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1、Introduction to Civil Engineering PapersZhang Liwei(China Machine PRESS,Beijin 100081)Absttracct:Civvil enggineeeriing in thee loong hisstorry oof mmankkindd “sciiencce aand theecnoologgy”as sysstemm off ciivill ennginneerringg acctivvityy a subbstaantiial prooducctioon pproccesss .CCiviil eengiinee
2、erinng aand connstrructtionn off ennginneerringg sciiencce aand tecchnoologgy iit rrefeer tto tthe enggineeeriing connstrructtionn cooll ecttiveely objjectts,nnameely,grooundd,buuiltt inn unnderrgroounddenggineeeriing facciliitiees aalsoo reeferrs tto wwateer uusedd maaterrialls ,equuipmmentt annd i
3、insppinsspecctioon iin ddesiign,connstrructtionn,maainttenaancee,reepaiir,eetc.Keywwordds:EEquiipmeent andd innspeectiion in dessignn ArrchiiteccturralcconccepttionnConsstruuctiion EEnviironnmennt pprottecttionnCiviil EEngiineeerinng ffor thee deevellopmmentt off a keyy roole, fiirstt ass a matterii
4、al fouundaatioon ffor thee ciivill ennginneerringg coonsttrucctioon mmateeriaals, foolloowedd byy thhe ssubssequuentt deevellopmmentt off thhe ddesiign theeoryy annd cconsstruuctiion tecchnoologgy. Eveery timme aa neew qquallityy off buuilddingg maaterrialls, civvil enggineeeriing willl bbe aa leeap
5、sstylle ddeveeloppmennt. Peopple cann onnly relly oon tthe earrly earrth, woood andd ottherr naaturral matteriialss inn thhe cconsstruuctiion acttiviitiees, andd laaterr apppeaaredd inn brrickk annd ttilee thhat arttifiiciaal mmateeriaals, soo thhat thee fiirstt huumann too brreakk thhe sshaccklees
6、oof nnatuurall buuilddingg maaterrialls. Chiina in thee elleveenthh ceentuury BC in thee eaarlyy Weesteern Zhoou DDynaastyy crreatted thee tiile. Thhe ffirsst bbricck iin tthe fiffth cennturry BBC tto tthe thiird cennturry BBC, wheen tthe tommb oof tthe Warrrinng SStattes Perriodd. BBricck aand till
7、e bbettter thaan tthe mecchannicaal ppropperttiess off sooil, maaterrialls, andd eaasy to mannufaactuure. The briick andd tiile so thaat ppeopple beggan to apppearr wiidelly, to a llargge nnumbber of houusinng cconsstruuctiion andd urrbann flloodd coontrrol proojecct, andd soo onn. TThiss ciivill en
8、nginneerringg teechnnoloogy hass beeen rappid devveloopmeent. Upp too 188 too thhe 119thh ceentuury, ass loong as twoo thhoussandd yeearss, bbricck aand tille hhas beeen aa maajorr ciivill ennginneerringg coonsttrucctioon mmateeriaals, huumann ciivillizaatioon hhas madde aa grreatt coontrribuutioon
9、tto tthe eveen wwas alsso wwideely useed iin tthe preesennt. The apppliccatiion of a llargge nnumbber of steeel prooduccts is thee seeconnd lleapp inn ciivill ennginneerringg. SSeveenteeen 19770s thee usse oof ppig iroon, thee eaarlyy ninneteeentth ccentturyy, tthe usee off wrrougght iroon bbriddges
10、s annd tthe connstrructtionn off hoousiing, whhichh iss a preeludde tto tthe emeergeencee off stteell. Fromm thhe bbegiinniing of thee miidniinetteennth cennturry, mettalllurggicaal iinduustrry,ssmelltinng aand rolllinng oout higgh ttenssilee annd ccomppresssivve sstreengtth, ducctillityy,unnifoormi
11、ity of thee quualiity of connstrructtionn stteell annd tthenn prooducce hhighhstrrenggth steeel wirre, steeel cabbless. AAs aa reesullt oof tthe neeed tto aadappt tto tthe devveloopmeent of thee stteell sttruccturre hhavee beeen floouriishiing. Inn adddittionn too thhe aappllicaatioon oof tthe oriig
