如何撰寫英文摘要課件

1、如何撰寫英文摘要如何撰寫和編輯英文摘要摘要概念摘要基本類型和內(nèi)容摘要特點摘要時態(tài)摘要人稱和語態(tài)摘要常用句式 摘要寫作步驟關(guān)鍵詞科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu)The structure of scientific paper題目 Title 作者 Author作者單位和地址 Affiliation and address 摘要 Abstract關(guān)鍵詞 Key words引言 Introduction材料與方法 Materials and methods 結(jié)果 Results討論 Discussion致謝 Acknowledgments (optional)引文 References附錄 Appendices(o

2、ptional)The IMRAD article: Introduction, Methods, Results And DiscussionAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionThe IMRAD article: Introduction, Methods, Results And DiscussionAbstractIntroductionResultsDiscussionMaterials and MethodsWhat is an abstract? An abstract is a condensed

3、version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writings contents in abbreviated formWhat is an abstract?What is the problem? IntroductionHow did I solve the problem? Materials and MethodsWhat di

4、d I find out? ResultsWhat does it mean? DiscussionWhat did I do in a nutshell? AbstractAbstract:Why is it important?通常是你文章最先被閱讀到的部分；如果你的摘要不好，你就無法吸引審者和讀者的注意；論文審者通常僅僅根據(jù)你的摘要就對你的論文作出了初步判斷；A good Abstract is usually followed by a good paper. A bad abstract often indicates a bad paper.Beijing 10/11 Decemb

5、er 2008How to get publishedWhat is an abstract?摘要的基本特點：通常為一段（偶多段）， 應(yīng)統(tǒng)一、連貫、簡明、獨立；應(yīng)順序體現(xiàn)論文的目的、方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論和建議等；各個部分之間聯(lián)系和轉(zhuǎn)換邏輯上要嚴謹；不添加論文涉及范圍以外的新信息，但可以總結(jié)本文What is an abstract?摘要的基本特點：能被更加廣泛的讀者理解；通常用被動語態(tài)，弱化作者，強化信息;格式要規(guī)范 不用非共知共用的符號和術(shù)語 一般不出現(xiàn)插圖、表格，參考文獻序號 一般不用數(shù)學(xué)公式和化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)式What is an abstract?An effective abstract has

6、 the following qualities:adds no new information, but simply summarizes the paper. is understandable to a wide audience. oftentimes uses passive verbs to downplay the author and emphasize the information. What types of abstracts are typically used? 報道型摘要 （Informative abstract）指示型摘要（Indicative/Descri

7、ptive abstract）報道-指示型摘要（Informative/Descriptive-indicative abstract） Informative abstract communicate specific information from the paper. include the purpose, methods, and scope of the paper. provide the papers results, conclusions, and recommendations. are short from a paragraph to a page or two a

8、llow readers to decide whether they want to read the paper.Informative abstract 報道性摘要分為傳統(tǒng)型或非結(jié)構(gòu)式（non-structured）和結(jié)構(gòu)式(structured)兩大類型。報道性摘要傳統(tǒng)型或非結(jié)構(gòu)式結(jié)構(gòu)式半結(jié)構(gòu)式全結(jié)構(gòu)式Informative abstract 非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要或傳統(tǒng)型，上述要素以一定的邏輯關(guān)系連續(xù)寫出，不分段落或以明顯的標識加以區(qū)分。比較而言，段落不夠分明，給編輯、審稿、閱讀及計算機處理帶來諸多不便。 Informative abstract 結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要，上述要素分段或以一定的標識給予區(qū)分

9、。段落清晰、明了，便于編輯、審稿、閱讀和計算機檢索。結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要根據(jù)包含上述要素的多少，可分為全結(jié)構(gòu)式和半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要。 Informative abstract 全結(jié)構(gòu)式（full-structured）摘要： 1974年4月，加拿大McMaster 大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心的Dr R Brian Haynes首先提出建立臨床研究論文的結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要。在 Dr Edward J Huth創(chuàng)導(dǎo)下，美國Annuals of Internal Medicine 在國際上率先采用了全結(jié)構(gòu)式（full-structured）摘要。Informative abstract Haynes所提出的全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要包含8個要素：目的

10、（Objective）：說明論文要解決的問題設(shè)計（Design）：說明研究的基本設(shè)計，包括研究的性質(zhì)地點（Setting）：說明進行研究的地點和研究機構(gòu)的等級對象（Patients, participants or subjects）：說明參加并完成研究的病人或受試者的性質(zhì)、數(shù)量及挑選方法Informative abstract 全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要觀點更明確（more explicitness），信息量更大（more information），差錯更少（fewer errors），同時也更符合計算機數(shù)據(jù)庫的建立和使用要求。但其缺點也是顯而易見的，即煩瑣、重復(fù)、篇幅過長, 而且不是所有研究都能按以上8

