itisbviustseethedifferentiprtanefanandan.andanandanarentequalatallbeauseanisnlyapartfan,hihitselfisthedisriinatinagainsten.itissaidinthehlybiblethatthefirstsinisalsittedbythean.sheasseduedbythes

12、nakeinteatingthefruitfthetreeftheknledgefgdandevilandhavingtheaneat,t.atlast,theanaspunishedtbringfrthhildreninpainandasruledverbythean.frabve,thesuperirityfenandinferirityfenislearlyseen.thehlybibleisatuallyabkfen.ashristianityissuhaperfulreligininesternuntries,itisunreasnabletdenythatthishelpstset

13、andnslidatetheinferirityfen.(2)physilgialfatrfrextendedrkandlifetgether,peplerealizedthatenaretallinstature,strnginusleandrbustinphysique.inntraryten,enaresallinstature,eakinphysiqueandhaverefatandlessuslethanen.enalsaturererapidly.2inard,enarestrngerthanen.thisdeterinesthatenplayareandreiprtantrlei

14、nsialandenilives.aansjbistrkutsidebutaansjbiststayathe,dthehuserkandtakearefthehildren.enaretreatedastheeakernesandtheyrealizetheirnvaluesthrughtheirarriagesten.atlast,enarelerinstatus.theyhavetleehntenandaredinatedbyen.gradually,peplebegintdisriinateenandthinkthattheyareinferirinintelligene.thisrng

15、perspetivefrssllyandrefletsinlanguage.(3)sialfatr(labrdivisin)feinistsalllaithateliveinapatriarhalsiety:asietyfen,ruledbyenandfren.patriarhydepitsenastheperfetnragainsthihenareeasuredandfundlaking.bththeesternandeasternsietiesusesex,tnedegreeranther,inallatingtasks,ativities,rights,andrespnsibilitie

16、s.asfrthejbdnebyenanden,thereisalng-steretypedntinfhattheyand.inhistry,therehasbeenadivisinflabr-adivisininhihensplaeasrestrainedathefrhuserkandhild-arehileenrkedutsidebeingthebreadinner.atlast,enhaddinaneveren,andenhadtbedependentnen.thisastheturningpintfren.frthenn,inpaternalsiety,slaverysietyanda

17、pitalistsiety,enhadbeennthebttfsiety.inlngandendlessursefhistry,sexisagainstenhasbeenauulated.itisduetdifferentlabrdivisinthatleadstdifferentsialstatus.thishasbeenlearinanientanddernsiety.later,inadditintdestirk,enbegantenterthepaidrkplae.hever,eventhughhalffenareeplyedutsidethehe,thebeliefpersistst

18、hatanisainly,andpriarily,intherlesfifeandther.duetensrelativephysialeaknessandlereduatinalbakgrund,theydpriarilythel-status,l-payingjbs.althughenalshavefailyrles,theyaredefinedpriarilybytheirenirupatinalpsitin.thusthesexisinthesietyhasbeeninexistene,theebdientfhihisneessarilythesexisflanguage.(4)psy

19、hlgialfatrbeausefthesialandulturalfatrs,enarealaysnsideredtbetheeak.pepletreatenasinferirten.theyeduateentbeanly,deisive,andbravehileenarerequiredtbeplite,nservative,bedient,andgentle.beauseenareinsubrdinatestatusinthesiety,theyhavetnstraintheiretinandgiveuptheirnneedteetthesatisfatinfen.astiepasses

20、,henspeakingenpayreattentinttheeleganeandstandardflanguagethanen.theyuserepleasantandpliterdsinthehpethattheyanreeivethersapprval.andtheyaretaughttspeaksftly,tavidntraditingthers,tbebedientinuniatin,andtbeaarefgivinguesfstrngnfidene.theyuldtheselvestbeinferirintheirptentialsubnsiusness.3therefre,ent

21、rytheirbesttstrengthentheirsialstatusthrughtheirspeehthanend.thelerenspsitinis,thereplitetheyareinthefaefthers.andthestandardlanguagetheyuseanshtheirsubissinandpliteness.thisalssuggeststhatenareinalerpsitininthesiety.3.phenenafsexisintheenglishlanguage3.1thegeneriasulinesexisinlanguageingeneralesint