12、innal beaam, arcch sstruuctuure, thhe nnew truuss, a fraamewworkk, tthe strructturee off neetwoork, caablee sttruccturres to proomotte tthe graaduaal eemerrgennce of thee sttruccturre oof YYan in thee foorm of floowerrs. Fromm thhe bbricck bbuilldinng llonggspaan sstruuctuuress, sstonne sstruuctuure
13、ss, aa feew mmeteers of woood, steeel strructturee too thhe ddeveeloppmennt oof ttenss off meeterrs, a ffew hunndreed mmeteers, unntill mooderrn kkm aabovve. So in thee riiverr, ccrosss tthe briidgee frrom sheelvees, on thee grrounnd ssincce tthe connstrructtionn off skkysccrapperss annd hhighh-riis
14、e towwer, evven in thee laayinng oof uundeergrrounnd rraillwayy, tto ccreaate an unppreccedeenteed mmiraaclee. In oordeer tto mmeett thhe nneedds oof tthe devveloopmeent of steeel worrks, onn thhe bbasiis oof NNewttons mmechhaniics, maaterriall meechaaniccs, strructturaal mmechhaniics, sttruccturral
15、 enggineeeriing dessignn thheorry ccamee innto beiing, annd sso oon.CConsstruuctiion macchinneryy,consstruuctiion tecchnoologgy aand connstrructtionn orrgannizaatioon ddesiign theeoryy allso devveloopmeent, ciivill ennginneerringg frrom thee exxperriennce of rissingg too beecomme sscieencee, eengiin
16、eeerinng ppraccticce aand theeoreeticcal bassis forr booth is a ddifffereent plaace, whhichh leed tto mmoree raapidd deevellopmmentt off ciivill ennginneerringg. Duriing thee niinetteennth cennturry, 20, maade of Porrtlaand cemmentt, cconccrette hhas comme oout. Cooncrretee caan aaggrregaate matteri
17、ialss, eeasyytocooncrretee sttructuuress foormiing, buut tthe tennsille sstreengtth oof cconccrette iis vveryy smmalll,limiitedd usse. By thee miiddlle oof tthe ninneteeentth ccentturyy, tthe surrge in steeel prooducctioon, witth tthe emeergeencee off thhis neww tyype of reiinfoorceed cconccrette cc
18、ompposiite connstrructtionn maaterrialls, whiich beaar tthe tennsioon ssteeel, conncreete beaar tthe preessuure andd pllay theeir ownn addvanntagges. Siincee thhe bbegiinniing of thee 200th cennturry, reiinfoorceed cconccrette iis wwideely useed iin vvariiouss fiieldds oof cciviil eengiineeerinng. F
19、romm thhe bbegiinniing of thee 19930ss, ttherre hhavee beeen preestrresssed conncreete.Prestrresssed conncreete strructturee off thhe ccracck rresiistaancee, rrigiiditty aand carrryiing cappaciity, muuch higgherr thhan thee reeinfforcced conncreete strructturee, wwhicch uusess ann evven widder areea
20、. Civvil Enggineeeriing intto tthe reiinfoorceed cconccrette aand preestrresssed conncreete domminaant hisstorricaal pperiiod. Cooncrretee buuilddinggs tto bbrinng aabouut tthe e-mmerggencce oof nnew ecoonommic, aeesthhetiic sstruuctuure in thee foorm of enggineeeriing, ciivill ennginneerringg soo t
21、hhat a nnew connstrructtionn teechnnoloogy andd ennginneerringg deesiggn oof tthe strructturee off thhe ttheoory. Thhis is anootheer lleapp inn thhe ddeveeloppmennt oof cciviil eengiineeerinng. The chaaraccterristticss off Ciivill Ennginneerringg.A prrojeect to buiild thee faacillitiies in genneraal
22、 tto ggo tthrooughh thhe iinvesttigaatioon, dessignn annd cconsstruuctiion in thrree staagess, rrequuiree thhe uuse of geoologgicaal pprosspecctinng pprojjectts, hyddroggeollogiicall suurveey, enggineeeriing surrveyy, ssoill meechaaniccs, mecchannicaal eengiineeerinng, enggineeeriing dessignn,builld
23、inng mmateeriaals, coonsttrucctioon eequiipmeent, ennginneerringg maachiinerry,bbuilldinng tthe ecoonommy , Annd ootheer ddisccipllinees aand connstrructtionn teechnnoloogy, coonsttrucctioon aand othher fieeldss off knnowlledgge, as welll aas ccompputeer aand mecchannicaal ttesttingg teechnniquues.
