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1、Darwinedthetheoryofsexual闡述現(xiàn)象osten位學(xué)者Darwin 的第一種解釋。toheoriginofiousplumageinbirdspecies,ttheornatefeaturesDarwinedthetheoryofsexual闡述現(xiàn)象osten位學(xué)者Darwin 的第一種解釋。toheoriginofiousplumageinbirdspecies,ttheornatefeaturesmalesareaconsequenceoffemalematebasedonanabstractaestheticsense,notunlike sofanimalbreed

2、ersproducingfancy-varietiesofpigeonsbyconsciouslternativethroughhysicalenergythemostadornedmalesare abletohecompetitionrivalmales. MeanwhileHuxleyed male adornment is instrumental in establishing dominancerelationshipsamongmales:adornmenttthephysicalactivitysaryHowever,Jacobslaterexaminethesfemalech

3、oice,twhatappeared tochoiceofanadornedyafemalewasreally4展開闡述，細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。5。5mutualattractiontoacertainreproductivesite. Mateselectionrequiresanawarenessofcharacteristicofareedingsite,be heionofthe male,andmateselectionisrelatedirectlytoadaptivelization. Fromthisinsight,Austintodevelopafood-courtshiptheoryo

4、fmatethe population mostefficientin useof the energy availableinaparticularnichewillbethefittestsurvivethere. Throughnaturalwilltende lizedtoformpopulations,eachadaptedtoutilizetheenergythistisavailableinaparticularnichesofsegregationandlizationpopulationsised byheslesofthefoodheniche. Inparticularc

5、ases,themalemaydisplayfoodtothefemale orfeedittoheceremony, maybe bearing permanent represenionsof specific foods on his plumage, and the female may be attracted to the male for these represenions of theterritorialAustins theory may be appdtothecasefor mate choice among peafowls, whose males “eyespo

6、tted”tailfeathersbearastrikingresemblance to blue berries. According to the food-courtshiptheory,itisbecausetheirplumagetmaleadornmentcouldhaveAustins theory may be appdtothecasefor mate choice among peafowls, whose males “eyespotted”tailfeathersbearastrikingresemblance to blue berries. According to

7、 the food-courtshiptheory,itisbecausetheirplumagetmaleadornmentcouldhaveadualrepellingrivalmalesaswellasattracting1，255能夠很 matechoice延伸性內(nèi)容，推測displayfeatures的其他作ionsoftpeacocksattractay explain why males with the most ontheirtailhavethegreatestmatings. inconsistentsibleroleofthe“eyespots”reproductive

8、competitionamongmalesandinselection,thisexplanationseemsmorenthe tbyselectingmatesaccordingtoperfectionoftheirtail-feather“eyespots”,peahensabletoidentifymateswiththegreatest“fitness”. Thiss,bringingtogethermalesandfemalessimilartastesandphysiologies,mayleadtoSomeofthemaledisplayfeaturesmaycometoinv

9、olvedinspeciesidentification,andsalso 3 位學(xué)者對該現(xiàn)象的解釋。第二段首句轉(zhuǎn)折，給出Austin Jacobs理論的發(fā)展。詳細(xì)闡述AustinAustin的理論給出正評價， tion和dualfunctionDarwin對然而，Jacobs后來檢測了雌性選擇配偶的過程，得出結(jié)論說雌性對于外形華麗的雄性的選擇事實上地點的選擇直接相關(guān)。從這一見解出發(fā)，Austin進一步發(fā)展出了一種關(guān)于配偶選擇的求偶期食物理論：AustinThepassageisprimarilyconcernedcontrasting the role of domination and c

10、ourtship in determining the evolution of bird plumage illustratingtheeffectivenessofa particularapproachtocategorizingvariousevolutionaryinnovationsingthe originsofacurrentlyacceptedscientifictheoryaboutfoodThepassageisprimarilyconcernedcontrasting the role of domination and courtship in determining

11、 the evolution of bird plumage illustratingtheeffectivenessofa particularapproachtocategorizingvariousevolutionaryinnovationsingthe originsofacurrentlyacceptedscientifictheoryaboutfoodandinganewexplanationfortheevolutionaryreasonsbehindtheionofirdtphysicalionplaysegralroleincontributingtospeciesiden