11、個要素分類的。于是更多的雜志揚長避短，采用半結(jié)構(gòu)式（semi-structured）摘要。Informative abstract 半結(jié)構(gòu)式(semi-structured)摘要： 半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要也稱為四要素摘要，包括： 目的（objective/purpose/aim） 方法（methods） 結(jié)果（results） 結(jié)論（conclusion） 采用何種摘要形式要根據(jù)各雜志的具體要求而定。 Informative-indicative abstract 報道-指示型摘要: 以報道性摘要的形式表述一次文獻中的信息價值較高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。 Parts of an Abs

12、tract The abstract is a very brief overview of your ENTIRE study. It tells the reader： WHAT you did, WHY you did it, HOW you did it, WHAT you found, WHAT it means. Parts of an Abstract The abstract should briefly state： the purpose of the research (introduction), how the problem was studied (methods

13、), the principal findings (results), what the findings mean (discussion and conclusion). It is important to be descriptive but concise say only what is essential, using no more words than necessary to convey meaning.Tense of Abstract 說法一：從理論上講一般現(xiàn)在時 通過科學(xué)實驗取得的研究結(jié)果、結(jié)論，揭示自然界的客觀規(guī)律。一般過去時 在一定范圍內(nèi)所觀察到的自然現(xiàn)象的規(guī)

14、律性認識，這種認識也許有一定的局限性?，F(xiàn)在完成時 表明過程的延續(xù)性，雖某事件（或過程）發(fā)生在過去，但強調(diào)對現(xiàn)實所產(chǎn)生的影響。以一般現(xiàn)在時為主，也使用一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時Tense of Abstract 說法二： EI 數(shù)據(jù)庫建議： 用過去時態(tài)敘述作者工作； 用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)敘述作者結(jié)論 說法三: 論文是通過科學(xué)實驗揭示客觀真理。所取得的結(jié)果，無論是過去，還是現(xiàn)在或?qū)矶际侨绱?。故常用現(xiàn)在時表達 Tense of Abstract 摘要寫作時所采用的時態(tài)應(yīng)視情況而定, 力求表達自然、妥當. 寫作中可大致遵循以下原則 介紹背景資料時, 如果句子的內(nèi)容為不受時間影響的普遍事實, 應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在時Agrob

15、acterium rhizogenes causes hairy root disease in plants. Among plant secondary metabolites terpenoids are a structurally most diverse group Synthetic genetic approaches often reveal potential interacting partners for any given target protein Tense of Abstract 介紹背景資料時,如果句子的內(nèi)容是對某種研究趨勢的概述, 則使用現(xiàn)在完成時 The

16、 advances in molecular biology have greatly improved our understanding of plant responses to stresses. DNA microarrays have long been the established technology for measuring gene expression levels It has been known that the transverse orientation is essential for normal cell morphogenesis Tense of

17、Abstract 介紹背景資料時,如果句子的內(nèi)容是對某種研究趨勢的概述, 則使用現(xiàn)在完成時4, Water deficit-induced ABA accumulation is one of the most important stress signaling pathways in plant cells. Redox regulation of cellular signaling has currently attracted particular attention, but much less is known about its roles and mechanisms in

18、plant signaling. Tense of Abstract 在敘述研究目的或主要研究活動時, 如果采用“論文導(dǎo)向”, 多使用現(xiàn)在時 (如: This paper presents) This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors. The paper aims to establish a feasible and meaningful method to describe . This review focu

19、ses on the contribution of electron techniques to our understanding of cellular processesTense of Abstract 在敘述研究目的或主要研究活動時, 如果采用 “研究導(dǎo)向”, 則使用過去時(如: This study investigated) This study investigated whether captopril could reduce morbidity and mortality in patients . Our aim was to explore the relation

20、ship between the response of antioxidant enzymes and temperature in the two invasive weeds The present study investigated whether NO activity is involved in the signaling of drought-induced protective responses Tense of Abstract 概述實驗程序、方法時, 通常用現(xiàn)在時 We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing .W

21、e present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a detector We report here that immature thymocytes lacking .Tense of Abstract 概述實驗程序、方法時, 通常用現(xiàn)在時,但描述的是具體已經(jīng)發(fā)生的行為和動作時,用過去時 To investigate the mechanisms controlling flowering time, we screened for Arabidopsis mutants with late-flowering phenotype

22、s. One mutant was identified with delayed flowering time. A plant that is highly susceptible to this fungus was analyzed. Tense of Abstract 概述主要結(jié)果時, 通常用現(xiàn)在時Our results indicate that p21 may be a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. The results we obtained demonstrate that this technique .We present