24、Ciivill ennginneerringg iss thhereeforre aa brroadd rannge of inttegrrateed ddisccipllinees. Witth tthe proogreess in sciiencce aand tecctecchnoologgy ddeveeloppmennt aand enggineeeriing praactiice, thhe cciviil eengiineeerinng ddisccipllinees hhavee allso beeen ddeveelopped intto aa brroadd coonnoo
25、tattionn, tthe nummberr off cattegooriees, thee sttruccturre oof ccompplexx innteggratted sysstemm. Civiil EEngiineeerinng iis aaccoompaanieed bby tthe devveloopmeent of humman soccietty ddev-eloopedd. IIt wworkks iin tthe connstrructtionn off faacillitiies refflecct tthe varriouus hhisttoriicall pe
26、erioods of soccioeeconnomiic, cullturral, sccienntiffic, teechnnoloogiccal devveloopmeent outtloook, whiich civvil soccietty hhas beccomee onne oof tthe hisstorricaal ddeveeloppmennt oof tthe wittnesss. In aanciientt tiimess, ppeopple beggan to buiild simmplee hoousees, roaads, brridgges andd sttill
27、l waaterr chhannnel to meeet tthe simmplee liife andd prroduuctiion. Laaterr, iin oordeer tto aadappt tto tthe warr, pprodducttionn annd ddisssemiinattionn off reeliggiouus llifee, aas wwelll ass thhe nneedds oof tthe connstrructtionn off thhe ccityy, ccanaals,palaacess,teemplles andd ottherr buiild
28、iingss. Manyy weell-knoown worrks shoown in thiis hhisttoriicall peeriood oof hhumaan ccreaativvityy. FFor exaamplle, thee Grreatt Waall of Chiina, Duujiaangyyan, thhe GGrannd CCanaal,ZZhaoozhoou BBriddge, Yiingxxiann Wooodeen TToweer, thee pyyrammidss off Eggyptt,Greeeces PPartthennon, Roomes wwate
29、er ssuppply proojecct, collossseumm ammphiitheeateer (Romme llargge aanimmal figghtiing Fieeld), aas wwelll ass maany othher welll-kknowwn cchurrchees,ppalaacess annd sso oon. Afteer tthe inddusttriaal rrevooluttionn, eespeeciaallyy inn thhe 220thh ceentuury, onn thhe oone hannd, civvil soccietty tt
30、o pput forrwarrd aa neew ddemaand; Onn thhe ootheer hhandd, aall areeas of soccietty ffor thee addvanncemmentt off ciivill ennginneerringg too crreatte ggoodd coondiitioons. Thhus thiis pperiiod of civvil enggineeeriing hass beeen advvancced by leaaps andd booundds. Alll ovver thee woorldd thheree h
31、aave beeen llargge-scaale moddernnizaatioon oof iinduustrriall pllantts, skyyscrrapeers, nuucleear powwer plaantss, hhighhwayys aand raiilwaays, loong-spaan bbriddgess, aand larrge-diaametter pippeliiness loong tunnnell, tthe Graand Cannal, thhe bbig damms, airrporrts, poort andd maarinne eengiineee
32、rinng, etcc. FFor civvil enggineeeriing conntinnuallly moddernn huumann soocieety to creeatee a neww phhysiicall ennvirronmmentt, hhumaan ssociietyy, mmodeern civviliizattionn haas bbecoome an impporttantt paart. Civiil EEngiineeerinng iis aa veery praactiicall suubjeectss. IIn tthe earrly dayys, th
33、rrouggh tthe civvil enggineeeriing praactiice, suummiing up succcesssfuul eexpeerieencee, iin ppartticuularr, tto ddraww leessoons froom tthe faiilurre oof ddeveelopped. Frrom thee beeginnninng oof tthe 17tth ccentturyy, wwithh Gaalilleo andd Neewtoon aas aa piilott wiith thee meechaaniccs oof tthe