22、hreeajrfrs:languageignresen;itdefinesenaslesssignifiantthanen;anditpletelyppsesen.theyanbelatedinthegeneriasulineters.3.1.1generiprnunsgeneriprnunsareprnunsthataresaidtrefer,ithequallikelihd,tenanden.buttheenglishlanguageignresenbyallingasulineterstbeusedspeifiallytrefertalesandnlytreferthuanbeingsi

23、ngeneral.thegeneriprnun“heisperhapsthestellknnexaplefthegender-speififsexistlanguage,andisfrequentlyreferredtbe“he/anlanguage.thestsignifiantanifestatinfthesexisisintheusefgeneriasulineprnuns“heanditsvariants“his,“hiand“hiselfinsuhsentenesas:(1)hehlaughslastlaughsbest.(2)everyneustdhisherkell.(3)ifa

24、nynealls,tellhiiillbebaklater.(4)heabveexaples,“he,“his,“hiand“hiselfareusedntsex-speifially,butgenerially,thatis,althughtheprnunsrefergraatiallytthesinglealeitizen,theyshuldbetakentrefertbthaleandfealeitizensingeneral.nthefralasins,he,hirhisanbeusedtrefertsuhin

25、definiteprnunsaseah,everyne,everybdy,nne,sene,anyneandsn.hileshe,her,herselfdnthavesuhusages.3.1.2generinunsantherell-knnexaplefgeneriasulinetersis“an.thedefinitinsf“aninxfrdadvanedlearnersenglish-hineseditinary(extendedfurtheditin)areasflls:adultalehuanbeing;huanbeingfeithersex;persnsing(ithutthera

26、)thehuanrae;ankind.thereareseexaplestakenfrtheditinary.allenustdie.gringldissethingaanhastaept.anisrtal.4frthesedefinitinsandexaples,itiseasytseethat“an,and“enanbeusedgeneriallytrefertbthaleandfeale.butanandenanntbeeplyedinrefereneten.thisalsreindspeplefthefaussayingfrtheusdelaratinfindependene:“all

27、enarereatedequal.shuldpeplearguethatthe“endesntinludeenbeauseenerentgiventherighttvteintheeighteenthenturyaeria?5alearexplanatinfthisphenennaybefundinsentenelike:(1)anisasialanial.(2)enreakenature.henseeingthethreesentenes,speakersfenglishareabletreadilyinterpret“anand“enaseaning“thehuanrae;“huankin

28、d.ifnt,thetsentenesuldbehangedint(3)anisasialanial.(4)enreakenature.furse,theyaregraatiallyellfred;seantially,hever,thethirdsentenehasthedefetfbeingpartial,andthefurthsenteneisveryridiulus.frabve,neanknthatinenglishusing“anr“entindiate“thehuanrae,negletsthefatthatenandenareequalinthesiety.byntraries

29、,theytreatanastheenterfsiety,anebdientfriterinandttallyignretheexistenefan.6thereareanythergeneriasulineterssuhasan-t-an,prehistrian,brtherhd,hairan,andpliean.3.1.3enbeingattahedtentheenglishlanguagedistinguishesensurtesytitlesnthebasisfaritalstatus,butntthsefen.thereisnlynefrfaddressfren,r.,regardl

30、essfartialstatus.hever,theartialstatusfenisdistinguishedbyissandrs.,refletingthentinthathetherrntaanisinaarriage.thisdisriinatrypratieissaidtarktheavailabilityfenintersfarriage(sex)andreinfrestheviethataanistheprpertyfaan(eitherherfatherrherhusband).henaanhasbeenarried,pepleaddressheras“rs.plusherhu

31、sbandssurnae.thatistsay,ifaanisarriedtsebdy,shehasnrighttbetreatedlikeanunarriedlady.astaan,thatsadifferentatter.frexaple:inenglish-speakinguntries,yuanftenhearsenealltheifefjhnsith“rs.jhnsith.thereisnexeptinffausadaeurie,rs.thather,andrs.gandhi.7rs.thatheristhefrerprieinisterinuk.hever,fepepleknher