23、 the results of two analyses of DNA sequences from . Tense of Abstract 概述主要結(jié)果時, 但是也有相當?shù)目镉眠^去時The results showed that childrens material needs and basic requirements .Multivariate analyses revealed very high genetic correlations among the variables. Tense of Abstract 敘述結(jié)論或建議時, 可使用現(xiàn)在時、臆測動詞或may, should

24、, could等助動詞We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have delayed the meting of .Our data suggest that overexpression of the HbNHX1 gene could improve the tolerance of transgenic tobaccos to salt摘要的人稱和語態(tài) 有相當數(shù)量的作者和審稿人認為， 科技論文的撰寫應(yīng)使用第三人稱、過去時和被動語態(tài)。但調(diào)查表明， 科技論文中被動語

25、態(tài)的使用在19201970年曾經(jīng)比較流行， 但由于主動語態(tài)的表達更為準確， 且更易閱讀，因而目前大多數(shù)期刊都提倡使用主動態(tài)，國際知名科技期刊Nature、 Cell等尤其如此， 其中第一人稱和主動語態(tài)的使用十分普遍。摘要的常用句式 引言部分回顧研究背景, 常用詞匯有: review, summarize, present, outline, describe等We review evidence for this view of . This paper outlines some of the basic methods and discusses related theoretical a

26、nd practical issues.We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as .We present estimators for several .We describe the conceptual background and development of .摘要的常用句式 引言部分闡明寫作或研究目的, 常用詞匯有: purpose, attempt, aim等; 另外還可以用動詞不定式充當目的狀語來表達We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness

27、from noisy sampled data.To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2s effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins.For comparison purposes we present some . With the aim to provide observational constraints on the evolution of the galactic disk, we have derived .摘要的常用句式 引言部分介紹論文的重點內(nèi)容或研究

28、范圍, 常用的詞匯有: study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等 This paper presents basic methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the relationship with .This paper focuses on the promise of artificial neural networks.We emphasize the following points .The paper lays particular emphasis on the c

29、alculation of .We draw attention to two problems associated with .摘要的常用句式方法部分介紹研究或試驗過程, 常用詞匯有: test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等 We tested this hypothesis in various human T cells .This paper examines how the molecular shapes of . This paper discuss

30、es a class of models for .This article considers the role of the hippocampus in memory function.摘要的常用句式方法部分說明研究或試驗方法, 常用詞匯有: measure, estimate, calculate等 This study presents estimates of lifetime . We assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical galaxies to measure the reddening

31、 per unit flux density of 100 m emission.We provide a analytic procedure to calculate the equilibrium profiles摘要的常用句式方法部分介紹應(yīng)用、用途, 常用詞匯有: use, apply, application等 Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach.As an application, we implement a compact image coding algorithm.We apply the network to th

32、e source separation problem.摘要的常用句式結(jié)果部分展示研究結(jié)果, 常用詞匯有: show, result, present, demonstrate等We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of .Our results show that p53 exerts a significant in .The results we obtained demonstrate that this technique will contribute to .摘要的常用句式結(jié)果部分介紹結(jié)論, 常用詞匯有:

33、summary, introduce, conclude等We introduce a procedure that suppresses noise.We conclude that PQL is of practical value for .We give a summary of the main physics component of .摘要的常用句式討論部分陳述論文的論點和作者的觀點, 常用詞匯有: suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等The results suggest that abnormalities

34、in male sex development .In this study, we described a psychobiological model of .We present the derivation of a new molecular mechanical force field for . Exciting new research has elaborated several important findings that . We expect the uncertainties in the relative ages to be about 25%, althoug

35、h the absolute errors may be larger.摘要的常用句式討論部分闡明論證. 常用詞匯有: support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等 We showed that it is possible to identify constituents which represent .These results demonstrate that p53 is required for radiation-induced cell death in .Our concl

36、usions are supported by a statistical analysis of . Here we provide evidence from direct experiment of diversity by .摘要的常用句式討論部分推薦和建議, 常用詞匯有: suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategie

37、s for .We suggest that information maximization provides a unifying framework for .For the gene, we recommend that the italicized root symbol CYP for human . We propose that the formation of these materials takes place by means of . The Abstract is always the last section written.This is because you

38、 wont know what to include until you have completed a full version of the paper.Steps for writing abstracts在準備一篇論文時，什么時候著手寫摘要？Steps for writing abstracts 在準備一篇論文時，通常是全文基本撰寫完之后才著手準備摘要。撰寫摘要應(yīng)按照下列步驟完成： Reread the paper with the goal of abstracting in mind. After youve finished rereading the paper, write

39、 a rough draft without looking back at what youre abstracting. Revise your rough draft to correct weaknesses in organization. Print your final copy and read it again to catch any glitches that you find. Steps for writing abstractsReread the paper with the goal of abstracting in mind. Look specifical