34、moddernn ciivill ennginneerringg prractticee, ggradduallly forrmedd thhe mmechhaniicall, sstruuctuurall meechaaniccs, fluuid mecchannicss, rrockk meechaaniccs, civvil enggineeeriing as thee baasiss off theeoreeticcal subbjeccts. Thhis expperiiencce iin cciviil eengiineeerinng ffromm thhe ggraddualll
35、y devveloopedd innto a sscieencee. In tthe couursee off thhe ddeveeloppmennt oof cciviil eengiineeerinng, enggineeeriing praactiice oftten firrst expperiiencce iin ttheoory, ennginneerringg accciddentts oofteen sshoww a neww unnforreseeen facctorrs, triiggeerinng aa neew ttheoory of thee reeseaarchh
36、 annd ddeveeloppmennt. So farr a nummberr off prrojeectss deealiing witth tthe proobleem, is stiill verry mmuchh reely on praactiicall exxperriennce. Civiil EEngiineeerinng TTechhnollogyy wiith thee maain reaasonn foor tthe devveloopmeent of enggineeeriing praactiice andd noot bby vvirttue of sciien
37、ttifiic eexpeerimmentts aand theeoreeticcal stuudiees, forr twwo rreassonss: FFirsst, somme oof tthe objjecttivee siituaatioon iis ttoo commpliicatted andd diiffiicullt tto ffaitthfuullyy caarryy ouut llaboorattoryy orr fiieldd teestiing andd annalyysiss. FFor exaamplle, thee foounddatiion, tuunneel
38、 aand undderggrouund enggineeeriing andd deeforrmattionn off thhe sstatte aand itss chhangges oveer ttimee, sstilll nneedd too reeferr too ann annalyysiss off ennginneerringg exxperriennce to juddge. Seeconnd, onlly aa neew eengiineeerinng ppraccticce iin oordeer tto rreveeal neww prrobllemss. FFor
39、exaamplle, thee coonsttrucctioon oof aa hiighrrisee buuilddinggs,hhighhrisse ttoweer aand masstsppan briidgees, winnd aand earrthqquakke ee-nggineeeriing proobleems higghliightted in ordder to devveloop tthiss neew ttheoory andd tecchnoologgy. In tthe lonngteerm civvil enggineeeriing praactiice, itt
40、 iss noot oonlyy buuilddingg grreatt atttenntioon tto tthe artts, hass maade outtstaandiing achhievvemeentss; aand othher worrks, buut aalsoo thhrouugh thee chhoicce oof ddifffereent matteriialss, ssuchh ass thhe uuse of stoone, stteell annd rreinnforrcedd cooncrretee, wwithh naaturral Envviroonmeen
41、taal aart in thee coonsttrucctioon oof aa nuumbeer oof vveryy beeauttifuul, verry ffuncctioonall annd ggoodd woorkss. AAnciientt Grreatt Waall of Chiina, thhe mmodeern worrld, maany of thee teelevvisiion towwer andd thhe bbriddge rammp ZZhanng, aree caasess inn poointt.土木工程程概論論論文張立偉(機(jī)械工工業(yè)出版版社,北北京 11
42、000081)摘要:土土木工程程是人類歷歷史上年年代最久久遠(yuǎn)的“技術(shù)術(shù)科學(xué) ”,作為一一種系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)活活動(dòng),土木工工程的實(shí)實(shí)質(zhì)是生生產(chǎn)了一種技技術(shù)過程程。土木工工程也建建造各類類工程設(shè)設(shè)施科學(xué)學(xué)技術(shù)統(tǒng)統(tǒng)稱它既既指工程程建設(shè)對(duì)對(duì)象即建建在地上上、地下下、水中中各種工工程設(shè)施施也指所所應(yīng)用材材料、設(shè)設(shè)備和所所進(jìn)行勘勘測(cè)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)、施工工、保養(yǎng)養(yǎng)、維修修等技術(shù)術(shù)。關(guān)鍵詞:勘測(cè)設(shè)設(shè)計(jì) 建建筑理念念 施工工 生態(tài)態(tài)環(huán)境對(duì)土木工工程的發(fā)發(fā)展起關(guān)關(guān)鍵作用用的,首首先是作作為工程程物質(zhì)基基礎(chǔ)的土土木建筑筑材料,其次是是隨之發(fā)發(fā)展起來來的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)理論和和施工技技術(shù)。每每當(dāng)出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)新的優(yōu)優(yōu)良的建建筑材料料時(shí),土土木工程程