32、nfailynaes.8r.lintnsife,hilarylintn,asaliberatedan,kepthernaehilaryrdhaafterarriage.butinrderthelpherhusbandintheeletin,shehadthangehernae.frtheaddressfenanden,neanlearlyseethesubissivepsitinfenandenareerelyanextensinftheirhusbandsrpartftheirhusbandsestate.thisalsrefletsinthelanguage.3.1.4fealeasane

33、xeptinenglishitselfhasndifferenefgender.butinthisan-enteredsiety,pepleisusedtbelievingthatprestigepersnarealaysales.hever,aanhnereeivesgreatppularityisregardedasaspeialexeptin.anyprfessinalssuhasdtr,prfessr,engineer,layer,pilt,judge,surgenanbeusedtindiatebthalesandfeales.buthenindiatingfealespsitin,

34、prfessinal,et.,theserdsarereatedbyaddingabundrpheerbybiningtheithardreferringtfeale.9beausethesesatisfatryjbsaretraditinallyvieedasnesqualifiednlybyales.enarejusttheappendantten.therdsbelanbestillustrateit:ngenderasulinegenderfeininegenderaiteraiteraitressherherherinepiltpiltanpiltdtrdtrandtrsurgens

35、urgenfealesurgenlayerlayerladylayerinterestingly,heneheartherpeplesay“yusinisalayer.,stpeplealaysnludethatyusinisaale.stfthetie,henevererefertaan,ehavetelabratelyaddan,fealerladybefreanyprfessinals.buttherprfessinalslikeseretary,nurse,typist,reeptinist,dressaker,areftenusedtindiatefeales.hentheyareu

36、sedtrefertales,yushuldaddaleranbefrethe,suhas:alenurse,aletypist,andaleseretary.itakeslearthatennplizethehighstatusprfessinals.enannlydservierkrlsialstatusrk.englishisakindfsuperasulinelanguage.thisanbeeasilyseeninpundrdsfredbyrdplusanstruture,suhashairan,businessan,ngressan,nesan,statesan,salesan,a

37、ilan,pliean,andspkesan.frtheserds,eaneasilyknthatalesaretheenterfthesiety.thesejbsareertainlytakenbyalesandenarepletelyexluded.inadditin,therearesefealeprfessinalsfredbyaddingthebundrpheesuhasess,-inetthert.frexaple:alefealepetpetessprineprinessgdgddessuntuntessherherinethiskindfrd-fratinseesttellth

38、atenarederivedfrenandattahedten.thesedisriinatrypratiesftenakeeninvisibleandtreatthesendary.3.1.5rdrdersexisinlanguageisalsrefletedinrdrder.henenandenarepresentedtgether,usuallyrdsdentingalesexareputinfrntffealesex.akingfealesesendrefletsthesexistattitudethatenaresuperirten.itisnthardtfindale-fealer

39、drderpairsinenglishliterature,nespaper,agazinesasellasinspeeh,suhasaleandfeale,husbandandife,fatherandther,bysandgirls,hisandhers,snanddaughter,brtherandsister,hstandhstess,kingandqueen,adaandeveandsn.natterinbksrnradi,evenindailydialgue,eanftenreadandhearsuhrds:(1)gdrning,bysandgirls!(2)theyuldhave

40、alledalesandfealestgtshltgether.suhalanguagephenennseestappearsunquestinablynaturalastbeidelyaeptedasalanguagenr.hever,therearealsasesinhihale-fealerderisreversed,frexaplebrideandgr,andladiesandgentleen.thefrershsthatarriageisiprtanttenandthelatterisinfluenedbythentinthatenshuldprteten.puttingladies

41、befregentleendesntshthatenareresuperirtenrladiesfirst,butindiatesthatinensind,en,thesaeashildren,aretheeakernes.103.2seantidergatinfenlanguagehasatendenytnegleten,treatenassubissinandalsdeeanen.11thepressfrdsthatrefertenaquiringdeeaningrsexualnntatinshasbeenidelybserved,andhasbeenalledseantidergatin