12、tificationof地位和求偶行為在決定鳥類羽毛進化過程中的作用第一段中提到Huxley對于艷麗羽毛的解釋是，艷麗的羽毛有助于鳥類獲得dominance，所以dominance 在進化過程中選擇了那些擁有艷麗羽毛的鳥類而2,3段中的內(nèi)容則是courtship在進化過程中幫助選擇了那些擁有艷麗羽毛的鳥類，因此文章的確提到了role of domination and courtship in determining the evolution of bird plumage，但是文章并沒有對這兩者近行對比。所以A 不合理。 本文重點不是分析AustinJacobs3種解釋后，2，3Austi

13、nJacobs所給出的新的解釋，所以，D 選項最準(zhǔn)確的概括了文章的主旨。 Forthefollowingquestions,considereachoftheyandselectt Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowinghavebeenconsideredbytheoriststhroughouthistorysiblereasonsfortheionofmale Adornmentinplumagefrightensrivalsawayfromalimitedfoodsource,therebyensuringaAdornmenttheamount

14、ofenergysarytofrightenrivalmales,therebyconservingmatingtractsfemalestomaleswhoresembletheirpreferredfoodsource,thuscontributingto幾種解釋都沒有提到frightensrivalsawayfromalimitedfood AustinJacobsWhichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldprovidethebestproofofthefood-courtshiptheorydevelopedThecrestedguanhasaredthroatp

15、ouch,givingthe fruitfoundinitstoitstthe throatcontainsa Thebluebowerbirdspreadsfoodofthesamecoloraroundhisnest,teachingitsfemaleyoungtothe foodas Insect-eatingbirdsarecsfulfromannbirdswhichresemblanceandsubsistuponbrightThepurplefinchsupona varietyoffood,butthemostnutritiousfoodforbirdshappenstobeth

16、esamecolorasthefinchsAspeciesofendangeredsparrowsresemblesa foodsource nolongeravailable initsniche,butthe species continues to survive.對于Austin 理論的理解。 happenstobethesamecolorasthefinchsAspeciesofendangeredsparrowsresemblesa foodsource nolongeravailable initsniche,butthe species continues to survive

17、.對于Austin 理論的理解。 ，因此與Austin，因此與Austin，因此與Austin，因此與AustinThepassageecologicaltasemblancenaspeciesplumageandthefoodavailableinaisanevolutionaryadvantagebecause itallowsthe malesandthe femalesofthe speciestoforageforfood more efficiently.isanevolutionaryadvantagebecauseittendstopermittheisolationofthe

18、speciespopulation,increasingfoodisanevolutionaryadvantagebecauseitthesaryforrivalrynmalesofspeciesbyidentifyisanevolutionaryadvantagebecauseitminimizestheamountofenergysaryfortheisanevolutionaryadvantagebecauseitprovidesamarkerforthespeciesterritory,thusreducingenergysaryforcontrollingtheniches細(xì)節(jié)題，s

19、emblancenaspeciesplumageandthefoodavailableinagivenecologicalniche foragefor?！皃ermittheisolationofthespeciespopulation” 是正確的，但是“thusincreasingfoodsupply.saryforrivalryspecies與第三段第四句內(nèi)容對應(yīng)minimizestheamountofenergyne efficiently territory SomecommunitiesinFloridaarepopulatedalmostexclusivelybyretiredpe

20、opleandcontainfew,ifswithsmallchildren.YetthesecommunitiesarehometothrivingbusinessesoffurnitureforinfantsandsmallheWhichofthefollowing,iftrue,bestreconcilestheseemingdiscrepancydescribedA. The businessesoutsideofherentalofchildrensfurniturebuytheirfurniturefromThe fewchildrenwhodotooneanothershesec

21、ommunitiesallknoweachThe fewchildrenwhodotooneanothershesecommunitiesallknoweachotherandoftenmakeovernightManyresidentsofthesecommunitieswhomovefrequentlypreferrentingtheirfurnituretobuyingit ManyresidentsofthesecommunitiesmustprovidefortheneedsofvisitinggrandchildrenksChildrensfurnitureavailablefor

22、rentalisofthesamequalitytavailablefor hethe CarlJungsedbreakCarlJungSigmundFreud SigmundFreudoccurredbecauseofJungsandunwillingnesstoacceptFreudsviewofthe asthesexualdriveoffulfillment. CarlJungsedbreakCarlJungSigmundFreud SigmundFreudoccurredbecauseofJungsandunwillingnesstoacceptFreudsviewofthe ast

23、hesexualdriveoffulfillment. t libido,ortheurgetowardslife,extendedbeyondsexuality to a hypothetical elan vital, or life energy itself,JungstressedawidenedconsciousnesswherebyGRE文章復(fù)雜邏輯theindividualseekstoreconciletheitesofhisherlibidinaltheconsciousasas alandcollective Jungdefinesthisconsciousness,mo

