Unit 1 Section A Reading and Thinking 課件 -人教版(2019)選擇性必修第二冊(cè)

1、Unit 1Reading and ThinkingJohn Snow Defeats “King Cholera” 約翰斯諾（1813-1858) , 英國(guó)醫(yī)生，19世紀(jì)50年代因其對(duì)霍亂病源的研究和貢獻(xiàn)享譽(yù)世界醫(yī)學(xué)界，被公認(rèn)為流行病學(xué)奠基人之一。斯諾1836年起接受正規(guī)醫(yī)科教育，1844年畢業(yè)于倫敦大學(xué)。1854年倫敦霍亂流行，斯諾通過(guò)研究霍亂病死者的日常生活情況，發(fā)現(xiàn)了霍亂與飲用不潔水的關(guān)系。在他的呼吁下，政府及時(shí)關(guān)閉了不潔水源，有效制止了霍亂的流行。雖然斯諾沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致霍亂的病原體，但他創(chuàng)造性地使用空間統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)查找到傳染源，并以此證明了這種方法的價(jià)值。今天，繪制地圖已成為醫(yī)學(xué)地理學(xué)及傳染

2、病學(xué)中一種基本的研究方法?！八怪Z的霍亂地圖”成了一個(gè)經(jīng)典案例。Vocabulary1. severe adj. 極為惡劣的；十分嚴(yán)重的；嚴(yán)厲的 severe injuries 嚴(yán)重的傷勢(shì) suffer from severe depression 患有嚴(yán)重的抑郁癥 cause severe damage 造成嚴(yán)重的破壞 severely adv. 很嚴(yán)重地；極為惡劣地 練習(xí)：In a _ winter, wild animals can die from lack of food.在嚴(yán)冬，野生動(dòng)物可能會(huì)因食物不足而死。severe2. contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的；對(duì)立的；

3、不一致的 contradictory information 矛盾信息 contradict v. 反駁；與相矛盾 contradiction n. 抵觸；矛盾；矛盾的說(shuō)法 in direct contradiction to 與恰恰相反 練習(xí)：People found this sort of _ (contradict) reality hard to accept.contradictory3. infection n. 感染；傳染 have an infection 受到感染 spread an infection 傳播傳染病 suffer from an infection 患上感染

4、/傳染病 infect vt. 使感染；傳染 infectious adj. 傳染性的 be infected with 感染上練習(xí)：The female hormones also protect the body in another way. They help the body defend itself against some kinds of _ (infect).女性荷爾蒙還以另一種方式保護(hù)身體。他們幫助身體抵御一些感染。infections4. subscribe vi. 認(rèn)購(gòu)（股份）；定期訂購(gòu)；定期交納（會(huì)費(fèi)）subscribe to a magazine 訂閱雜志subs

5、cribe to a view 贊同一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)subscribe to 同意；贊同subscriber n. 感染；傳染subscription n. 訂閱（費(fèi)）a subscriber to 的訂閱者練習(xí)：He _ the view that children benefit from being independent.他贊同孩子們能從獨(dú)立中獲益這一觀點(diǎn)。 subscribes to5. proof n. 證據(jù)；證明；檢驗(yàn)proof of 的證據(jù)/證明have some proof that 有一些證據(jù)There is proof that 有證據(jù)證明練習(xí)：They say they hav

6、e scientific proof _ the treatment works.that6. multiple adj. 數(shù)量多的；多種多樣的a multiple crash 連環(huán)撞車multiply vi.& vt. 乘；增加；繁殖multiply A by B A乘以B multiplication n. 乘法練習(xí)：We must _ our efforts to explore the future and seek truths.我們必須加倍努力，探索未來(lái)，尋求真理。multiply7. suspect vt.& vi. 懷疑；疑有；不信任 n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑對(duì)象suspect

7、sb. of (doing) sth. 懷疑某人（做）某事suspicion n. 懷疑suspicious adj. 感覺(jué)可疑的練習(xí)：We are appealing to anyone who saw the _ to contact us.我們懇請(qǐng)任何人看到犯罪嫌疑人后與我們聯(lián)系。suspect8. blame n. 把手；拉手；柄blame sb. for (doing) sth. 因（做）某事而責(zé)備某人blame sth. on sb. 把某事歸咎于某人be to blame 應(yīng)承擔(dān)責(zé)任be to blame for 應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任；因該受責(zé)備accept/ bear/ take th

