醫(yī)學(xué)英語課件資料：長(zhǎng)工作時(shí)間與冠心病、中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

1、長(zhǎng)工作時(shí)間與冠心病、中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容背景長(zhǎng)時(shí)間工作與冠心病的關(guān)系可能增加，證據(jù)不充分長(zhǎng)時(shí)間工作與中風(fēng)的關(guān)系不明確目的評(píng)價(jià)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間工作是否為冠心病和中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素方法收集符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的已發(fā)表研究和未發(fā)表研究（共25個(gè)）累積隨機(jī)效應(yīng)meta分析結(jié)果校正變量：年齡、性別和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況長(zhǎng)時(shí)間工作（55h/周）增加冠心病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.021.26；p=0.02）長(zhǎng)時(shí)間工作（55h/周）增加中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.111.61； p=0.002）結(jié)論工作時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的員工發(fā)生中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高工作時(shí)間與冠心病的關(guān)系比較弱Meta分析張毓瑩 201201

2、046Meta-Original Greek meaning -after, beside, with, among“Meta-English meaningscientific English termsbeyond, aboutMetaphysics: the science of what is beyond the physicalabstraction from another conceptmeta-theorymetalanguage: grammar an X about Xmetadatameta-cognitionmeta-emotionmeta-discussionMet

3、a-中文翻譯：元元，始也。說文元理論、元數(shù)據(jù)、元認(rèn)知Meta-analysisanalysis of analyses對(duì)以往研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)定量的綜合的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法薈萃分析、元分析Steps in a meta-analysisFormulation of the problemSearch strategy and selection criteriaData extractionQuality assessmentStatistical analysis PRISMAPreferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analy

4、sesMeta分析報(bào)告標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定了從題目到資金來源的寫作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)心血管系統(tǒng)相關(guān)詞根賈鳴男 201201062cardi/o heartvascul/o blood vesselcardiovascular 心血管的cardiology 心臟病學(xué)myocardial 心肌的cerebrovascular 腦血管的coron/o crown，heartcoronary 冠狀的coronoid process 冠突coronal suture 冠狀縫isch hold back，suppress 缺ischemic 缺血性的myocardial ischemia 心肌缺血sys together 收縮sy

5、stolic blood pressure 收縮壓systolometer 心音鑒定器-tension pressurehypertension 高血壓hypotension 低血壓ather/o 動(dòng)脈粥樣coronary atherosclerosis 冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化cerebr/o cerebrum 大腦cerebrosclerosis 腦硬化癥cerebral 大腦的cerebralgia 頭痛cerebriform 腦形的embol/o mass of clotted blood 栓塞embolism 栓塞amniotic fluid embolismcerebral embolis

6、memboliform 楔形的醫(yī)學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)詞匯趙冰彬 201201071Prospective Cohort Study前瞻性隊(duì)列研究Prospective Study前瞻性研究以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn)追蹤到將來的研究方法Cohort Study隊(duì)列研究，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因子分析手段通過對(duì)未患某一特定疾病的人群在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)的觀察，根據(jù)相關(guān)性來確定被觀察對(duì)象患病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(From Wikipedia) A cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals (cohorts) who differ with respect to certai

7、n factors under study, to determine how these factors affect rates of a certain outcome.Exposed / Non-exposed groups暴露/非暴露組隊(duì)列研究(cohort study)基于待研究的危險(xiǎn)因素研究對(duì)象分組暴露組和非暴露組高劑量暴露組和低劑量暴露組比較各組結(jié)局的發(fā)生率評(píng)價(jià)和檢驗(yàn)危險(xiǎn)因素與結(jié)局的關(guān)系Publication Bias發(fā)表偏倚陽性的研究結(jié)果發(fā)表的機(jī)會(huì)更多，發(fā)表的速度更快，所發(fā)表刊物的影響因子更高獲得發(fā)表的研究是獲取結(jié)論的主要依據(jù)基于待研究的危險(xiǎn)因素，過分強(qiáng)調(diào)陽性結(jié)果可能造成誤導(dǎo)

8、Publication bias occurs when the publication of research results depends not just on the quality of the research but on the hypothesis tested, and the significance and direction of effects detected.File drawer problem 文件抽屜問題Funnel Plots 漏斗圖（分析和評(píng)估發(fā)表偏倚的一種方法）Reverse Causation 反向因果關(guān)系Least-squares analys