24、reover, thecenteroftheego,andaconsciousasitoryofaltmustbemadeconscious. thecollectiveunconsciousisanarchiveofsymbolic texpressthemselves in fantasies,andactions,andmustalso be conscious. patternsmustttheseotheworldofthewhichisthenforcedtoacknowledgeforthesereasons t the ego-centered consciousness is

25、 not reallyself-sufficientanddoesnotexistindependentlyalone,butis guidedby own egratingfactornotof , JungFreudCarlJungSigmundFreud ， Forthefollowingquestion,considereachoftheyandselecttWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredconcerningFreudspsychologicalFreudtendedtobecriticalofallpsychologistswhodidnotsupp

26、orthis view of the libidoasthe sexual drive of fulfillment.Freud tended to ascribe little importance to the hypothetical elan vital, even questioning its existence. Freudtendedtorestrictthenotionofthelibidotomattersofhumansexuality,ignoringitsbroaderroleasalifeFreud tended to ascribe little importan

27、ce to the hypothetical elan vital, even questioning its existence. Freudtendedtorestrictthenotionofthelibidotomattersofhumansexuality,ignoringitsbroaderroleasalifeFreudFreudJung Freud對于其他心理學(xué)家的態(tài)度。Freud 對于elan vital 的態(tài)度。從第一段“Freudsviewofthelibidoasthesexualdriveof“extended beyond mere sexuality to a h

28、ypothetical elan vital, or life energy itselfFreud 、Accordingtothepassage,thecollectiveunconsciousandthe aconscioushaveincommonwhichBothofthemarehereditary,derivingfromcommoncultural,includingsymbolicBothofthemshareanextricablelinkwiththetshouldbemadeBothofthemcontainrepressed.Bothofthemshareitionat

29、thecenterofthehumanBothofthemincludedreams,fantasies,andtshouldbemade shouldbemadeevident3,4aconsciousJungdefinesthisconsciousness,moreover,asthecenteroftheego,andamustbemadeconscious. Finallythecollectiveunconscious mustalsobemadeconscious.說明 D 選項正確。 sectionHydrothermalventsalongthemid-oceanridges

30、host ephemeralecosystems of diverse fauna, includingseveralcrustaceanspecies,someofdevelopmentaslarvae upto1,000meterssectionHydrothermalventsalongthemid-oceanridges host ephemeralecosystems of diverse fauna, includingseveralcrustaceanspecies,someofdevelopmentaslarvae upto1,000metersabove100kilomete

31、rsawayfromthevents. ForventcrabBythograeathermydron(atstageofsessimage-formingcompoundeyessitivetothebluelightofupperwaters. Astheselarvaeoadulthoodand odescendtoandsettle atvents, they lose their image-forming optics and develophigh-sensitivitynaked-retinaeyes. Withmaturation,thespectralabsorbanceo

32、ftheheseeyesalsoshiftstowardswavelengthsandthisprogressivemetamorphosistradesimagingforincreasedsensitivity, and changes spectral sensitivity to the dim, longer wavelengths of light existing at the bottom of the ocean. As hydrothermal vents produce light, vimaysupplementthermalandchemicalsensestot-l

33、arvalvent1000米之上并距離熱液口上百公里遠(yuǎn)的地方進行的。例如，一 Forthefollowingquestion,considereachoftheyandselecttAccordingtothepassage,theopticalanatomyofBythograeathermydronsacquireswhichofthefeaturesasitgrowsfromlarvatoanadult? Key:Ahighersensitivitytolongerwavelengthsoflight An enhanced ability to form imagesAgreaterr

34、angeof spectral文章第四句說“andchangesspectralsensitivitytothedimlongerwavelengthsoflightexistingat ocean. B. 第三句中“Astheselarvaeoadulthoodandodescendtoandsettleatthe opticsC. 第四句中“Withmaturation,thespectralabsorbanceofthe ocean. B. 第三句中“Astheselarvaeoadulthoodandodescendtoandsettleatthe opticsC. 第四句中“With

35、maturation,thespectralabsorbanceofthevisualheseeyesalsoshifts waelengths Forthefollowingquestion,considereachoftheyandselecttAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowing esdoestheopticsoftheventcrab Theyhe ionsby thecrabnavigate t-larvalTheyassistthecrabsvisuallybypermittinghelight-saturatedupperoceani