8、e blame for 對(duì)某事負(fù)責(zé)；承擔(dān)責(zé)任練習(xí)：Instead of _ (blame) each other, we should communicate more and put ourselves in others place.我們應(yīng)該多交流、換位思考而不是相互責(zé)怪。blaming10. link n. 聯(lián)系；紐帶 vt. 把連接起來(lái)；相關(guān)聯(lián)link A to/ with B =link A and B (together) 把A和B連接/聯(lián)系起來(lái)be linked with/to 與有聯(lián)系/有關(guān)link up (with) （與）結(jié)合，連接 練習(xí)：Linking arms _ on

9、e of the instructors, I helped carry the young man out of the water.我和其中一個(gè)教練員雙臂連接，幫著把那個(gè)年輕人從水里拉上來(lái)。with11. raw adj. 未煮的；生的；未經(jīng)處理的；原始的raw coal/oil 原煤/油raw beginner/hand 新手be raw to 對(duì)不熟練catch sb. on the raw 說(shuō)人痛處，揭人短處練習(xí)：Its obvious that the graduate _ his work.很顯然這個(gè)畢業(yè)生對(duì)工作還不熟練。is raw to12. transform vt. 使改

10、觀；使改變形態(tài) vi. 改變；轉(zhuǎn)變transform (from sth.) into sth. 把（從）變?yōu)閠ransform with 用來(lái)改變transformation n. （徹底地）改變，改觀練習(xí)：The health security systems of many countries are undergoing considerable _ (transform).許多國(guó)家的衛(wèi)生安全系統(tǒng)正經(jīng)歷著重大變革。transformationUnderstanding the questioning mindDiscuss the following stages of scienti

11、fic research in groups. What order would you put them in? _draw a conclusion _analyse the results _ask a question_find supporting evidence _collect data _find a problem _think of a methodCholera used to be one of the most feared diseases 過(guò)去是（現(xiàn)在不是） one of + adj.最高級(jí)+名詞復(fù)數(shù)意為“最之一”in the world, until a Br

12、itish doctor, John Snow, showed until引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句how it could be overcome.賓語(yǔ)從句，從句使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。課文分析As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated 作方式狀語(yǔ)，主句為主系表結(jié)構(gòu)because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句 從句謂語(yǔ)knew后接“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”作賓語(yǔ)， 其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even

13、attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. attend to sb. 照顧某人 分娩However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.最終地；徹底地In general, doctors in those days had two In general=generally speakingcontradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. 不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，與被修飾詞theories構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系。

14、One theory was that bad air caused the disease. that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句Another was that cholera was caused that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句by an infection from germs in food or water. 介詞短語(yǔ)by作狀語(yǔ)He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than discover后跟that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，從句中含有sothat引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。500

15、people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why. be determined to do sth. 決心做某事Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.介詞短語(yǔ)by doing sth.作方式狀語(yǔ)，where 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞the exact places，who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾those。They had been given free beer, and so had not 過(guò)去完成時(shí)

16、的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)drunk the water from the pump. 語(yǔ)法：過(guò)去完成時(shí)的主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，也可能是早已完成或結(jié)束，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”； 也可以指過(guò)去的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)刻。構(gòu)成：（主動(dòng)）had+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞（被動(dòng)）had been+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞練習(xí)：I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan _ (carry) out in the past two years.had been carriedSnow sus

17、pected that the water pump was to blame.that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，不定式作表語(yǔ)，主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義語(yǔ)法：不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)的含義（1）n. +be + adj. +to do這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中常用表特征或性質(zhì)的形容詞，如difficult, hard, easy, comfortable, pleasant, interesting, exciting等。句子的主語(yǔ)與不定式是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，形容詞表示主語(yǔ)的特征或性質(zhì)，用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。The question was very difficult to answer. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題很難回答。（2）n.