9、is 最小二乘法分析CI (confidence interval) 置信區(qū)間RR (relative risk) 相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度Summary了解相關(guān)領(lǐng)域查閱該領(lǐng)域?qū)I(yè)詞匯表了解專業(yè)詞匯的意思選擇合適的（專業(yè)、通用）中文翻譯專業(yè)詞匯的翻譯是理解文章的基礎(chǔ)看似簡(jiǎn)單的詞匯喬優(yōu) 2012010471. substantiate & substantial- substantiate (vt.)（用事實(shí)）支持；證明，證實(shí)- substantial (adj.)堅(jiān)固的；大量的，可觀的；實(shí)質(zhì)的；重大的 .which, if substantiated, is substantial, because lon

10、g working hours are fairly common. 因?yàn)楣凸らL(zhǎng)時(shí)間工作現(xiàn)象非常普遍，所以.這一發(fā)現(xiàn)一旦被證實(shí)，將具有重大意義。 2. incident- incident (n.) 事件，事變；插曲 (adj.) 易發(fā)的，伴隨而來的；附帶的；入射的 We analysed associations of long working hours with incident coronary heart disease and stroke. 我們對(duì)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間工作與冠心病和中風(fēng)的發(fā)生關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析.3. modest- modest (adj.) 謙虛的，謙遜的；端莊的；適度的 Work

11、ing long hours was associated with a modest overall increase in risk of incident coronary heart disease compared with working standard hours. 與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工作時(shí)長(zhǎng)相比，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間工作總體來說與冠心病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提高存在一定的關(guān)系。4. robust- robust (adj.) 強(qiáng)健的；健康的；粗野的；粗魯?shù)?Furthermore, the association did not vary between men and women or by geographical

12、 region, and was independent of the method of stroke ascertainment, suggesting that the finding is robust. 此外，該結(jié)果并未因性別、地域或中風(fēng)認(rèn)定方法的不同而異，表明這一發(fā)現(xiàn)是經(jīng)得起推敲的。summary一詞多義：思維邏輯 - substantial中英文轉(zhuǎn)換：取舍 - incident 簡(jiǎn)單意思引申：反復(fù)推敲，揣度原意 - modest - robust醫(yī)學(xué)研究中常用的一些不明覺厲明之覺易的短語周曉爽 2012010481. At baseline603 838 men and wome

13、n free from coronary heartdisease at baseline contributed to .The meta-analysis of coronary heart disease comprised data for 603 838 men and women who were free from coronary heart disease at baseline; the meta-analysis of stroke comprised data for 528 908 men and women who were free from stroke at

14、baseline.基礎(chǔ)，起點(diǎn)研究開始之時(shí)be free from coronary heart disease/stroke at baseline2. Outcome ascertainmentWe recorded no evidence of significant bias arising from reverse causation, confounding, outcome ascertainment, publication statusPrespecified subgroup analyses were done by sex, age group (50 vs 50 yea

15、rs), SES (high, intermediate, lowmethod of outcomeascertainment (medical records vs self-report)3. Left-censoringWe examined reverse causation by left-censoringie, exclusion from the analysis of coronary heart disease and stroke events that took place in the first 3 years of follow-up.Left censoring

16、 a data point is below a certain value but it is unknown by how much.Interval censoring a data point is somewhere on an interval between two values.Right censoring a data point is above a certain value but it is unknown by how much. -From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Summary注意上下文聯(lián)系證實(shí)積累研究常用詞長(zhǎng)難句解析

17、楊子儀 201201068【同詞源詞語的交替使用】 The relative risk was about 1.4, which, if substantiated, is substantial, because long working hours are fairly common., if substantiated, is substantial如果屬實(shí)，會(huì)是非常有意義的【提取主干(1)存在連詞】Fourth, few studies have examined long working hours as a risk factor for stroke, a major cardi

18、ovascular endpoint, although stress and extensive sitting, both of which are associated with long working hours, could increase the risk of stroke., although【提取主干(2)存在眾多修飾成分】To describe the development of evidence over time, we did a cumulative meta-analysis of the association of working hours with coronary heart disease and stroke, based on date of publication and, for the IPD-Work and open-access unpublished data, year of baseline examination. 【提取主干(3)存在破折號(hào)】Physical inactivity can incre