36、cTheyhelpthecrabsnavigatebyprovidingthermalandchemicalsensestotheadultcrabt-口。這正是Amaysupplementtot-larval sites.thermalandchemicalsensesthermalandchemicalsensesCQuestion7isbasedonthefollowingreadingestsforpironoma,aseriousdisease,ainfact,theydonot;afalsenegativeresultitiveresulttpeopleronomatpeopled

37、ovronomawhen,infact,theydo.sthelowestproportiondetectpironomamostnsshouldusethelaboratoryitiveWhichofthefollowing,iftrue,givesthemostsupporttomendationTheacceptedtreatmentforpironomadoesvedamagingsideThelaboratorysthelowestproportionitiveresultscausesthesameminoreffectsasdotheotherlaboratorytestsuse

38、dtodetectreatingpironomapatients,itisessentialtodelaycanresultinlossof reatmentasearlysible,sinceevenk TheproportionofinconclusivetestresultsisequalforalllaboratorytestsusedtodetectAlllaboratoryteststodetectpironomahavethesameproportionlsenegativeAre responses to odors acquired as a function of the

39、emotional context in which they are perceived? Researchersrecentlyconductedastudyinwhichanovelodorwas pairedwitheitheritive negative emotional experience. Ratings ted with the test odor varied in accordance with the emotion,t r was perceivedas either congenial or noisome, depending upon the quality

40、of experiencetheOlfactory sensory attributes may produce an unlearned impact when odors are hese fort is experienced simultaneously to odor trigeminal nerve occurs coterminous with olfactory an event occurring when stimulation of Many odors elicit trigeminal stimulation varying degrees, tfort is exp

41、erienced simultaneously to odor trigeminal nerve occurs coterminous with olfactory an event occurring when stimulation of Many odors elicit trigeminal stimulation varying degrees, tthe subjective distinction n r and trigeminal ion is sible make, though scientists have precipitously ventured to sugge

42、st methods. While thesecases may helpwhy one may be immediay repelled by a certain scent, they unfortunay do not allow most scientists to establish which smells trigger innate reactions.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredabouttheroleofthetrigeminalexperienceofThe trigeminal nerve

43、plays a actualolfactorysensationore significant he experience of an ing n The trigeminal nerve a negative experience of an ing odor independently of the contextinwhichrwasinitiallyThe trigeminal nerve tends to cause an experience fort in the cases of t are pairedwithnegativeemotional.The functioning

44、 of the trigeminal nerve tends to be largely conditioned according to the pairing sheThe trigeminal nerve generally does not play a role in the experiencing of t create trigeminalnerve和actualolfactorysensation第四句“an event occurring when stimulation of the trigeminal nerve occurs coterminous with olf

45、actory C 選項錯誤。TheauthorsreactiontotheattemptstocreateexperimentalmeanstodistinguishtrigeminalresponseandodorresponsecanbestbedescribedasoneWitkinsrightlytpopulationmaybedeemedavalidsustainabledevelopmentindicator tsustainabilitycanonlybeimplementedbylimitingWitkinsrightlytpopulationmaybedeemedavalid

46、sustainabledevelopmentindicator tsustainabilitycanonlybeimplementedbylimitingpopulationbelowthecarryingcapacityoftheEarth. thesisworksrelativelywellwhenonetglobalpercapitaconsumptionishomogenous,tglobalecosystemcanperformiformeffectivenessthetasksofsupplyingandassimilatingbutinrealitypopulationeffec

47、tsvarywidelyduetovastregionalinecosystemcharacteristics. largepopulationsexertconsiderablestressontheirecosystems,smallpopulationswithhighratesofcaneclipsetheeffectofopulationsowerratesofconsumption. Percapitaconsumptionenergymayexponentiallyexceedthephysiologicalenergyrequirementsofhumans,tbothandc

48、onsumptionbeoaccount. Witkinsthusignoresthettheimpactofpopulationtendsbemoresignificantonanationalntofconsumptionadjustedpopulation,butona globallevel,ite 把 Theauthorconsidersthe tpopulationaloneisthebestindicatorofsustainabledevelopmentto態(tài)度題 3,4,5句說明Witkinsunoriginal inaccurate 中 speculative 確Airturbulencecansubstantiallyacceleratetheappearanceoflargedropletstriggeringrainbyanewmechanism,the“slingeffect”,whichincreasessof edetachedfromairflow. ,vaporcondensationincloudcoressmalldropletsresemblingoneanotherinwhichthenexpandtoraindropsizebycoalescingundertheeffectsofairtur