42、.3.2.1nn-parallelseantidevelpentsfpairedtersanysilinguistshavelaiedthatrdsbeenegativehenshiftedintthefealesphere,hilealehasreainedpureandneutral.frexaple:(1)kingandqueenneisasuline,thetherfeinineandbthean“rulerfanindependentstate.kinghasretaineditsinitialeaning,butbesidesthereeaningfqueen,queenisals

43、usedas“adisparagingterfragayrhsexualan.(2)asterandistressbthftheindiatesenehpssessesand/rhasperversenersethingelse.frexaple:“heisyaster.usuallyeans“heisybss.r“hehasreperthane.hile“sheisyistress.isrelikelytbeinterpretedaseaningsheisyilliitlver.istressriginallyreferstaaninapsitinfauthrity,ntrl,andners

44、hip,astheheadfahusehldlikeahusekeeper,butitipliesaanhhasantinuingsexualrelatinshipithausuallyarriedanhisntherhusbandandfrhshegenerallyreeivesaterialsupprt.(3)izardandithbthftheanbeusedtrefertpepleithevilagipers.izardalshasaeaningfpersnithextrardinaryabilities,hileitheansanuglyldan.(4)sirandadasirand

45、adabthanbeusedtreferthighstatuspeple.adaisusedfrerlyasaurtesytitlebefreaansgivennaebutnusednlybefreasurnaertitleindiatingrankrffierusedasafrfpliteaddressfraan.unlikesir,adaisalsusedtrefertabrthelkeeper.therearealsanytherexaplessuhaslrdandlady,gvernrandgverness.theexaplesitedabvedeeanenratherthanen.3

46、.2.2seantillatinandhange(1)seantillatininenglish,ardayhavedifferentnntatinshenitisusedtdesribedifferentsexes.frexaple:ipsinga.heisipsing.b.sheisipsing.senteneaeans“heisipressiveandadirable.hilesentenebuldbeinterpretedteanthat“sheisdisgustingandapatheti.henthesexhanges,sdestheeaning.lselseseesaneutra

47、lrdfrbthaleandfeale.but“alseanreindspeplef“aannsideredtbesexuallyprisuushereas“alseanjusteans“aasualan.12trapitisdefinedas“apersnithnherjb,handersfrplaetplaer“aannsideredtbesexuallyiral(esp.inaerianenglish).intheexaple,he/sheisatrap.frtheale,trapreferstavagranthereasfrthefealeitaneanthatsheisprisuus

48、.frtheabve,eanseethatthesaerdshiftsfrbeingpsitivetbeingnegativeneithasvedfrreferringtaaletafeale.13(2)seantihangebesides,rds,hihbeginitheitherneutralrpsitivenntatinsvertie,aquirenegativeipliatinsandfinallyendupas“sexualslurs.frexaple,theterhussyderivesfrldenglishhusif(“huseife),hiheans“thefealeheadf

49、thehuse.thetergraduallydeteriratedt“arustirudeanandfinallyestean“anindeent,ipudentanrprstitute.143.2.3etaphrlanguageexiststallustuniateithneanther.tthisend,languageservestpurpses:tuniatehaturrealityisandalshateishittbe.sifeidentifyatraitinalanguage,suhassexisrtherfrsfprejudie,thisnlyrevealsaprejudie

50、thatexistsinsiety.language,inpartiularetaphr,helpsfrsialreality.thereareanyetaphrstdesribeafeale.butftenithasattallydifferenteaning.(1)fdetaphrsefdrdsanalsbeusedtrefertfeales,suhasheeseake(奶酪蛋糕裸體女畫)，herry(櫻桃處女)，kie(點(diǎn)心得意的女人)，rupet(松脆餅性感女人)，tart(果餡餅妓女)，tat(西紅柿漂亮女人),hney(蜜糖寶貝、親愛的),piee(點(diǎn)心女人)，peah(桃子漂亮女