40、ly for these main parts of the paper: purpose, methods, scope, results, conclusions, and recommendation. Use the headings, outline heads, and table of contents as a guide to writing your abstract. Steps for writing abstractsAfter youve finished rereading the paper, write a rough draft without lookin

41、g back at what youre abstracting. Dont merely copy key sentences from the paper，youll put in too much or too little information. Dont rely on the way material was phrased in the paper, summarize information in a new way.Steps for writing abstracts Use one or two concise sentences to summarize the mo

42、st important aspects of your project for each section listed below. Project Title (the same as the title of your scientific paper) Introduction (What is this project about? Why is this project interesting or important?) Hypothesis (What did you think you would find? Why?) Steps for writing abstracts

43、 Methods (Briefly explain your procedure.)Results (What did you find when you performed your experiment?) Discussion (Are your results consistent with your initial hypothesis? Why or why not?)Conclusion (What is your interpretation of what these results mean? Why should anyone become excited about o

44、r interested in your findings?)Steps for writing abstracts Motivation:Why do we care about the problem and the results?If the problem isnt obviously interesting“, it might be better to put motivation first But if your work is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the prob

45、lem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on.This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful. Steps for writing abstracts Problem statement:What problem are you trying

46、 to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon. Steps for writing abstracts Approach:How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction

47、, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of your work？What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure? Steps for writing abstracts Revise your rough draft to correct weaknesses in organization. Improve transitions from point to point. drop unnecessary infor

48、mation. add important information you left out. eliminate wordiness. fix errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation.Steps for writing abstracts Other ConsiderationsAn abstract must be a fully self-contained, capsule description of the paper. It must make sense all by itself. Some points to conside

49、r include: Meet the word count limitationAvoid using weasel-words such as might, could, may, and seem Think of a half-dozen search phrases and keywords that people looking for your work might use Steps for writing abstractsThe Abstract SHOULD NOT contain lengthy background information references to

50、other literature elliptical or incomplete sentences (i.e., ending with .) abbreviations or terms that may be confusing to readers any sort of illustration, figure, or table, or references to them摘要中常見錯誤從總體結(jié)構(gòu)上缺少研究目的結(jié)果部分深淺詳略參差不齊添加不必要的自我評價 摘要中常見錯誤從各個主要元素間的聯(lián)系上對 “論文主導(dǎo)”和 “研究主導(dǎo)” 不明確語氣不連貫摘要中常見錯誤其他方面不定式或In o

51、rder to 表示目的時 To examine how, Linear regression was used to In order to assess whether , the method was applied to 3036% 30 %36% From 30 %36% From 30 % to 36% 8612 mm (8612) mm數(shù)字英文數(shù)字和阿拉伯數(shù)字的用法句子開頭用英文數(shù)字而不能用阿拉伯數(shù)字；單位是符號時一律用阿拉伯數(shù)字； 3 g; 6 m; 8 yr; 18 s 等文字敘述中小于等于10的數(shù)一般用英文，大于10的數(shù)用阿拉伯數(shù)字，兩者同時有的時候都用阿拉伯數(shù)字；數(shù)字英文

52、數(shù)字和阿拉伯數(shù)字的用法 m = 5 kg； m = 5 kilograms; m = five kg; m = five kilograms; a 25-kilogram sphere； a 25 kg sphere; a 25-kg sphere;KeywordsWhat is a key wordA search term for people to use and that will help them to find your paperThey alert the reader to elements in a paper that might not appear in the a

53、bstractKeywords dont have to appear in the titleThey help the paper to reach a target audienceHow used?What for? How to choose?What makes a really good key word?Beijing 10/11 December 2008How to get publishedkeywords關(guān)鍵詞是為了滿足文獻標引或檢索工作的需要而從論文中選取出的詞或詞組； 應(yīng)能反映論文的主題內(nèi)容 ；一般38個；主題詞含蓋的范圍和深淺得當；要使用規(guī)范的術(shù)語。Factors

54、 influencing the readability of a textReadability is reflected by the ease with which READERS can understand the intended meaning of the text.Content complexity Paragraph structure Sentence structure Word choiceThree MAJOR strategies to improve readabilityPut subject in topic position. “Sally kissed

55、 John”Use active verbs when possible. “John was kissed by Sally” (passive) “Sally kissed John” (active) Avoid nouns that start as verbs (nominalizations) “There will be an evaluation of the program by us.” evaluation evaluate We will evaluate the program.Three MAJOR strategies to improve readability

56、In this research the bed friction effect is estimated of a river estuary by use of hydrodynamic analysis. The on-site sampled data of the Wu River estuary is applied to the analysis. There are many dynamic factors that affect the flow characteristics in the estuary. The effect of tide on the generation of tidal current,bottom friction and