43、就 會(huì)會(huì)有飛躍躍式的發(fā)發(fā)展。 人們?cè)谠缭缙谥荒苣芤揽磕嗄嗤?、木木料及其其它天然然材料從從事營(yíng)造造活動(dòng),后來出出現(xiàn)了磚磚和瓦這這種人工工建筑材材料,使使人類第第一次沖沖破了天天然建筑筑材料的的束縛。中國(guó)在在公元前前十一世世紀(jì) 的的西周初初期制造造出瓦。最早的的磚出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在公元元前五世世紀(jì)至公公元前三三世紀(jì)戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)的的墓室中中。磚和和瓦具有有比土更更優(yōu)越的的力學(xué)性性能,可可以就地地取材,而又易易于加工工制作。 磚和瓦的的出現(xiàn)使使人們開開始廣泛泛地、大大量地修修建房屋屋和城防防工程等等。由此此土木工工程技術(shù)術(shù)得到了了飛速的的發(fā)展。直至118119世紀(jì)紀(jì),在長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩千千多年時(shí)時(shí)間里,磚和瓦瓦一直是是土木
44、工工程的重重要建筑筑材料,為人類類文明作作出了偉偉大的貢貢獻(xiàn),甚甚至在目目前還被被廣泛采采用。 鋼材的大大量應(yīng)用用是土木木工程的的第二次次飛躍。 十七七世紀(jì)770年代代開始使使用生鐵鐵、十九九世紀(jì)初初開始使使用熟鐵鐵建造橋橋梁和房房屋,這這是鋼結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)的前奏奏。 從十九世世紀(jì)中葉葉開始,冶金業(yè)業(yè)冶煉并并軋制出出抗拉和和抗壓強(qiáng)強(qiáng)度都很很高、延延性好、質(zhì)量均均勻的建建筑鋼材材,隨后后又生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)出高強(qiáng)強(qiáng)度鋼絲絲、鋼索索 。于于是適應(yīng)應(yīng)發(fā)展需需要的鋼鋼結(jié)構(gòu)得得到蓬勃勃發(fā)展。除應(yīng)用用原有的的粱、拱拱結(jié)構(gòu)外外,新興興的桁架架、框架架、網(wǎng)架架結(jié)構(gòu)、懸索結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)逐漸漸推廣,出現(xiàn)了了結(jié)構(gòu)形形式百花花爭(zhēng)艷的的局面
45、。 建筑物跨跨徑從磚磚結(jié)構(gòu)、石結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)、木結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)的幾幾米、幾幾十米發(fā)發(fā)展到鋼鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的的百米、幾百米米,直到到現(xiàn)代的的千米以以上。于于是在大大江、海海峽上架架起大橋橋,在地地面上建建造起摩摩天大樓樓和高聳聳鐵塔,甚至在在地面下下鋪設(shè)鐵鐵路,創(chuàng)創(chuàng)造出前前所未有有的奇跡跡。 為適應(yīng)鋼鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工工程發(fā)展展的需要要,在牛牛頓力學(xué)學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)礎(chǔ)上,材材料力學(xué)學(xué)、結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)力學(xué)、工程結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)理論等等就應(yīng)運(yùn)運(yùn)而生。施工機(jī)機(jī)械、施施工技術(shù)術(shù)和施工工組織設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)的理理論也隨隨之發(fā)展展,土木木工程從從經(jīng)驗(yàn)上上升成為為科學(xué),在工程程實(shí)踐和和基礎(chǔ)理理論方面面都面貌貌一新,從而促促成了土土木工程程更迅速速的發(fā)展展。 十九世紀(jì)紀(jì)20
46、年年代,波波特蘭水水泥制成成后,混混凝土問問世了?;炷镣凉橇峡煽梢跃偷氐厝〔模炷镣翗?gòu)件易易于成型型,但混混凝土的的抗拉強(qiáng)強(qiáng)度很小小,用途途受到限限制。 十九世世紀(jì)中葉葉以后,鋼鐵產(chǎn)產(chǎn)量激增增,隨之之出現(xiàn)了了鋼筋混混凝土這這種新型型的復(fù)合合建筑材材料,其其中鋼筋筋承擔(dān)拉拉力,混混凝土承承擔(dān)壓力力,發(fā)揮揮了各自自的優(yōu)點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。 二二十世紀(jì)紀(jì)初以來來,鋼筋筋混凝土土廣泛應(yīng)應(yīng)用于土土木工程程的各個(gè)個(gè)領(lǐng)域。 從三十年年代開始始,出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)了預(yù)應(yīng)應(yīng)力混凝凝土。預(yù)預(yù)應(yīng)力混混凝土結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)的抗抗裂性能能、剛度度和承載載能力,大大高高于鋼筋筋混凝土土結(jié)構(gòu),因而用用途更為為廣闊。土木工工程進(jìn)入入了鋼筋筋混凝土土和預(yù)應(yīng)應(yīng)力混凝凝土占統(tǒng)統(tǒng)治地位位的歷史史時(shí)期?;炷镣恋某霈F(xiàn)現(xiàn)給建筑筑物帶來來了新的的經(jīng)濟(jì)、美觀的的工程結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)形式式,使土土木工程程產(chǎn)生了了新的施施工技術(shù)術(shù)和工程程結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)理論論。這是是土木工工程的又又一次飛飛躍發(fā)展展。 土木工程程的特點(diǎn)點(diǎn) 建造一項(xiàng)項(xiàng)工程設(shè)設(shè)施一般般要經(jīng)過過勘察、設(shè)計(jì)和和施工三三個(gè)階段段,需要要運(yùn)用工工程地質(zhì)質(zhì)勘察、水文地地質(zhì)勘察察、工程程測(cè)量、土力學(xué)學(xué)、工程程力學(xué)、工程設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)、建建筑材料料、
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