18、+ be + too + adj. + to do The thing is too small to see. 這個(gè)東西太小，看不見(jiàn)。（3）n. + be + adj. + enough to doThe box is light enough to carry.這個(gè)盒子輕得可帶走。練習(xí)：Todays homework was easy _ (do), so Mike finished it quickly and went out to play. 今天的家庭作業(yè)很容易做，所以邁克很快就做完了，然后出去玩了。to doIt seemed that the woman liked the w

19、ater from the pump 看起來(lái)似乎so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.“so+adv.+that”從句 have sth. done 結(jié)構(gòu)意為“如此以至于”As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to 因?yàn)?，由?會(huì)，能夠，有能力做某事announce that the pump water carried cholera germs.that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句The truth was that the water from the Broad St

20、reet pump had been infected by waste.that 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，從句謂語(yǔ)用了過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link 把A和B連接/聯(lián)系起來(lái) link A to/with B link A and B (together)between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. 介詞短語(yǔ)between作定語(yǔ)修飾linkThe people who drank this water were much

21、more 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，who在從句中修飾the peoplelikely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water.引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，who在從句中修飾thoseboiled water 中的boiled為過(guò)去分詞做前置定語(yǔ)Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, “疑問(wèn)詞how+不定式”作賓語(yǔ)thanks to the work of John Snow.幸虧，由于Paragraph(s)Main idea1What? Who?2-3How?4The truth5Re

22、sults and significance略讀文章，用關(guān)鍵詞概括各段大意瀏覽2-3段，找出對(duì)應(yīng)活動(dòng)1中七個(gè)步驟的語(yǔ)句。OrderStage Key words or sentences1find a problemtwo contradictory theories2ask a questionin two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe. . . find out why3think of a methodmarking on a map4collect datahouse numbers 16, 37, 38,a

23、nd 40; 20 and 21 Broad Street; 8 and 9 Cambridge Street5analyse the resultsmultiple deaths near the water pump;some households had had no deaths6find supporting evidencea woman and her daughter had died; the woman liked the water. . . she had it delivered to her house7draw a conclusionAs a result of

24、 this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs.It was believed that cholera was caused by bad _ or germs in _.ASnow _ the places where the people who _ had lived.BMany deaths occurred near the _ in Broad Street.Some people _ drunk the water from the pump, an

25、d lived.A woman and her daughter died in another part of London after _.CThe pump water carried _.The _ of the pump was removed.DEA:air,food or water B:marked,died C:water pump; had not; moving away from Broad Street D:cholera germsE:handleMatch the following headers with the letters from the chart

26、above. Write A-E in the blanks.1 conclusion _D_2 evidence _C_3 process _B_4 solution _E_5 theories _A_1. What kind of map is it? (Its Snows cholera map.)2. What does mean? (1 death)3. What does PH mean? (public house)4. What does 30, 31, . . .refer to? (numbers of houses)5. How many deaths were ther

27、e in house number 19 in Broad Street? (2)6. Which house numbers had more than four deaths in Broad Street? (16, 37, 38, and 40)7. Which house numbers had no deaths in Broad Street? (14, 20, 21, 25, 27, 28, and 34)8. Where is the pump? (near house number 40 in Broad Street) 讀懂插圖精讀4-5段，回答下列問(wèn)題1. What c

28、aused the outbreak of cholera in London in 1854? (The water which came from the River Thames and had been infected by waste.)2. Was cholera destroyed completely? (No.)3. How can we prevent cholera? (By drinking pure or boiled water, and eating clean food.)4. What contributions did John Snow make to

29、science? (He helped people know how to prevent cholera. He transformed the way scientists study diseases by using maps and statistics. )完成 Activity 51. Q: What did Snow think cholera was cause by?A: Snow thought that cholera was caused by germs in food or water. 2. Q: Why did Snow have the handle of

30、 the pump removed?A: Snow had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.3. Q: How was the cholera threat defeated?A: The cholera threat was defeated thanks to the work of John Snow.Discussion 1. What was the most important tool Snow used to defeat cholera? What common medical tools, e.g., a microscope, didnt he use? Why?Maps and statistics. He didnt use the common medical tools, e.g., a microscope. Because he didnt do the research in the lab but i