51、人)andsn.enftenusetheserdstexpresstheirappreiatinten.iteveninludestheeaningthatentreatenasdlls.15(2)anialetaphrtherearealsanyrdsshingnteptfren.theyebdysexualdisriinatinbutstillenjygreatppularity.frexaple:hik(小雞少女)，kitten(小貓活潑年輕的姑娘)，bith母狗潑婦，at(貓丑婦、賤婦、討厭的女人)，dragn(龍倔強(qiáng)的女人)，hen(母雞愛管閑事的女人),(奶牛子女多的女人、妓女)，

52、rne(老母羊干癟的丑老太婆)andare-hrse(母馬粗聲大氣、肥胖固執(zhí)的女人)andsn.16theseareallpejrativetersfren,beauseanialsarensideredtbeinferirthuanbeingsntheearth.susinganialstrefertfealesindiatesthatfealesareinferir.theseantidergatinfenhelpstnstrutfealeinferirityandbeauseenarenfinedtnegativeters,enntinuetbedevalued.4.signsfthef

53、adingfsexisintheenglishlanguagelanguageisntnlyusedtexhangeideas,nveyinfratin,butalsusedtsetupandaintaintheharniusrelatinshipbeteenhuanbeings,reateandkeeptheeffetiveuniatinenvirnentangsialebersandgrups.anyfrfsexistlanguage,hethernpurpsernt,illprbablystandffrffendsesialeberrgrup.languageandlanguageuse

54、irrrsialattitudesandsteretypesandbias.alngiththeensliberatinveent,peplebegantrealizetheiprtanefthelanguagerefranddesexisbeesneessary.then,shuldsexistlanguagebehangedravided?theanserisdefinitelypsitive,buth?theainstrategiesheretahievethisgalareavidingtheusefgeneriasuline,hangingsenaingandaddressingte

55、rs,iningnerdsandadvatingseneutralrds.4.1avidingusinggeneriasulineprnunslinguistsengagedinstudyfsexisintheenglishlanguagearentsatisfieditherelypintinguttheprble.asaslutinttheprblesthatthegeneriasulineanreate,anuberfprpsalshavebeenade.aajrategryangtheseslutinsistavidusinggeneriasuline.sealternativesta

56、vidgeneriasulinearefferedasflls:(1)thegeneriasulinehe,his,hishuldbereplaedithhershe,hisrher,hirher,andthelike,hihexpresslyindiatethatenareinludedintheanteedentftheprnuns.thisstrategyanbeillustratediththefllingsentene:everygditizenshuldlvehisrheruntryrethanhirherself;hersheshuldbereadytdiefritifthene

57、edarises.(2)thegender-neutralthirdpersnprnuntheyanditsvariantsshuldbeusedithasingulareaning.theprpsalakesitpssibletsay:everygditizenshuldlvetheiruntryrethantheselves;theyshuldbereadytdiefritiftheneedarises.(3)hangingthehlesenteneintpluralfranalshelptavidsexis.lkatthesentene:anyneantakepartinthepinii

58、fheisinterested.itisdisriinatry.seanhangeitintannsexistne:allpepleantakepartinthepiniiftheyareinterested.(4)setiesthefirstandsendprnunsareusedtreplaehe.listanexaple:nehastbearefulhenherssestherad.bviusly,itusehetrefertapersnhsesexisunknn.eanhangeitint“yuhavetbearefulhenyursstherad.tavidthedisriinati

59、n.(5)ifperitted,thesenteneanbehangedintpassivevietbennsexist.insteadfsaying“neshuldntlsehearthenheisbeateninaath.,neuldbeabletsay“neshuldntlsehearthenbeateninaath.(6)drppingtheasulineprnunanalsbeseenasausefulaytesapefrgenderbias.17thefllingsenteneanhelptknthestrategybetter.anybdyanattendtheeetingifi

60、nterestedinit.beingdisriinatry,itisrittenint“anybdyanattendtheeetingifheisinterestedinit.feinistsregardasulineprnunsasbeingabiguusanddisriinatryagainstenbeausetheyanbeinterpretedasbeingasuline-speifirneutralandthus,inseases,beinterpretedasntreferringtenatall.sitistiethatasulineprnunserehanged.theabv